Module1_Lesson1.pptx

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 MODULE 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH KEVIN D. MEMBREVE, PhD Subject Teacher  Lesson 1: Introduction to Quantitative Research Quantitative Research You have learned from Practical Research 1 that the research method is classified into two main types: qua...

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 MODULE 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH KEVIN D. MEMBREVE, PhD Subject Teacher  Lesson 1: Introduction to Quantitative Research Quantitative Research You have learned from Practical Research 1 that the research method is classified into two main types: quantitative and qualitative. While both methods utilize a specific data gathering procedure, the former is generally concerned with understanding phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. The latter, on the other hand, is based on the measurement or quantity. Quantitative Research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate observable phenomena. A phenomenon is any existing or observable fact or situation that we want to unearth further or understand. It is scientific in the fact that it uses a scientific method in designing and collecting numerical data. Once data is collected, it will undergo statistical analysis like Pearson’s r, t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for analysis. Since data is analyzed statistically, it is imperative that the data obtained must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its name quantitative research. Characteristics of Quantitative Research 1. LARGE SAMPLE SIZE. To obtain a more meaningful statistical result, the data must come from a large sample size. 2. OBJECTIVITY. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses. 3. VISUAL RESULT PRESENTATION. Data is numerical which makes presentation through 4. FASTER DATA ANALYSIS. The use of statistical tools gives way to a less time-consuming data analysis. 5. GENERALIZED DATA. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken. 6. FAST DATA COLLECTION. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For 7. RELIABLE DATA. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision-making. 8. REPLICATION. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.  Strengths of Quantitative Research 1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated. 2. Findings are generalizable to the population. 3. There is a conclusive establishment of cause and effect 4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes. 5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software. 6. Fast and easy data gathering. 7. Very objective. 8. Validity and reliability can be established.  Weaknesses of Quantitative Research 1.It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth. 2.It does not provide a comprehensive explanation of human experiences. 3.Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs. 4.The research design is rigid and not very flexible. 5.The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses. 6.The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate  Kinds of Quantitative Research ◦Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature. There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not start with a hypothesis. The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the person or object of the study. An example of descriptive research design is “the determination of the different kinds of physical activities and how often high school students do it during the quarantine period.” ◦The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and effect, for example, the relationship between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement. oA quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi- experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre-existing groups of subjects. The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared to the group unexposed to treatment (control): for example, the effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas. "The Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Anxiety Levels among Employees in a High-Stress Workplace" A quasi-experimental design lacks random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups, but still manipulates an independent variable (in this case, a mindfulness-based stress reduction program) to observe its effect on a dependent variable (anxiety levels). The key features are: The independent variable (mindfulness program) is manipulated by the researcher, but participants are not randomly assigned to groups. There is a comparison or control group, but it is not a true control group since participants were not randomly assigned. The goal is to establish a potential causal relationship between the mindfulness program and reduced anxiety levels. ◦Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two, there is no experimental manipulation in this design. An example of this is “How does the parent’s academic achievement affect the children’s obesity?” "The Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Adult Substance Abuse: A Retrospective Study" ◦In ex post facto research, the researcher examines the relationship between an independent variable (in this case, childhood trauma) and a dependent variable (adult substance abuse) after the fact, rather than manipulating the independent variable and observing the ◦Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause- and-effect relationship of two or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result because it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations. For example, a comparison of the effects of various blended learning on the reading comprehension of elementary pupils. "The Efficacy of a New Antibiotic Medication in Treating Bacterial Pneumonia: A Randomized Controlled Trial" ◦An experimental design involves the random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups, allowing the researcher to establish causality between the independent and dependent variables. The key features are: ◦The independent variable (new antibiotic medication) is manipulated by the researcher. ◦Participants are randomly assigned to either the treatment group (receiving the new medication) or the control group (receiving a placebo or standard treatment). ◦The random assignment helps ensure that any observed differences in the dependent variable (pneumonia treatment) can be attributed to the independent variable (new medication), rather than other confounding factors. ◦The goal is to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the new medication and its efficacy in treating bacterial pneumonia. Thank you! 