Module 1.1 Cell and Molecular Physiology PDF

SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP...

SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP * ATP-energy currency of the cell MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONTROLLED VARIABLES By Enrico Paolo Banzuela, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP University of the Philippines College of Medicine Class 2005 (INTARMED Program) Master in Educational Entrepreneurship (MSEd), University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education Krebs - (7 35 - 7.. 45) Master in Health Professions Education (MHPEd), University of the Cycle (plasma glucose) 140-150 ; hypoglycemia-comg1d ( Philippines Manila, National Teacher Training Center for the Health lose consciousness Professions 20 - Master of Health Professions Education (MHPE), University of Maastricht (current student) Management Development Program, Asian Institute of Management Postgraduate Certificate in Teaching Evidence-Based Healthcare, University of Oxford Program for Leading Innovations in Health Care and Education, Harvard 180m/ day Macy Institute (incoming student 2021) * [random bloodsugar -200mgThe Diabetes Course Coordinator (Chairman) for Physiology, San Beda University College of Medicine Associate Professor II, San Beda College of Medicine II. CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY Guest Lecturer, Ateneo School of Medicine & Public Health Control Systems of the Body Physiology Teacher, Topnotch Medical Board Prep Thousands of control systems, at different levels: Co-Author, IM Platinum, Surgery Platinum and Pedia Platinum o Cellular Vice-President, Philippine Society of Physiologists (PSP) o Organ Fellow, Philippine Society of Physiologists (PSP) o Organ systems FAIR USE NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER Nervous System electricity - & o Regulates muscular and secretory activities of the body o bin receptors "See Legal Notice in Red Canvas" & effectors Endocrine System hormones - LEARNING OUTCOMES o manage homeostasis o Regulates metabolic activities of the body At the end of this learning session, the Future Bedan MD must be able to: 1. Define homeostasis 2. Differentiate the control mechanisms of body functions (Nervous, Hormonal control) 3. Describe the composition of the different body fluid compartments 4. Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes 5. Describe the components of the cell with their corresponding functions - nucleus, ER, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton largestinaperiod () /distant sides Eng well the a a (no large effect matter the amut has a e nae Gaslarge to https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-nervous-system-and-endocrine-system/ Regulation of Body Functions Nervous Systems o Input (Sensory) https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/techandscience/th%E2%80%8Be-smallest-things-the-naked-eye-can-see/ss- o Integrative (CNS) BBsadDx#image=4 o Output (Motor) o Autonomic I. HOMEOSTASIS § subconscious “Steady State Balance” Refers to the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment ophysiologic values compatible to life o The goal of all physiologic processes controlled · o Variables are physiologically controlled (in terms of light) nervous/endocine system (doesn't require (N) > - Spinal > - envi > - > o - the brain to work) effector response (PNS) on cells (sheletal / cardiac muscles) creates changes to make - signals for physiologic values SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 1 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP Hormone System Nervous VS Hormonal Control o Endocrine glands servete hormones (chemical messengers) release into the blood > - > - Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback self-limiting o ” product inhibits precursors, decreasing product” Mplasma glucose, o the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or o secrete insulin brod sugar) = reduces its intensity (decrease o E.g., Blood sugar and insulin, Thyroid hormone secretion ↓ insulin Positive Feedback self-propagating o 3 instances of (7) o “product stimulates precursors, increasing product” feedback in endocrine o E.g., Blood clotting, Nerve signaling, Childbirth system : Physiologic & Pathologic (e g shock) ↳.. Negative Feedback 1 Oxytocin surge child birth excess or deficiency initiates a series of changes that return. during 2 Oxytocin surge the factor toward a certain mean value maintaining anding breastfeeding homeostasis.. 3. estrogen-inducing It surge anring ovulation http://theninesysteminourbodyph.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-endocrine-system-endocrine-system.html * Inteinizing hormone ((H) induces the proliferation and maturation of interstitial Leydig cells which will secrete T. FSH acts on the Sertoli cells (SC) of the seminiferous tubules by stimulating the production of signaling molecules and metabolites necessary for spermatogenesis. https://biology-forums.com/index.php?topic=95103.0 0 In pregnancy , that Positive Feedback ↑ oxytocin related helps in contraction Exploding; dangerous; rare Lex contractions release : non-physiologic shock-most dangerous = prostaglandins https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-college-human-biology-flexbook- 2.0/section/9.7/primary/lesson/homeostasis-and-feedback-chumbio SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 2 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP are o precursors further stimulated o GURH (gonadotropin releasing hormone > - LHT & FSHT > - release estrogen ⑮TRA) + Hypothalamus > - @ % ↓ TSH pituitary gland > - +3 +4 [thyrid gland) -> to. · TRM & TSH will eventually lessen to also lessen thet3 , it produced to avoid & over-consumption over-production ↳ self-limiting ↳ common in homonal control in end octing system ↳ small amatt = huge effects control systems thus , the need for Costanzo LS. Physiology. 6th ed. 2018 III. COMPOSITION OF THE DIFFERENT BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS t antibodies t plasma proteins NI t 1P water “60-40-20-15-5” Rule 60% of BW: Water 40% of BW: ICF 20% of BW: ECF 15% of BW: IF 5% of BW: Plasma Body Fluid Compartments 60 % https://www.horiba.com/en_en/technology/measured-and-controlled-objects/liquid/blood-plasma/ 20 % 40 % 1 13 % 3 % 14 Y water inside - epithelium-bound water Gyellow-colored liquid portions joints uinar/ AROUND/BIN body (body carities -> , in the portion https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/body-fluids-and-fluid-compartments-no-content/ gall bladder , cof cells https://diffzi.com/intracellular-fluids-vs-extracellular-fluids/ EXTRACELLULAR FLUID most Na found ECF in (#1 cation in ECE) #7 Union in ELE large amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions nutrients for the cells, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids also called the internal environment of the body, or the milieu intérieur carbon dioxide that is being transported from the cells to the lungs to be excreted other cellular waste products that are being transported to the https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-what-is-plasma-therapy-137813 kidneys for excretion Curea ammonia (02) , , SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 3 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP INTRACELLULAR FLUID Classification of Cells # 1 cation large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions Cells are classified according to: K+ in ICF special mechanisms for transporting ions through the cell o Presence of membrane-bound organelles - > # anion membranes maintain the ion concentration differences § Eukaryotes membrane-bound ; higher evolution (plants animals) - , Phosphate between ECF and ICF § Prokaryotes -non-membrane-bound (bacteria , other proteins ↓ how to computevaluesUsi n g tea Ability to reproduce (volumes tells o Labile "lover boy" continuously reproduce (e g shin - cells).. when needed not required (e g. hepatocytes kidney o Quiescent/stable ,. reproduce - , muscles & neurons) capable ↳ o Permanent/non-dividing mature can't reproduce (e g - once ,.. capable any ↳ not more Tissue origin ECMN o Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous Basic Organization of the Cell o divides ECF & ICF found bin CM & nucleus o organelles are o DNA (chromosomes) are found IV. CELL MEMBRANE The Cell Basic unit of life Cell Membrane The Guardian of the Cell: divides the body into ECF and ICF compartments ↑ P ↓ C X 120 (be of libid bilayer since doesn't mix wh oil , , it Contains many protein, little carbohydrates, no water let pass through o can water doesn't contain #zo Semipermeable - not constant but Has variable composition throughout the life of the cell o lipid-soluble easy transport - “Fluid Mosaic Model” water-soluble - can't directly o proteins and other substances are embedded in the Locnetrate · the l a phospholipid mosaic bilayer gives the membrane the look of a PROTEINS - help transport substances from ECF to ICF (x (v) common most lipid C ( bilayer due to phospholipids & cholesterols G span entire , membrane ? located at one side (either inner or outer) · tightly attached o loosely attached leaflet https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-membrane can float I move around - ↳ varied appearance = MOSAIC https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388 Protoplasm collective term for different substances that make up the cell composed mainly of five basic substances: o Water CLEWD exterior hydrophilic - o Electrolytes · o Proteins o hydrophobic-interior o Lipids o Carbohydrates S all substances inside the carrier ~ can be proteins/ ion channels cell substances to go in/out the cell - > permit water-soluble Costanzo LS. Physiology. 6th ed. 2018 Made up of a Lipid Bilayer (Fluid-Mosaic Model) - o 55%: Proteins o 25%: Phospholipids § Outer Leaflet: Phospatidylcholine, Sphingomyelin, § Inner Leaflet: Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylethanolamine 13%: Cholesterol: confers membrane fluidity and permeability to water-soluble substances 4%: Other lipids: glycolipids confer antigenicity https://www.quora.com/How-is-the-cell-wall-non-living-and-the-protoplasm-is-living-Can-you-explain 3% Carbohydrates SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 4 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP studded with the following proteins: o Integral Proteins 1 water channels § Has tight attachment (needs detergent to remove) using. 2 allow electrolytes to hydrophobic interactions. go in/out (Na k ca (1) , , § spans the entire cell membrane , 3 ↳ neural pathways § E.g. Aquaporins, Ion Channels, Solute Carriers (GLUT, I 2. 3 glute transporters Symport, Antiport), ATP-dependent Transporters 4 * sym-same direction * anti-opposite o Peripheral Proteins. ATP ! 4 § Has loose attachment using electrostatic interactions § Found in the inner leaflet or outer leaflet Reacts different with various substances: o Water - hypotonic hypertonic > - § Transported using Osmosis via Aquaporins (ICF to ECF). o Lipid-Soluble Substances (Non-polar, Hydrophobic) > high to low concentration e g § Substances transported using Simple Diffusion. - oxygen not carrier-mediated o o Water-Soluble Substances (Polar, Hydrophilic) Cellular Organelles § Substances transported using Carrier-mediated specialized cellular subunit found in the cytoplasm that has a Transport specific function [Fulteddiffusiosunsport n usually membrane-bound Includes: V. COMPONENTS OF THE CELL § Mitochondria § Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus § Golgi Apparatus Nucleus “Command Center” of the cell > - § Lysosomes chromosomes contains large quantities of DNA (genes) § Peroxisomes > DNA - - > o on microscopy, DNA is seen as darkly staining chromatin § Secretory Vesicles into material unscribedkanslation Lundergo proteinSo replication > genes § Filament and Tubular Structures of the Cell - , to create 23k o 46 chromosomes: proteins for o 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chomosomes Int human body gene expression o genes are duplicated during mitosis have genes gene o during mitosis, chromatin organizes into highly structured Mitochondria · Wowbook > - regulated & chromosomes also called the powerhouse (powerplant) of the cell forms Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) almost all nucleated cells in the body contain the same set of chromosomes and DNA o Energy currency of the cell (unit of exchange) o used for membrane transport, synthesis of chemicals and mechanical work Has outer mitochondrial membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial matrix unique characteristics doesn't need o self-replicative because it contains its own DNA found in the - nucleus mitosis be mitochondrial matrix , in DWA can be found the mitochondria o does NOT follow genetic code 164 wodons universally followed. However all of them , o mitochondrial DNA is purely maternally-derived are primitive bacterial D WHY ? 0 membrane-bound ↳ CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT using mitochondrial DNA hicromion track down descendants animeasy -can its -why not paternally-derived ? When spen enters egg cell , only doesn't contain the end will enter w/c alanaerobic is me https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Structure-and-Function-of-the-Cell-Nucleus.aspx anaerobic the chromosomes mitochondria but only o aerobic eventually became the Nucleolus mitochondria unlike most other organelles, does not have a limiting anaerobic became o the eukaryotic cell membrane accumulation of large amounts of RNA and ribosomal proteins becomes considerably enlarged when the cell is actively synthesizing proteins > from ribosomes - SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 5 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP energy currency of the well Ribosomes Protein Factory of the Cell 2 types: free in the cytoplasm or attached to RER consist of RNA and proteins Eukaryotic ribosomes: 80S (60S and 40S subunits) · 60 ? Swedberg unit > - unit for Sedimentation Endoplasmic Reticulum network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm Smooth ER (SER) o For lipid synthesis Rough ER (RER) studded by ribosomes o For protein synthesis Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum “Mr.Clean” of the Cell ( also called agranular endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes : smooth https://www.philpoteducation.com/mod/book/view.php?id=802&chapterid=1073#/ functions include: - needed for activation & labeling of proteins > - packaging o detoxification of substances Golgi Apparatus o synthesis of lipids found in great quantities in the liver ↳ “Post Office” of the Cell packaging > - closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum composed of four or more stacked layers of thin, flat, enclosed Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus “Assembly Factory” of the Cell prominent in secretory cells also called granular endoplasmic reticulum functions include: large numbers of ribosomes are attached to the outer surfaces o packaging of proteins (all proteins are modified in the 2. of the RER Golgi Apparatus except collagen) o minute granular particles o molecular tagging: telling the protein where to go o composed of a mixture of RNA and proteins o function in protein synthesis o not all ribosomes in a cell are bound to the RER : Two types ER ribosomes 1. Rough ribosomes - not attached to ER 2. Free-floating SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 6 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP https://sites.google.com/site/technologyineducationsh/golgi-apparatus https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/role-of-golgi-apparatus-endoplasmic-reticulum-in-protein-synthesis > - activated https://www.med.niigata-u.ac.jp/eng/contents/s_activities/kiso/kaibou03.html SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 7 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP S ↓ T destroy Lysosomes o nuclear soldiers & the cell itself Cytoskeleton fibrillar proteins synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm - they can will themselves suicide bags of cells function is to provide rigid physical support for certain parts o binding of calcium ions triggers apoptosis once the of cells (intracellular scaffolding) & transport of come substances fuse wh - lysosomes have completed their function EXAMPLES: membrane of > vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi o Filaments: actin filaments in cytoplasm, actin and myosin bacteria apparatus - will go filaments in muscles laman intracellular digestive system for damaged cellular o Microtubules: flagellum in sperm, cilia in respiratory tract, to the ICF structures, food particles and bacteria - centrioles, mitotic spindle death o filled with large numbers of small enzyme granules L movement & mobility Gonemical (hydrolase, lysozyme, lysoferritin) weapons r http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~laboiw/Handouts/MCBI_Chapter%201_oiw.pdf WHICH CELLULAR COMPONENT IS healers REVIEW: ANALOGOUS TO THE FOLLOWING? /degrade - Peroxisomes DESCRIPTION ANSWER differences with lysosomes ASSEMBLY FACTORY Rough ER o formed by self-replication or budding off from SER MR. CLEAN Smooth ER o contain oxidase and catalase enzymes POST OFFICE Golgi Apparatus Functions: SUICIDE BAG Lysosomes o oxidizes many poisonous substances TAXI Secretory Vesicles o degrades free radicals that may damage cells POWER HOUSE Mitochondria o minor roce in lipid cynthesis COMMAND CENTER Nucleus Secretory Vesicles SCAFFOLDING cytoskeleton Facilitate transport of substances (e.g., exocytosis of protein Savi hormones) http://dlc.ui.edu.ng/oer.dlc.ui.edu.ng/app/upload/GCE%20106_1507035505.pdf Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. 2021 SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 8 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP  SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP REFERENCES Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th Edition by Hall, John &, Guyton, Arthur C. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders/Elsevier, 2011 Berne & Levy Physiology 6th Edition by Berne, Robert M., 1918-2001., Koeppen, Bruce M., Published: Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier, 2008 BRS Physiology 6th Edition by Linda Constanzo, 2015, Published: Lippincott and Williams & Wilkins Ganong Review of Medical Physiology, 25rd Edition, by Barrett, Kim, Barrett, Kim E., Barman, Susan, Boitano, Scott, Brooks, Heddwen, Published: New York : McGraw-Hill Medical, 2016 Costanzo Physiology 5th Edition by Linda Costanzo Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders/Elsevier, 2013 Pre-Test Physiology, 14th Edition by Patricia Mettin, published: McGraw0Hill Medical, 2014 Kaplan Medical Step 1 Lecture Notes (Physiology) 2010 Medical Physiology: Big Picture by By (author) Jonathan Kibble, Colby Halsey, Published: Lange Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 27th Edition by Murray, Robert K. by Lange Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 11th Edition by by Katzung, Bertram G., Published: New York : McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009 Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, 18Th Edition SBUCM Physiology Lectures Various Internet Websites END SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE – SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY Page 9 of 9 MODULE 1.1 CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY, BY ENRICO PAOLO C. BANZUELA, MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP