Laboratory Safety PDF

MLS 420 - LEC P1: Laboratory Safety Professor: Milliem Reyes, RMT, MD Date: January 22, 2024 OCULAR BURNS Primary Tuberculosis Ocular burns consist of burns to the sclera, conjunctiva, cornea,...

MLS 420 - LEC P1: Laboratory Safety Professor: Milliem Reyes, RMT, MD Date: January 22, 2024 OCULAR BURNS Primary Tuberculosis Ocular burns consist of burns to the sclera, conjunctiva, cornea, and eyelids. Chemical burns, particularly those involving the cornea, are considered a true ophthalmologic emergency and require prompt assessment and intervention to minimize morbidity. A lot of Filipinos have active Tuberculosis NEEDLE PRICK INJURY 3rd highest prevalence in the world 70 people die due to Tuberculosis every day in the Philippines Airborne transmission ○ ≤5 um and is suspended in air Biological Agents Any microbiological entity (cellular or non), that is naturally occurring or engineered, which is capable of replication or transferring genetic material that may affect other organisms Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, prions UV LIGHT EXPOSURE Biological Material Any object/specimen comprised or containing/may contain biological ag or their harmful products Biohazard ANYTHING that is a potential source of harm caused by biological materials Biosafety Containment principles, technologies, and practices implemented to prevent UNINTENTIONAL exposure to or release of pathogens and toxins Biosecurity Institutional and personal security measures designed to prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversion or INTENTIONAL release of pathogens and toxins Biosafety Biosecurity Protect PEOPLE from BAD Protect BAD PEOPLE from BUGS BAD BUGS @mlstranses | 1  PRINCIPLES OF BIOSAFETY PRIMARY 1. Practices and procedures 2. Safety equipment 3. Facility design and construction 4. Biosafety levels 1. Standard Microbiological Practices For STRICT adherence Be always aware of hazards Training and proficiency in techniques Supervisors ○ Appropriate laboratory facilities ○ Personnel and training Special practices and precautions ○ Occupational health programs Control hazard at the source Class I BSC Provides personnel and environmental protection but not product Unsterilized room air is drawn over the work surface Biocontainment Physical enclosure for pathogens by isolation in environmentally and biologically secure cabinets or rooms Prevents accidental infection of workers or release into the surrounding community Can be primary or secondary @mlstranses | 2  Class II BSC Secondary Structure surrounding primary containment 2. Safety Equipment Minimize exposure to hazard Includes the primary containment barrier Engineering controls/equipment Has four types (Al, A2, B1, and B2) that differ Personal Protective equipment (PPE) depending on the ratio of air exhausted MOST BSCs are Type II A2 3. Facility Design & Construction Has inward airflow as well as downward HEPA SECONDARY barrier/ engineering controls filtered laminar airflow over the work surface Protects the outside from the laboratory ○ E.g. Lab/building design, ventilation, Class III BSC drainage, autoclaves, cage wash facilities 4. Biosafety Levels "Containment Levels" Combination of laboratory practices and procedures, safety equipment (primary barriers), and laboratory facilities (secondary barriers) Highest level of personnel protection Totally enclosed with glove ports Airflow is maintained by a dedicated exhaust system exterior to the cabinet to keep the cabinet under negative pressure @mlstranses | 3  BSL 1 BSL 3 Well characterized, non-pathogenic organisms or High containment agents Agents of high hazard to personnel or environment OPEN bench - NO containment Agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal Use good lab practices, waste disposal, and aseptic disease through the inhalation route of exposure techniques Clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities where work is performed with BSL 2 indigenous or exotic agents BSL 4 Builds upon BSL-1 Agents of moderate hazard to personnel or environment (non- respiratory, non-lethal) Restricted access MAXIMUM containment additional autoclave and biological safety cabinet Dangerous and exotic agents that pose high (Class II) individual risk of aerosol transmitted laboratory infections Total containment, airtight labs, "submarine" doors, air pumps, water treatment, HEPA filtration Positive pressure "moonsuits" @mlstranses | 4  RISK GROUPS Lab exposure may cause serious Assignment is based on infection but effective treatment and ○ Pathogenicity of organism preventive measures are available ○ Mode of transmission and host range Risk of spread is limited ○ Local availability of effective preventive measures 3 HIGH individual risk, LOW community risk ○ Local availability of effective treatment Causes serious disease but does not ordinarily spread ○ Pathogen Safety Data Sheets (PSDS) Effective treatment and preventive CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS measures are available BY RISK GROUP 4 HIGH individual / community risk Usually causes serious disease that can 1 No or LOW individual/community risk readily be transmitted, directly or Microorganism that is unlikely to cause indirectly human/animal disease Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available 2 MODERATE individual risk, LOW community risk Pathogen that can cause disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND THEIR RISK GROUPS ○ Anthrax ○ Brucellosis RISK GROUP 2 ○ Melioidosis Virus (Daniel John Vadilla) ○ Plague ○ Dengue ○ Scrub typhus ○ Japanese encephalitis ○ Viral Hepatitis RISK GROUP 4 Bacteria (LLS) Virus (CEN) ○ Leptospirosis ○ Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever ○ Listeriosis ○ Ebola virus disease ○ Salmonellosis ○ Nipah virus Parasite (T3) ○ Taeniasis/Cysticercosis RISK GROUP 2/3 ○ Toxoplasmosis Virus (A.I.) ○ Trichinellosis ○ Avian Influenza Bacteria (Tula-ni-Emia) RISK GROUP 3 ○ Tularemia Virus (CHNa Rabies) ○ Chikungunya ○ Hantavirus ○ Novel human coronavirus (SARS) ○ Rabies Bacteria (ABM - ParaSitology) @mlstranses | 5  LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS ○ Cytokines and hormones Illnesses caused by infectious agents that occur ○ Gene expression regulators through laboratory or laboratory-related activities ○ Virulence factors/enhancers Top Agents: M. tuberculosis, N. meningitidis, ○ Oncogenes Salmonella spp. ○ Antibiotic resistance ○ Allergens - 20% Equipment failure Hazards Associated with Recipient/Host - 80% Human related factors Consequences of exposure BIOSAFETY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Host susceptibility Immune status Modification of host range Pathogenicity of host strain "Genetic engineering" First used to clone DNA segments in bacterial hosts for overexpression of gene products of interest Gene therapy (e.g. for cystic fibrosis) New vectors for gene transfer Used to create GMOs (e.g. BT corn) RISK ASSESSMENTS FOR GMOs Always consider the characteristics of donor & recipient/host organisms Hazards Associated with Donor Risk assessment is necessary when product of the inserted gene has known biologically or pharmacologically active properties that may give rise to harm: ○ Toxins @mlstranses | 6