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Questions and Answers
Which type of cells are not capable of reproduction?
Which type of cells are not capable of reproduction?
- Mature connective tissue cells (correct)
- Muscle cells
- Neurons
- Epithelial cells
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
- Facilitate cellular reproduction
- Provide structural support (correct)
- Generate cellular energy
- Store energy
What are the four basic tissue types in the body?
What are the four basic tissue types in the body?
- Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous (correct)
- Facial, Epithelial, Smooth, Cardiac
- Epithelial, Muscular, Neural, Vascular
- Connective, Muscular, Nervous, Fluid
Where are organelles primarily located in the cell?
Where are organelles primarily located in the cell?
What is true about DNA in cells?
What is true about DNA in cells?
What distinguishes permanent/non-dividing cells from those that can reproduce?
What distinguishes permanent/non-dividing cells from those that can reproduce?
How is the cell's internal environment divided?
How is the cell's internal environment divided?
Which of these components are NOT a part of cellular structure?
Which of these components are NOT a part of cellular structure?
What is a unique characteristic of the nucleolus compared to other organelles?
What is a unique characteristic of the nucleolus compared to other organelles?
When is the nucleolus likely to become considerably enlarged?
When is the nucleolus likely to become considerably enlarged?
Which component enters the egg cell during fertilization?
Which component enters the egg cell during fertilization?
What type of respiration do mitochondria primarily utilize?
What type of respiration do mitochondria primarily utilize?
What is one of the main functions of ribosomal proteins involved with the nucleolus?
What is one of the main functions of ribosomal proteins involved with the nucleolus?
What is the significance of ribosome synthesis in the nucleolus?
What is the significance of ribosome synthesis in the nucleolus?
Which statement about the mitochondria is false?
Which statement about the mitochondria is false?
Which is NOT a characteristic of the nucleolus?
Which is NOT a characteristic of the nucleolus?
What is the primary role of the nervous system in the body?
What is the primary role of the nervous system in the body?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolic activities in the body?
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolic activities in the body?
What does 'homeostasis' refer to in physiological contexts?
What does 'homeostasis' refer to in physiological contexts?
What are the potential components of control systems in the body?
What are the potential components of control systems in the body?
Which type of body fluid compartment is primarily involved in maintaining osmotic balance?
Which type of body fluid compartment is primarily involved in maintaining osmotic balance?
In terms of cell membranes, what does the fluid mosaic model describe?
In terms of cell membranes, what does the fluid mosaic model describe?
Which of the following best differentiates between nervous and hormonal control?
Which of the following best differentiates between nervous and hormonal control?
Which system is primarily responsible for regulating long-term changes in the body?
Which system is primarily responsible for regulating long-term changes in the body?
What is the role of proteins in the protoplasm of a cell?
What is the role of proteins in the protoplasm of a cell?
What is meant by the term 'mosaic' in the context of cell membranes?
What is meant by the term 'mosaic' in the context of cell membranes?
Which substance is NOT primarily found in the protoplasm?
Which substance is NOT primarily found in the protoplasm?
How are lipids characterized in terms of their interaction with water?
How are lipids characterized in terms of their interaction with water?
What is the exterior layer of a cell membrane described as?
What is the exterior layer of a cell membrane described as?
Which of the following best describes protoplasm?
Which of the following best describes protoplasm?
What type of proteins assist with the movement of substances across cell membranes?
What type of proteins assist with the movement of substances across cell membranes?
What component of protoplasm primarily ensures the structure and integrity of cell membranes?
What component of protoplasm primarily ensures the structure and integrity of cell membranes?
Which of the following substances is characterized by its ability to dissolve in water?
Which of the following substances is characterized by its ability to dissolve in water?
Which property allows the cell membrane to be selectively permeable?
Which property allows the cell membrane to be selectively permeable?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
Which of the following organelles is involved in processing and packaging proteins?
Which of the following organelles is involved in processing and packaging proteins?
What structure is considered the 'command center' of the cell?
What structure is considered the 'command center' of the cell?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
Chromatin organizes into structured chromosomes during which cellular process?
Chromatin organizes into structured chromosomes during which cellular process?
What is the energy currency of the cell?
What is the energy currency of the cell?
Which component of the cell is involved in detoxifying harmful substances?
Which component of the cell is involved in detoxifying harmful substances?
What type of substances requires carrier-mediated transport?
What type of substances requires carrier-mediated transport?
How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for energy production?
Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for energy production?
Which of the following is a function of lysosomes?
Which of the following is a function of lysosomes?
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following structures does NOT contain DNA?
Which of the following structures does NOT contain DNA?
Which process involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP?
Which process involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP?
Study Notes
Cell Membrane Structure
- Cell membranes exhibit a mosaic appearance, indicating varied composition and function.
- Comprised of phospholipid bilayer with distinct hydrophilic (water-attracting) exterior and hydrophobic (water-repelling) interior.
- Can have tightly or loosely attached leaflets, allowing movement and fluidity.
Protoplasm Composition
- Protoplasm consists of vital substances:
- Water
- Electrolytes
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
Control Systems of the Body
- Control mechanisms categorized at various levels:
- Cellular
- Organ
- Organ systems
- Nervous system utilizes electrical impulses for muscular and secretory regulation.
- Endocrine system employs hormones to manage metabolic activities and maintain homeostasis.
Learning Outcomes for Future Bedan MD
- Define homeostasis and its significance in physiology.
- Differentiate mechanisms controlling body functions: nervous vs. hormonal control.
- Describe various body fluid compartments and their compositions.
- Understand the fluid mosaic model pertaining to cell membranes.
Cellular Organization
- Tissues include:
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Cells can be either permanent (non-dividing) or capable of division.
Cellular Organelles
- Organelles are specialized subunits within cells, often membrane-bound, with specific functions. Examples include:
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Secretory Vesicles
Nucleus Function
- Serves as the command center, containing large amounts of DNA (chromosomes).
- DNA appears as darkly staining chromatin under microscopy and is crucial for gene expression and replication.
- Human cells typically contain 46 chromosomes, resulting from the duplication of DNA during mitosis.
Mitochondria
- Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.
- Function in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production, serving as the energy currency of the cell.
- Mitochondria feature a unique double membrane system and possess their own DNA, allowing for self-replication independently of the nucleus.
Nucleolus
- Lacks a limiting membrane and consists of RNA and ribosomal proteins.
- Enlarges during active protein synthesis and is crucial for ribosome production.
Additional Notes
- Cellular transport includes mechanisms for water-soluble and polar substances, utilizing carrier-mediated transport for entry and exit across membranes.
- Distinction made between external cellular fluid (ECF) and internal cellular fluid (ICF), regulated by the cell membrane.
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