Module Lesson 4 Higher Education And Life Abroad PDF

GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal Lesson 5: Higher Education and Life Abroad ATENEO DAYS On June 10th, he and his brother went to Manila. There, Rizal took a test at the College of San Juan de Letran and passed it. Upon returning to Calamba, Don Kiko, Rizal's father, changed his mind and decided t...

GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal Lesson 5: Higher Education and Life Abroad ATENEO DAYS On June 10th, he and his brother went to Manila. There, Rizal took a test at the College of San Juan de Letran and passed it. Upon returning to Calamba, Don Kiko, Rizal's father, changed his mind and decided that Rizal should study at the prestigious Ateneo instead. This was a good decision because, during the 19th century, Ateneo was known as one of the best universities in the Philippines for high school education. Father Magin Ferrando, who was then the College Registrar, initially refused Rizal's admission for two reasons: First, Rizal was a late registrant Second, he was very pale, thin, and undersized for an 11-year-old. However, with the help of Manuel Burgos, nephew of Padre Burgos, he was accepted into the institution. Rizal was not able to use Mercado as his surname and was instead registered as Jose Rizal. This is because his real surname had rung a bell with the authorities due to Paciano Mercado's relation with Father Burgos. WHY TEACHING AT ATENEO WAS UNIQUE Rizal enrolled in the six-year Bachiller en Artes program at Ateneo. Teaching at Ateneo was unique because classes were divided into two groups that constantly competed against each other to foster healthy competition. The Roman Empire, was comprised of the interns (boarders), The Carthaginian Empire, consisted of the externs (non-boarders). Within each empire, members were also in continuous competition as they vied for the top ranks, called dignitaries, with Emperor being the highest position, followed by Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-Bearer, respectively. Rizal first boarded in a house outside Intramuros, on Caraballo St., a 25 minute walk from Ateneo Municipal. Boarding house was owned by Titay who owed the Rizal Family three- hundred pesos. First Year (1872 - 1873) Since he was new and didn't know much Spanish, Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class as an externo. However, he quickly showed that he was a hardworking and capable student. Within a week, he was moved up to a higher rank. He continued to do well, and within a month, he became the Emperor of their empire. As a reward, he received a religious picture. Second Year (1873 - 1874) This year was not very exciting, except that Rizal was disappointed with his rank in his first year. He decided to improve and became the best student in his class, regaining his position  GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal as the top student. By the end of the school year, Rizal had gotten excellent grades in all his subjects and even won a gold medal. Third Year (1874 - 1875) When Rizal returned to Ateneo, his mother was happy to tell him that she had been released from jail, just like he had predicted. Even though Rizal still struggled with his Spanish studies and thought that he didn't fully commit himself, he was able to maintain good grades. However, he only received one medal that year. He was given a medal in Latin, but he believed that he could have won a medal in Spanish if he hadn't made mistakes because of his limited language skills. Instead, another student who spoke Spanish fluently received the medal. Fourth Year (1875 - 1876) Rizal's favorite/best teacher was Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, who is a Spanish Jesuit priest. Jose Rizal was awarded five medals for his academic achievements. He received two medals for conduct, one for rhetoric and poetry, one for French, and one for drawing. Fifth Year (1876 - 1877) Rizal gave the priest the works he had requested. Fr. Sanchez, of course, approved of them.Rizal graduated from Ateneo with a Bachelor of Arts degree and achieved excellent grades. He became the most brilliant Atenean of his time (The Pride of Jesuits). UST YEARS Academic Performance at UST Rizal Matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas (Philosophy and Letters). During the following term he received the Ateneo rector’s advice (Father Pablo Ramon) to study medicine. During his first term in UST, Rizal also studied in Ateneo with the vocational course, leading to the title of “perito agrimenson” (expert surveyor) According to historian Gregorio Zaide, there were three reasons why Jose Rizal was not happy during his time at the University of Santo Tomas (UST): 1.The Dominican professors were hostile to him. 2. Filipino students suffered discrimination. 3. The method of instruction at UST were obsolete and repressive.  GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal Rizal's Departure from the Philippines On May 3, 1882, Jose Rizal secretly left the Philippines aboard the S.S. Salvadora. Only his brother Paciano, two sisters, and a few close friends knew about his departure. Rizal knew that his parents would not approve of his decision to leave, as they feared for his safety. When Rizal's parents learned of his departure, they were heartbroken. His father, especially, was devastated. Paciano did everything he could to ensure that his brother, José, could leave the country secretly in order to avoid detection by Spanish authorities, especially the friars.  GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal Jose's primary goal in leaving for Europe in 1882 was to complete his education. However, he also had a secret mission. His secret mission was to observe the lives, cultures, laws, and governments of the countries in Europe, in preparation for liberating the Philippines from Spain's tyrannical rule. Rizal's journey took him through several countries, including Singapore, Sri Lanka, Italy, and France. He arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882, after a month and a half of travel. What is Propaganda Movement? The Propaganda movement emerged as a reform and national consciousness movement among young Filipino expatriates in the late 19th century. The group primarily consisted of Ilustrados—Filipino intellectuals studying abroad—who had awakened to liberal and nationalistic ideas. The early students who participated in the Propaganda Movement came from well-to-do families, as the expenses of travel and studying abroad were considerable. Upon arriving in Spain in the 1880s and 1890s, the Filipino students were struck by the newfound liberties they encountered. They experienced a society where ideas were freely discussed, institutions of church and state were openly critiqued or attacked, and dogmas of liberty and progress were proclaimed. The Propaganda Movement published its own newspaper, La Solidaridad, which saw print every two weeks. Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first editor, and Marcelo H. del Pilar took over in late 1889. Del Pilar managed the publication until the newspaper folded due to lack of funds. The Propaganda Movement was assimilationist, meaning that the propagandists believed that the Philippines should be fully incorporated into Spain as a Spanish province and not merely as a colony. They also sought the expulsion of the Spanish friars from the Philippines and the empowerment of a native Filipino clergy. They also wanted to showcase the writing and artistic production of the young Filipino elite as a means of demonstrating their intellectual sophistication. Rizal's Return to the Philippines Jose Rizal returned to the Philippines in August 1887 after five years of living abroad. He was greeted by controversy, as the Jesuits at the Ateneo attempted to get him to return to his old faith. Padre Faura, the priest who had taught Rizal to carve the Sacred Heart of Jesus, told him that he had made some mistakes in his novel, Noli Me Tangere. However, Rizal stood by his work, believing that he had told the truth. The novel had already caused a stir in the Philippines, and the friars were determined to silence Rizal. They preached sermons against him in church, and wrote pamphlets denouncing him and his work. Rumors spread that Rizal was a German spy, a mason, and other dangerous things. As a result, Rizal received death threats on a daily basis. His family was so worried about him that they made him eat with silver utensils, as it was believed that poison would react with silver. Rizal's brother, Paciano, accompanied him everywhere he went, and even their father, Don Francisco, was hesitant to let him leave the house. A positive result of those attacks, many more Filipinos got to know about Jose.  GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal Nevertheless, Rizal kept himself busy while in Calamba. He established a medical clinic, and his first patient was his mother (note: it is possible that what he did here is just iridectomy - a preliminary to cataract extraction). He cured the sick, and soon he was known as an eye specialist and surgeon. In the town, Rizal was called Doctor Uliman, because he was mistaken for a German. (Uliman = Aleman = German) Rizal's Departure from the Philippines (Again) On August 30, 1887, Rizal left Calamba for Manila to meet with Governor General Emilio Terrero, a liberal-minded Spanish official. When Terrero read the novel, he found nothing wrong with it. However, the Archbishop of Manila, Bernardo Nozaleda, was not so impressed. He recommended that the importation, reproduction, distribution, and possession of the novel be stopped. Terrero, concerned for Rizal's safety, assigned Lieutenant Jose Taviel de Andrade to protect him. The governor-general also requested that Rizal leave the country, but Rizal refused. He returned to Calamba, where he continued to write and work for the betterment of his country. The friars were furious with Rizal's findings. They demanded that Terrero order Rizal to leave the country. Terrero refused, but he did advise Rizal to leave for his own safety. Rizal's family and relatives also advised him to leave. After six months in the Philippines, Rizal left for Hong Kong. During his journey to Hongkong from Marseilles, Rizal met William Pryer, who managed the British North Borneo Company. This company had a lease to oversee North Borneo. When Rizal heard about Pryer's plans for the British colony, he suggested creating a Filipino colony in North Borneo for the evicted Calamba tenants. Pryer liked the idea and welcomed Rizal's proposal. Together with Pryer, Rizal met with the governor of North Borneo to talk about leasing at least 5,000 acres of land, with an option to buy even more for 950 years. But there was a problem – the Calamba tenants couldn't leave the Philippines without permission from the Spanish Governor-General, Eulogio Despujol. To address this, Rizal wrote to Despujol asking for permission to change their nationality, sell their property in the Philippines, and let those facing trouble leave the country. Despujol got incensed/angry and thought Rizal might use the Filipino colony in North Borneo to start a revolution against Spain. Instead of replying directly, he asked the Spanish Consul in Hongkong to invite Rizal back to Manila to discuss the matter. Rizal's family and friends advised him to decline Despujol's invitation, considering it a trap. However, Rizal was resolute in his determination to improve the lives of the evicted Calamba tenants. If meeting Despujol in Manila was necessary to achieve this goal, he was willing to do so. WOMEN OF RIZAL  GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal SEGUNDA KATIGBAK Segunda Katigbak was his puppy love. Segunda was a friend to Jose's sister, Olympia Through Olympia, Jose and Segunda became intimately close, leading Jose to regularly visit Segunda's dormitory. Sadly, their relationship was hopeless right from the very start because Segunda was already set to marry a fellow-townsman in Batangas, Manuel Luz. But that didn't stop the lovers from seeing each other. One day, Segunda gave him an artificial white rose. In exchange, he handed the pencil sketch to Segunda LEONOR VALENZUELA Leonor "Orang" Valenzuela, Rizal's second object of affection, is literally the girl-next-door. They met when Rizal was a sophomore medical student at the University of Santo Tomas. During the courtship, Rizal was said to have sent Leonor private and secret love letters, which he wrote using invisible ink made with water and salt- -he was adept in chemistry, too. To read the letters, Orang had to heat the letter over a candle or a lamp. LEONOR RIVERA Leonor Rivera, his sweetheart for 11 years played the greatest influence in keeping him from falling in love with other women during his travel. Unfortunately, Leonor's mother disapproved of her daughter's relationship with Rizal. She hid from Leonor all letters sent to her sweetheart. Leonor believing that Rizal had already forgotten her, sadly consented her to marry the Englishman Henry Kipping, her mother's choice. Rivera died on August 28, 1893 shortly after giving birth to her second child with Kipping CONSUELO ORTIGA Consuelo Ortiga y Rey, the prettier of Don Pablo Ortiga's daughters, fell in love with him. He dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of his best poems. The Ortiga's residence in Madrid was frequented by Rizal and his compatriots. He probably fell in love with her and Consuelo apparently asked him for romantic verses. He suddenly backed out before the relationship turned into a serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did not want to destroy hid friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo.  GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal O SEI-SAN Sei San, a Japanese samurai's daughter taught. Rizal the Japanese art of painting known as su-mie. She also helped Rizal improve his knowledge of Japanese language. If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he would have married this lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan because Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative job. GERTRUDE BECKETT While Rizal was in London, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family, within walking distance of the British Museum. Gertrude, a blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with him. Before leaving London, he was able to finish the group carving of the Beckett sisters. He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of their brief relationship. NELLIE BOUSTED Rizal having lost Leonor Rivera, entertained the thought of courting other ladies. While a guest of the Boustead family at their residence in the resort city of Biarritz, he had befriended the two pretty daughters of his host, Eduardo Boustead. Rizal used to fence with the sisters at the studio of Juan Luna. Antonio Luna, Juan's brother and also a frequent visitor of the Bousteads, courted Nellie but she was deeply infatuated with Rizal. In a party held by Filipinos in Madrid, a drunken Antonio Luna uttered unsavory remarks against Nellie Boustead. This prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel. Fortunately, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus averting tragedy for the compatriots. Their love affair unfortunately did not end in marriage. It failed because Rizal refused to be converted to the Protestant faith, as Nellie demanded and Nellie's mother did not like a physician without enough paying clientele to be a son-in-law. The lovers, however, parted as good friends when Rizal left Europe. SUZANNE JACOBY In 1890, Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of living in Paris. In Brussels, he lived in the boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters. In time, they fell deeply in love with each other. Suzanne cried when Rizal left Brussels and wrote him when he was in Madrid. JOSEPHINE BRACKEN  GNED 09 | Life and Works of Rizal In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy disposition. She was Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must have taken the measure of him and what could be a better diversion that to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they considered her as a threat to Rizal's security. Rizal asked Josephine to marry him, but she was not yet ready to make a decision due to her responsibility to the blind Taufer. Since Taufer's blindness was untreatable, he left for Hon Kong on March 1895. Josephine stayed with Rizal's family in Manila. Upon her return to Dapitan, Rizal tried to arrange with Father Antonio Obach for their marriage. However, the priest wanted a retraction as a precondition before marrying them. Rizal upon the advice of his family and friends and with Josephine's consent took her as his wife even without the Church blessings. Josephine later give birth prematurely to a stillborn baby, a result of some incidence, which might have shocked or frightened her