LEC 2 - BIOSAFETY, BIOSECURITY, AND BIORISK MANAGEMENT PDF

BIOSAFETY, BIOSECURITY, AND BIORISK MANAGEMENT To be able to understand biorisk management To be able to know the levels of organization To master the concepts of biosafety To familiarize the concepts of biosecurity BIORISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...

BIOSAFETY, BIOSECURITY, AND BIORISK MANAGEMENT To be able to understand biorisk management To be able to know the levels of organization To master the concepts of biosafety To familiarize the concepts of biosecurity BIORISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Risk characterization based on level Steps in performing Risk Assessment: o Identify the hazards and risks o Characterize and evaluate the risks o Develop a risk control strategy o Selection of appropriate and sustainable risk control measures o Risk Evaluation and Adaptability o Periodic review of Risk Assessment o Risk Communication This diagram is based on the Department of Health Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity Standards Published in 2023. The heart of biorisk management is to conduct risk assessment Biorisk management is a combination of biosafety and Risk assessment is essential so our work in the laboratory biosecurity will be safe. Risk assessment is a never-ending process Risk assessment is the identifier whether how risky or safe BIORISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM your laboratory is DOH provided template for laboratories to adapt ○ Every step is assessed to determine the risk (a combination of likelihood and consequence) hazard, situation, mitigating risks, likelihood. The Department of Health patterned these 5 steps in Re-risk assessment is also done because the risk terms of biorisk management. This 5-step process is increases as the services increase especially if the similar to the 7-step process of WHO. personnel is not trained. KEY CONSIDERATIONS in the risk assessment framework (by WHO) GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D.  STEP KEY CONSIDERATIONS Example: Whenever there is a risk, risk control measure is not only one but a What biological agents will be handled and combination of engineering, administrative, what are their pathogenic characteristics? elimination control etc. What type of laboratory work and/or procedures will be conducted? Have there been any changes in activities, What type(s) of equipment will be used? biological agents, personnel, equipment or What type of laboratory facility is available? facilities 1. Gather What human factors exist (i.e., what is the Is there any new knowledge available of information level of competency of personnel)? biological agents and/or he processes being (hazard What other factors exist that might affect used identification) laboratory operations (i.e., legal, cultural, Are there any lessons learnt from incident 5. Review risks socio-economic, public perception)? reports and investigations that may indicate and risk control improvements to be made measures *E.g.: The public’s perception of monkeypox. Has a periodic review cycle been We now know it to be more infectious thru established? direct contact than airborne contamination. As part of the quality management system, How could an exposure and/or release all SOP should be reviewed periodically. It's occur? recommended that all documents in the risk What is the likelihood of an exposure and/or assessment should be reviewed annually. release? What information* gathered influences the likelihood the most? What are the consequences of an exposure and/or release? Factors Associated with High Likelihood of Incidents Occurring Which information gathered influences the 2. Evaluate the consequences the most? risks (Risk What is the overall initial risk of the Laboratory activities associated with aerosolization (for evaluation) activities? example, sonication, homogenization, centrifugation) What is the acceptable risk? Laboratory activities associated with sharps materials Which risks are unacceptable? Can the unacceptable risks be controlled, or Low competency of personnel carrying out the work should the work not proceed at all? Highly environmentally stable biological agents Inadequate or poor availability of electrical power, *There is something called Pathogen Safety dilapidated laboratory facilities and building systems, Data Sheet: especially available in Canada; elaborates the pathogen and what are the risk malfunctioning equipment, damage from frequent severe control measures to be done. weather and access of insects and rodents to the laboratory What resources are available for risk control measures? What risk control strategies are most applicable for the resources available? Are resources sufficient to obtain and maintain those risk control measures? 3. Develop a risk Are proposed control strategies effective, strategy sustainable and achievable in the local context? Risk strategy or risk control measure is constituted if the risk being evaluated is high. Meaning you put a solution so the problem will not compound and or accumulate. Are there any national/international Factors Associated with High Consequences regulations requiring prescribed risk control if the Incident Were to Occur measures? What risk control measures are locally Low infectious dose available and sustainable? Highly communicability Are available risk control measures High severity and mortality adequately efficient, or should multiple risk control measures be used in combination to Limited availability of effective prophylaxis or therapeutic enhance efficacy? interventions Do selected risk control measures align with Large susceptible population (including laboratory the risk control strategy? personnel at increased risk) What is the level of residual risk after risk control measures have been applied and is Lack of endemicity (such as exotic disease) it now acceptable? 4. Select and Are additional resources required and implement risk Factors Associated with Both High Likelihood of and Greater available for the implementation of risk control measures Consequences from a Potential Incident Higher Likelihood and control measures? Greater Consequence Are the selected risk control measures compliant with national/international High concentration or volume of the biological agents regulations? Has approval to conduct the work been Airborne route transmission granted? ○ Like in CBC, machines do not use too much volume Have the risk control strategies been (single 0.1ml) of blood nowadays due to compliance communication to relevant personnel? Have necessary items been included in the with biorisk management. budget and purchased? Are operational and maintenance procedures in place? Have personnel been appropriately trained? GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  Have administrative controls and effective biosafety programme management in place such as: Good Microbiological Practices and Procedures (GMPP) observed by Compliance personnel Good communication of hazards, risks and risk control measures, Appropriate training Clear SOP's An established safety culture Comparison / evolution of old procedures (left most) Our goal in risk assessment initially, when we have a high to modern procedures – assays, etc. (right most) risk, then we place a risk control so that the initial risk will be acceptable at all times so that we can start our Activities or events that affect the risks and willtherefore laboratory activity. trigger a risk reassessment include: ○ Risk assessment is the heart of biosafety and Changes to biological agents, or new information available biosecurity. on current biological agents STRATEGIES FOR RISK REDUCTION Changes to personnel Changes to procedures and practices Changes to laboratory equipment Changes in international, national or regional regulations or STRATEGY EXAMPLE guidelines Changes in national or regional disease status (endemicity Eliminate the hazard: Use of inactivated biological agent (i.e., of disease or eradication) Transport Mediums) Introduction of new technology Elimination Use of harmless surrogate Laboratory relocation or renovation An incident, accident, laboratory-associated infection, or We cannot eliminate risks in the laboratory any event where a potential for harm is identified because we are handling biological agents Identification and/or implementation of corrective and/or preventive action Reduce the risk: User feedback Substitute with an attenuated or less infectious biological agent, Periodic review Reduction and Reduce the volume/titre being used, substitution Change the procedure for one that is less "When laboratory activities, personnel, processes and hazardous such as polymerase chain technology change, so does the risk.” reaction rather then(sic) culture Isolate the hazard: Elimination and reduction might not be Isolation possible particularly in a clinical setting, therefore isolate the biological agent(s) (e.g., in a primary containment device) Protect personnel/the environment: Use engineering controls (e.g., BSC), Protection Use PPE Vaccinate personnel GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  AO 2021-0037: New Rules and REgulations Governing the 4 Biorisk Advisor/Professional / Biosafety Officer / Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines Annex A Biorisk officer/Biosafety Officer: Section B Number 3 To give advice, provide training, conduct risk assessment; does not do the work but oversees if the work is right and the work to be done is in place 5 Laboratory Personnel: Where medical interns belong, our role is to be part of the training; laboratory technicians 6 Support Personnel: Are the IW, guards, engineers of the machine; goes inside the laboratory but is not connected; ancillary (helps in the service of the laboratory) Department Order No. 198 by DOLE The Biosafety and Biosecurity officers role is to conduct risk assessment Risk assessment is a test of integrity because it is difficult as it needs to be implemented systematically (PDCA process). LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The RA is a law but due to Implementing Rules and regulations (IRR) this means this is where the law stipulates or specifics Healthcare facilities is listed in number 6 meaning when we go to a hospital this is considered a high risk so a risk control measure should be implemented Laboratory Acquired Infections Any infection or reasonably assumed as a result of exposure to a biological agent in the course of laboratory-related activities (inhalation of aerosols during centrifugation, swabber, growing bacteria in Micro Lab) 1 Top Management: CEO, President of the Organization 2 Senior Management: Those in WHO, DOH Laboratory Safety and Biosecurity Biosafety in Microbiological and Standard 2nd Edition → oversees the entire laboratory Biomedical Laboratories 6th Ed. (includes Chief MT, Section Head of every department, Published in 2020. pathologists) LAis and death-related LAIs have been present and existed during the 20th century which can also be seen 3 Institutional Biorisk Committee/Biosafety in Pathogen Safety Data Sheet. Committee/Biorisk Committee: Sees if the laboratory activity complies with biosafety GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  SECTION 5 Maximum containment measures Dr. Charles-Edward Amory o 5.1 Operational working practices and procedures Winslow, a microbiologist who o 5.2 Personnel competence and training paved the way for biosafety. He wondered why the personnel in o 5.3 Facility design his Micro Lab would get sick often. o 5.4 Specimen receipt and storage He tested the air in his lab to check o 5.5 Decontamination and waste management the amount of present bacteria there. o 5.6 Personnel protective equipment That's when the word Microbiological o 5.7 Laboratory equipment Safety which now evolved to Biosafety started. o 5.8 Emergency/incident response o 5.9 Occupational health Biosafety Containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to biological agents or their inadvertent release CORE REQUIREMENTS Combination of risk control measures that are both the foundation for and an integral part of, laboratory safety SECTION 3 Core Requirements o 3.1 Good microbiological practice and procedure o 3.2 Personnel competence and training o 3.3 Facility design HANDWASHING o 3.4 Specimen receipt and storage o 3.5 Decontamination and waste management Mechanical removal of dirt o 3.6 Personnel protective equipment presence of surfactant in the soap o 3.7 Laboratory equipment o 3.8 Emergency/incident response o 3.9 Occupational health HEIGHTENED CONTROL MEASURES A set of risk control measure that may need to be applied in a laboratory facility because the outcome of a risk assessment indicates that the biological agents being handled and/or the activities to be performed with them are associated with a risk that cannot be brought below an acceptable risk with core requirements only SECTION 4 Heightened control measures o 4.1 Operational working practices and procedures o 4.2 Personnel competence and training o 4.3 Facility design o 4.4 Specimen receipt and storage FIVE MOMENTS OF HAND HYGIENE o 4.5 Decontamination and waste management o 4.6 Personnel protective equipment o 4.7 Laboratory equipment o 4.8 Emergency/incident response o 4.9 Occupational health MAXIMUM CONTAINMENT MEASURES A set of highly detailed and stringent risk control measures that are considered necessary during laboratory work where a risk assessment indicates that activities to be performed pose high risks to laboratory personnel, the wider community and/or the environment and therefore an extremely high level of protection must be provided GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  BEFORE WHEN WHY Three-Bin System (Basic Healthcare Waste Categories) Clean your hands To protect the patient Before Touching before touching a against harmful a Patient patient when germs carried on approaching him/her your hands. Clean your hands To protect the patient Before Clean / immediately before against harmful Aseptic performing a germs, including the Procedure clean/aseptic patient’s own, from procedure. entering his/her body AFTER WHEN WHY Clean your hands To protect yourself immediately after an and the health-care After Body Fluid exposure risk to environment from Exposure Risk body fluids (and after harmful patient glove removal). germs Biosecurity Clean your hands after touching a To protect yourself Principles, technologies and practices that are implemented patient and his/her and the health-care for the protection, control and accountability of biological After Touching a immediate environment from materials and/or the equipment, skills and data related to Patient surroundings, when harmful patient leaving the patient’s germs. their handling side. Clean your hands after touching any object or furniture in To protect yourself After Touching the patient’s and the health-care Patient immediate environment from Surroundings surroundings, when harmful patient leaving – even if the germs. patient has not been touched. DONNING AND DOFFING OF PPE Pillars of Laboratory Biosecurity PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITY Fundamental aspects of biosecurity management Performed appropriate personnel who behave in a reliable and trustworthy manner Keep biological agents and toxins out of the possession of individuals who might intend to misuse them MATERIAL CONTROL AND ACCOUNTABILITY Assurance that is there an awareness of what exist in laboratory, where it is and who is responsible for it Track the inventory, storage, use, transfer and destruction of dangerous biological materials PHYSICAL SECURITY Prevent the misuse, loss or theft of biological agents and toxins Safeguard and prevent non-official access into secured areas Capability to delay or deny unauthorized personnel MANAGEMENT Prevent dual use of research concern, undesired spread, theft, malicious use and bioterrorism Provision of budget and resources TRANSPORT SECURITY Protection of biological materials while on transport Reduce the risk of illicit acquisition of high risk biological agents and relies on chain of custody GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  o Biological indicators contain bacteria (i.e. Bacillus INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY CONTROL MEASURES thermophilus) and show whether the bacteria have been successfully killed inside the autoclave. GOOD MICROBIOLOGICAL PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES o The indicator will fluoresce ('positive') if the bacteria were not killed; otherwise, it will not fluoresce 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene ('negative'). In the case of a positive result, the Containment measures: core requirements, heightened materials must be autoclaved again. control measures, maximum control measures 100% compliance in collecting all used formalin for disposal Handwashing by a 3rd party DENR-accredited company No eating and drinking in the lab o Our formaldehyde is a hazardous chemical. That is Be alert why we have a 3rd party DENR accredited disposal No using of phones in the lab and also waste management training. 5S (see below) → Japan strategy 100% compliance in house training in Waste Treatment 100% compliance in audit trail for final disposal of primary 1 2 3 4 5 tubes Sort Set in order Shine Standardize Sustain o All test tubes that have barcodes will undergo an audit trail to check if they have been thrown away and its status can be seen in the Laboratory Information System. PERSONNEL COMPETENCE BIOSAFETY CONTROL MEASURES WITH RETURN DEMONSTRATION OF BIOLOGICAL SPILLS RESPONSE FOR 2023 100% Compliance for institutional workers o Institutional workers - “tig hinlo” 99% compliance for laboratory personnel Last year’s focus was clinical response, this year’s focus is acquired laboratory infections. Next year’s response is cybersecurity (protection of data, engineering: how to safely manipulate instruments without harms or risks). This is also our best practice wherein we provided forms to our IW or our cleaners on how to make Sodium LABORATORY EQUIPMENT Hypochlorite. Preventive maintenance program The 0.5% Sodium Hypochlorite and 10% are the same. Calibration program There is no difference. We use 10% chlorine which is 1:10 Hands on training program among operators (1 part of chlorine and 9 parts of water) for dirty environments. For clean environments, we use 1:100 (1 part of chlorine and 99 parts of water) which is used for SPECIMEN RECEIPT AND STORAGE handwashing facilities. Good biosafety and biosecurity is seen most in spx receiving Remember that Sodium Hypochlorite is unstable since after because it happens first. 24 hours, it dies or may not be effective anymore. After 24 Receiving personnel must practice GMPP hrs, can Sodium Hypochlorite still be used? o Training of all laboratory personnel is done annually. o Chlorine is really unstable and sensitive, especially in direct Specimen container must be preferably plastic sunlight. That is why it is recommended to place it in a place o Non-hazardous away from sunlight. It is still effective but it is not already o Not prone to breakage potent. Potency describes how strong which is the main difference between the meaning of effectiveness. That is why Inventory of stored laboratory specimen after 24 hours, you have to immediately throw it since we o To keep track of those that are currently in use and those that need a potent disinfectant rather than an effective Sodium are stored until use Hypochlorite. FACILITY DESIGN Handwashing station at the exit area Fire extinguisher All doors have evacuation plan All garbage bins should have covers and are accessible DECONTAMINATION AND WASTE DISPOSAL 100% compliance in autoclaving all infectious waste o Chemical testing in autoclaves, known as the Bowie-Dick Test, is used to ensure that the heat mechanism is functioning properly. o Once it passes the test, autoclavable materials (e.g. waste blood bags, test tubes) can be put inside the autoclave, together with a biological indicator. GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  Benzalkonium chloride is also used 7 Wear Goggles/Face Shield o Under glutaraldehyde disinfectants o This is also found in skin and cosmetic products so that 8 Wear Outer Gloves no bacteria will grow. o This is used in blood services for soaking glass so that it will not corrode. Note that sodium hypochlorite is PPE DOFFING more corrosive than benzalkonium chloride. o Nonetheless, both chemicals are dangerous to the 1 Hand hygiene environment if not disposed of properly. 2 Remove Outer Gloves o Drawback of chemical disinfectants being discarded improperly is that the ecology will suffer. 3 Remove Goggles/face shield BOWIE-DICK TEST 4 Remove facemask 5 Remove laboratory gown 6 Remove inner gloves 7 Remove hair cover 8 Remove shoe cover Black = good autoclave performance 9 Hand hygiene SPILL RESPONSE AND CLEAN UP PROCEDURE (Outside Biosafety Cabinet) REMINDERS Have a complete biological spill kit ready to go before you start the clean-up Initiate clean-up as soon as possible. RESPONSE: DO NOT PANIC Alert people in the immediate area of spill Biological indicator (leftmost image) – placed inside Remove contaminated clothing and evacuate area autoclave and after testing, placed in a reader (to evaluate Close the area, post a “DO NOT ENTER” sign, and allow if autoclave performance is good) agents to settle for 30 minutes before re-entering Autoclave tape (rightmost image) is not a good indicator o “Do Not Enter” sign is inside the spill kit because it is heat sensitive which can be manipulated by o Why 30 minutes? – After someone sneezes, the particles in the fire. air will stay suspended for a while. These particles will settle down within 30 minutes. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SPILL CLEAN-UP ROUTINE PROCEDURES Respirator Fit Testing o Should be NIASH-approved since we are working in the 1 Donning should be done by a buddy system. Before re-entering hospital the room to proceed with clean-up, don personal protective equipment in accordance to the quick guide provided inside the kit. EMERGENCY / INCIDENT RESPONSE 2 Contain. Cover the spill with paper towels or other absorbent 100% compliance BLS trained material starting at the edges and working towards the center o All personnel in hospital of the spill. o 6 first aid kits and 14 biological spill kits with daily 3 Carefully pour disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite) over the monitoring tool absorbent material starting at the edges and working towards the center of the spill. PPE DONNING 4 Allow sufficient contact time for the disinfectant to inactivate all materials in the spill. 1 Minimize jewelry, remove large & protruding items. Hand hygiene Non-viscous spills – 15-20 mins Viscous spills – 30 mins 2 Secure long hair 5 Use paper towels to wipe up spill, working from the edges to the center. 3 Wear Lab Shoes/Shoe Covers 6 Use tongs/forceps found in the biological spill kit, to pick up 4 Wear Laboratory Gown sharp objects (e.g. broken glass) that may puncture gloves. 5 Wear Inner Gloves 7 Clean the spill area with fresh paper towels soaked in disinfectant. Thoroughly wet spill area with 70-75% alcohol and 6 Wear Facemask allow it to disinfect for approximately 15-20 minutes. GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  o In the laboratory quality management, we can see 8 Use the broom and dustpan to remove contaminated materials used along with the contaminated PPE and dispose of it to a that each laboratory personnel should know how to biohazard bag. manipulate or access fire extinguishers 9 Close and secure the bag, then place the bag in a second IMPORTANCE OF FIRE SAFETY biohazard bag. Secure outer bag and disinfect by autoclaving (steam sterilization). Preserving life 10 Make an incident report. Protecting property Preventing financial losses 11 If the spill cannot be contained, contact the Biosafety Officer, Safeguarding the environment Mr. Randall Joey S. Angob (09228377757) for assistance and guidance. Ensuring business continuity Complying with regulations Promoting public safety “The only way to be sustainable and proactive is to train all personnel so that everybody can do spill response.” RA 9514 - THE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - REVISED IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (REVISED 2019) 100% compliance in KAHIMSUG Package o Annual physical exam every birthday with free STAGES OF FIRE vaccination - Flu vaccination INCIPIENT STAGE (1ST STAGE) - Hepatitis B vaccination Fire is small and localized at this stage, often limited to the BIORISK MANAGEMENT materials or area of origin, origin, and smoke production is usually minimal The core is to conduct risk assessment Best time to use fire extinguisher Detected and addressed promptly, fires in the incipient FUTURE DIRECTION: COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIP stage can be easily extinguished GROWTH STAGE (2ND STAGE) Flames become larger, and the fire starts to intensify as it consumes more fuel and generates more heat Essential to take immediate action to control its spread and prevent it from reaching the fully developed stage o Bureau of fire/ firefighters are responsible for this FULLY DEVELOPED STAGE (3RD STAGE) The most dangerous and destructive phase of a fire Structural elements may be compromised High risk of flashover (a sudden ignition of combustible gases and materials in the environment). Firefighting prioritize evacuation efforts should o More on evacuation, we can't do anything anymore. BIORISK ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES DECAY STAGE (LAST STAGE) Gives a grant to organize an institutional Biosafety and Flames start to weaken, and the heat output and smoke Biosecurity Committee which will scrutinize and review production decrease researches so that the protocol can proceed to the next Pockets of heat and hidden fire may still exist, making it stage important to fully extinguish the fire and ensure it does not reignite LABORATORY FIRE SAFETY FIRE SAFETY Set of precautions, procedures, and measures taken to prevent fires, minimize the risk of fire-related accidents, and ensure the safety of individuals and property in the event of a fire. Involves a combination of awareness, preparedness, and proper safety practices to prevent fires from occurring and mitigate their impact if they do happen. FIRE HAZARDS Electrical hazards Cooking-related hazards GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  Heating sources area of the extinguisher in a second color indicating the Flammable liquids and chemicals contents of the extinguisher. Smoking Fire extinguishers color coded green are vaporizing liquids Open flames (Halons) and have been illegal, with some exceptions like Flammable (combustible) materials aircraft and the military, since the end of 2003 as the result of the Montreal Protocol. They need to be disposed of STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING FIRE SAFETY legally. Use a fire safety checklist THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL Regularly inspect and maintain fire safety equipment Create a fire safety plan Finalized in 1987, this is a global agreement to protect the Conduct regular fire drills stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production Educate and train and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Collaborate with authorities o ODS are substances that were commonly used in products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosols. PH still has green fire extinguishers but they are, apparently revising it. However, there is still an effect. Halon fire extinguishers used to be the best of choice for companies looking to protect computer equipment and other high tech facilities. The green portable fire extinguishers containing Halon 1211 were popular because they could be used on any type of fire, and particularly on delicate electrical equipment, as Halon 1211 did not damage high tech equipment. o Invented by ICI, it was known in the UK as BCF after its chemical name of bromochlorodifluoromethane. o Unfortunately, it was later discovered that halons used in fire-fighting equipment also had the ozone-depleting capacity of any chemicals in common use - ironic really as they were color coded green! HOW TO USE AN EXTINGUISHER COLOR CODING OF EXTINGUISHERS The type of extinguisher is identified by a color coding. o The old fire extinguishers standard required the whole of the body of the extinguisher to be painted the appropriate color. - You will find these extinguishers in many premises and these are still legal, you do not need to change them unless the extinguisher is defective and needs to be replaced. o New extinguishers are manufactured to the standard BS EN 3. Water extinguishers are colored signal red. Other extinguishers will be predominantly signal red with a label, band, or circle covering at least 5% of the surface GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR  THE FIRE TRIAD FIRE TRIAD Oxygen Ambient air is made up of approximately 21% oxygen and, as most fires only require at least 16% oxygen to burn, it acts as the oxidizing agent in the chemical reaction. This means that when a fuel burns, it reacts with the oxygen to release heat and generate combustion. Oxygen is already given since it is present in the environment Heat Fire requires a source of heat to ignite the fuel. Heat sources that are commonly responsible for igniting fires include the sun, lightning, cigarettes, heaters, and electrical equipment. Flammable materials also give off vapours that, once heated, will combust and cause higher temperatures that can spread fire further. We can reduce heat Fuel Fire requires a fuel source. A fuel is any kind of combustible material, such as wood, paper, leaves, gas or petrol, fabric, foam, plastic and rubber. We will not provide fuel to avoid creating fire References: https://safety culture.com/topics/fire-safety/ https://www.securityalarm.com/blog/workplace-fire-prevention- steps/ https://www.firesafe.org.uk/portable-fire-extinguisher-general/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/12/19/republic-act-no-9514/ GENTEROLIZO, BAGOOD, QUIBIDO, TAGUIBAO, YACOB, ROLLON, LUMO, MASING, MAGABILIN, NAVESIS, SY, SAYSON D., VIAJAR