Motivation PDF

**Motivation** **Meaning of motivation:** The tem "motivation" has been derived from the Latin word" movere" which means to move. Motive is anything that initiates or sustains activity. It is a reason for doing something. It is an inner state that energizes, activates, or directs behavior towards...

**Motivation** **Meaning of motivation:** The tem "motivation" has been derived from the Latin word" movere" which means to move. Motive is anything that initiates or sustains activity. It is a reason for doing something. It is an inner state that energizes, activates, or directs behavior towards goals.. **The three components of motivation** 1\. Direction -- what a person is trying to do. 2\. Effort -- how hard a person is trying. 3\. Persistence -- how long a person keeps on trying. **Nature of motivation:** - Motivation is a personal and internal feeling - Motivation produces goal directed behavior - Motivation is a continuous process - Motivation is complex - Motivation is system oriented - Motivation can be either positive or negative - Motivation is different from job satisfaction **Human needs:** Motivation is an interaction between human needs and incentives. Need is the feeling that something is required. Feeling of needs creates tension and people engage in certain activities to release tension. If the action is successful the need is satisfied and tension is released. But the satisfaction of one need leads to the feeling of a new need and this is a continuous process. When action is unsuccessful need satisfaction is blocked. The resultant behavior may be rational or irrational. Rational behavior implies search for alternative methods to satisfy needs. When rational coping behavior is unsuccessful continuously, it may cause frustration leading to illogical (irrational) behavior. Motives(Needs) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Behavior \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Goals **Needs which motivates human beings:** 1. Organic needs or Physiological needs: Man is constructed in such a way that he requires certain things in order that he may keep living. He is also so constituted that these needs initiate activity that will eventually satisfy them. These are all basic organic needs which demand periodic or continued satisfaction. These needs are called appetites. 2. **Wants:** People have unique personal wants. Examples: likes and dislikes for specific food, play etc. 3. **Emotions as motive:** Under the influence of fear, anger, people may do things that they would not do normally. 4. **Feelings and attitudes as motives:** An individual's experience activity is evaluated by him as pleasant or unpleasant. When the experience is pleasant, individual has an attitude of approach to that experience and if it is unpleasant, his attitude is withdrawal. 5. **Social motives:** Most people have a strong desire to achieve social approval. For this, they try to improve their personality through clothes, possession of things, knowledge, skills etc. 6. **Others:** *Habit:* Somebody has settled practice, especially something that cannot easily be given up. Established habits become almost automatic and requires only a a stimulus to set in action. *Objective environment:* People act differently in different situations. The objective environment produces a set of readiness to respond in a particular way. **Functions of motivation:** - Motives encourages a learner in his learning activities. Eg: prizes, medals. - Motives act as selectors of the type of activity in while the person desire to engage. Eg: Selection of courses. - Motives direct and regulate behavior. Eg: Discipline in school. **Significance of motivation** Motivation is concerned with the arousal of interest in learning. This forms the basis for learning. So, the teacher has to find the right type of stimuli in the individuals that will produce satisfaction in order that the interest of the learner shall be maintained long enough to master definite ideas or subject matter. **Types of motivation/Value aspects of motivation/ Factors which motivate** The two types of motivation are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. ***Intrinsic motivation*** Intrinsic motivation can arise from the self-generated factors that influence people's behavior. It is not created by external incentives. It can take the form of motivation by the work itself when individuals feel that their work is important, interesting and challenging and provides them with a reasonable degree of autonomy (freedom to act), opportunities to achieve and advance, and scope to use and develop their skills and abilities. Intrinsic motivation is long lasting ***Extrinsic motivation*** Extrinsic motivation occurs when things are done to or for people to motivate them. These include rewards, such as incentives, increased pay, praise, or promotion; and punishments, such as disciplinary action, withholding pay, or criticism. Extrinsic motivators can have an immediate and powerful effect, but will not necessarily last long. The intrinsic motivators, which are concerned with the 'quality of working life' are likely to have a deeper and longer-term effect because they are inherent in individuals and their work and not imposed from outside in such forms as incentive pay. - Positive motivation: It is based on reward. Incentives are offered for achieving desired goals. The incentives may be in the shape of more pay, promotion, recognition of work. - Negative motivation: Negative or fear motivation is based on force or fear. Fear causes to act in a certain way , failure of which they may be punished with demotions or transfer. Long run it may cause frustration and anger. **Importance of motivation in Extension** 1\. For mobilizing the villagers and extension workers. Motivation is necessary for mobilizing the village people. Most of the development programmes could not bring the desired results because there was no motivation. Both the extension workers and rural people are to be motivated to achieve the results. 2\. Motivation brings need based approach. It is possible for the extension workers to motivate the people to satisfy the five categories of needs. If there is desire for security, the farmers can be motivated to adopt new practices by convincing them that the new practice will increase their income and enhance their security. If they have a desire for new experience, the extension teaching is oriented towards impairing new skills. Similarly other desires can be met with. 3\. Motivation helps for the better involvement of farmers in development programmes. 4\. Various studies conducted in India indicate that economic motivation is much predominant followed by innovativeness. Among the economic motives also providing better food, clothing and educating for one\'s children seem to be the dominant movies. ***Carrot and stick approaches to motivation*** This approach is based upon the old belief that the best way to get work from a person is to put a reward(carrot) before him or to hold out the threat of punishment(stick). Under this approach, employees who perform the task well are given rewards in the form of bonus, pay raise, promotion etc. The employees avoiding work are given punishment in the form of demotion, termination from service, transfer to an unpleasant job etc. This approach helps to influence only the internal environment of the organization. But motivation is affected by many other external forces. Therefore, following steps may be taken to make it more effective- ***Need hierarchy theory:*** Abraham H. Maslow, an eminent American psychologist developed a general theory of motivation known as the Need Hierarchy theory. The salient feature are- The urge to fulfill needs is a prime factor in motivation of people at work; Human needs form a particular structure of hierarchy; Lower level needs may atleast partially be satisfied before higher level needs emerge; As soon as one need is satisfied, another need emerges; A satisfied need is not a motivator, it is the unsatisfied needs which regulates an individual's behavior; various need levels are inter dependent and overlapping. 8348FF08CDDA41768E7442CF523B8266 Physiological needs: These biological needs require to preserve human life. Therefore, these needs are also known as survival needs. These are the basic bodily needs comprising of hunger, thirst, shelter, clothing, air and other necessities of life. Physiological needs must be satisfied repeatedly but they are essentially finite. For example: an individual requires a limited amount of food but he requires it every day. Human beings first try to acquire these , only then they tend to move to the second level of needs. Safety needs: Once physiological needs are reasonably satisfied, a person wants protection from physical dangers and economic security. In today's civilized society, a person is usually protected from physical danger or threats of violence etc. so that the safety and security needs dwell upon economic and job security, security of source of income, provision for old age, insurance against risk, medical insurance and other protective measures to safeguard the satisfaction of physiological needs in future which may be unpredictable. Social needs: Social needs refer to need for belonging, need for acceptance, need for love and affection, friendship. Man is a social being, he wants to belong to a social group where his emotional needs for love, affection, warmth and friendship are satisfied. This need can be satisfied by being in the company of friends, relatives or other groups.Organization can influence these needs through supervision , communication system, work groups. Esteem needs: It is of two types- self esteem, esteem of others. Self esteem needs include self respect, self confidence, competence, achievement, knowledge, independence. Esteem of others include reputation, status, recognition, autonomy. Self actualization needs: highest need of a person's life or the need to fulfill what a person considers to be the mission in his life. After all the other needs are fulfilled, a man has the desire for personal achievement. He wants to do something which is challenging and since challenge gives him enough push and initiative to work, it is beneficial to him and the society. The sense of achievement gives him a sense of psychological satisfaction. These needs for realizing one's full potential, for continued self development, for being creative. The conditions of modern industrial life provide limited opportunity for the satisfaction of self actualization. Thus, Maslow suggested the following points: - There are five level of needs - All these needs are arranged in a hierarchy - A satisfied need is no longer a need. Once a need or a certain order of need is satisfied, it causes to be a motivating factor. - Once the level of need is satisfied, the next level of need will emerge - The physiological and security needs are finite but the needs of higher order are infinite and are likely to be dominant in persons at higher level in organization. - Maslow suggested that various levels are interdependent and overlapping. Each higher level emerging before the lower level need has been completely satisfied. Even though a need is satisfied, it will influence behavior because of interdependent and overlapping characteristics of needs. **ERG need theory** Clayton Alderfer reformulated Maslow's need hierarchy theory. The ERG need theory developed by Alderfer condenses five needs given by Maslow into three needs- Existence needs: the existence needs combine the physiological and safety needs of Maslow's model. The existence needs are satisfied by material incentives. These needs include the basic survival needs of human beings, needs for physical and psychological safety from threats of people's existence and well being. Relatedness needs: This includes Maslow's social and esteem needs which are derived from other people. These includes relationships with other people we care about. These needs are satisfied by personal relationships and social interactions. Growth needs: these needs are similar to Maslow's self actualization needs. This need involves persons making creative efforts to achieve full potential in the existing environment. These needs will be satisfied only if an individual involves himself in the activities of the organization and searches for new challenges and opportunities. Thus, ERG says that: - Maslow's need hierarchy follows a rigid step like progression. The ERG theory on the other hand assumes that more than one need may be operative at the same time. It is not necessary that the existence needs must be satisfied first, only then he can move to the relatedness needs or to growth needs. A person may be working on his growth needs even though his existence needs may be satisfied. - ERG theory also improves Maslow's theory on the ground that a person does not stay at a certain level until that need is satisfied. Maslow was of the opinion that a person will move to the next level only if the needs of previous level are satisfied. The ERG theory counters this by saying that when a higher level need is frustrated, the individual's desire to increase a lower level needs takes place. For example, if a person cannot satisfy his growth oriented needs, he will increase his social interaction or the relatedness needs. If his efforts are frustrated in meeting these needs also, he will move back to the existence needs and may ask for more material benefits.