Module-In-PE3-24-25 PDF

DEFENSIVE TACTICS 3 FIRST AID AND WATER SURVIVAL FIRST AID - is immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed. When you give first aid, you deal with the victim’s physical condi...

DEFENSIVE TACTICS 3 FIRST AID AND WATER SURVIVAL FIRST AID - is immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed. When you give first aid, you deal with the victim’s physical condition, emotional state, and the whole accident situation. Includes well-selected words of encouragement and willingness to give help. OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID 1. To alleviate suffering. 2. To prevent added / further injury or danger. 3. To prolong LIFE. PURPOSE OF FIRST AID TRAINING 1. To prevent accidents. 2. To train people to do the right thing at the right time. 3. To prevent added injury or danger. 4. To provide proper transportation. VALUE OF FIRST AID TRAINING 1. Self-help 2. Help for others 3. Preparation disasters/calamities 4. Safety awareness in terms of: Cause of accident Effect Prevention HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID 1. Unfavorable surroundings 2. The presence of the crowd 3. Pressure from the victim or relatives. GENERAL DIRECTION FOR FIRST AID 1. Determine the best way to rescue the victim. 2. Ensure the victim has an open airway and give mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose artificial respiration if it is necessary. 3. Control severe bleeding. OTHER DIRECTIONS Keep the injured person lying down in a comfortable position, his head level with his body until you know whether the injury is serious or not. 1. Look for hemorrhage, stoppage of breathing, poisoning, wounds, fractures, burns, and discoloration. This must be treated immediately. 2. Keep the injured person warm. 3. Send someone to call a physician or ambulance. 4. Keep calm do not be hurried in moving the victim or injured person/s unless it is necessary. 5. Never give water or liquid to an unconscious patient. 6. Keep on-lookers away from the injured person. 7. Make the patient comfortable and keep him cheerful. 8. Don’t let the patient see his own injury. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER 1.GENTLE- should not cause pain. 2.RESOURCEFUL- should make the best use of things in hand. 3.OBSERVANT- should notice all signs. 4.TACTFUL- should not alarm the victim. 5.EMPHATIC- should be comforting. 6.RESPECTABLE- should maintain a professional and caring attitude. TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES AND THE FIRST AIDER 1.DIRECT- occurs when a person touches an infected person's body fluids. 2.IN-DIRECT- when a person touches a contaminated object. 3.AIRBORNE- occurs when a person inhales infected droplets that have become airborne as when a person coughs or sneezes. 4.VECTOR- occurs when an animal such as a dog, or an insect such as a tick, transmits a pathogen into the body of a person through h bite. (e.g. dengue fever, rabies, and venoms) BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI)- are precautions taken to isolate or prevent the risk of exposure to any other type of bodily substance. BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES 1.PERSONAL HYGIENE 2.PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 3.EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND DISINFECTING.  DISEASES THAT CAUSE CONCERN DISEASES SIGN AND SYMPTOMS INFECTIVE MATERIAL HERPES Lesions, general ill feeling, sore throat Broken skin, mucous membrane MENINGITIS Respiratory illness, sore throat, nausea, Food and water mucous vomiting TB (TUBERCULOSIS) Weight loss, night sweats, occasional Saliva, airborne droplets fever, general ill feeling. HEPATITIS FLU-LIKE, jaundice Blood, saliva, semen, feces, food, water, and other products. HIV / AIDS Fever, night sweats, weight loss, Blood, semen, and vaginal fluids chronic diarrhea, severe fatigue, shortness of breath, swollen lymph nodes, lesions STARTING WITH FIRST AID 1. Planning of action 2. Gathering of needed materials 3. Remember the initial response as follows Ask for help I-intervene D- Do no further harm 4. Instructions to helper EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES  SURVEY THE SCENE  Is the scene safe?  What happened?  How many people are injured?  Are there bystanders who can help?  Identify yourself as a trained first-aider  Get consent to give care PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM Check responsiveness (if unresponsive, consent is implied) Protect spine if necessary Check CABC ( consciousness, airway, breathing, circulation) A-M-A (ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE)  Phone first/ phone fast  A bystander should make the telephone call for help  A bystander can be asked to call for a physician  Somebody will be asked to arrange transfer facilities. SECONDARY SURVEY OF THE VICTIM Interview the victim  Ask what happened  Assess the SAMPLE history S- sign and symptom A- Allergies M- medication P- past medical history L-Last meal taken E- event before injury CHECK VITAL SIGNS DETERMINE RADICAL OR CAROTID PULSE (PULSE RATE) ADULT 60-90 BEATS / MIN CHILD 80-100 BEATS / MIN INFANT 100-120 BEATS/ MIN DETERMINE THE BREATHING (RESPIRATION RATE) ADULT 12-20 / MIN CHILD 18-25 / MIN INFANT 25-35 / MIN DETERMINESKIN APPEARANCE  Lookat the victim’sface andlips.  Recordskinappearance, temperature, moisture, andcolor. DO HEAD-TO-TOE EXAMINATION LOOKING FOR DCAP-BTLS: D- Deformity C-contusions A-abrasions P-puncture B-burns T-tenderness L-lacerations S- swelling CHECK PUPILS OF BOTH EYES DILATED PUPILS- involve bleeding and a state of shock CONSTRICTED PUPILS- may mean heat stroke or drug overdose. UNEQUAL PUPILS- may suspect head injury or stroke. EMERGENCY RESCUE- is a rapid movement of patients from an unsafe place to a safety place. EMERGENCY TRANSFER- is moving a patient from one place to another after giving first aid. INDICATION FOR EMERGENCY RESCUE FIRE OR EXPLOSION TOXIC GASSES INHALATION SERIOUS TRAFFIC HAZARD RISK OF DROWNING DANGER OF COLLAPSING WALLS FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN TRANSFERRING A VICTIM  Nature and severity of the injury  Size of the victim  Physical capabilities of the first aider  Number of personnel and equipment available  Nature of evacuation route  Distance to be covered  Sex of the victim (last consideration)  FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES BASIC EQUIPMENT 1. Spine board 2. Shortboard 3. Set of splints 4. Poles 5. Blankets 6. Oxygen tank with mask 7. Ambulance / transporting vehicle 8. Hydraulic cutters 9. Axe, bolo 10. Flood lamps, heavy-duty flashlights  SUGGESTED FIRST AID KIT CONTENTS 1. Rubbing alcohol 2. Povidone-iodine 3. Cotton 4. Gauze pads 5. Tongue depressor 6. Penlight 7. Gloves 8. Scissors (medical) 9. Forceps 10. Bandage (triangular) 11. Elastic roller bandage 12. Occlusive pressing 13. Plasters Dressing gauze- any sterile cloth material used to cover the wounds. Bandages- any clean cloth material sterile or not used to hold the dressing in place Occlusive dressing DO’S AND DON’T’S IN GIVING FIRST AID 1. Do obtain consent when possible. 2. Do think the worst. It is best to administer first aid for the gravest possibility. 3. Do remember to identify yourself as the victim. 4. Do proud comfort and emotional support. 5. Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy. 6. Do be as calm and direct as possible. 7. Do care for the most serious injuries first. 8. Do assist the victims with his /her prescribed medication. 9. Do keep away the lookers from the victim. 10. Do handle the victim to the minimum. 11. Do loosen tight clothing. WHAT NOT TO DO OR NOT TO BE DONE 1. Do not let the victim see his/her own injury. 2. Do not leave the victim alone except to get help. 3. Do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the only ones. 4. Do not make any unrealistic promises. 5. Do not trust the judgment of a confused victim and require them to make decisions. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES WOUNDS- is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external. CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS 1. OPEN WOUNDS- is a break in the skin. 2. CLOSED WOUNDS- involves underlying tissues without a break in the skin. TYPES OF CLOSED WOUNDS CAUSES OF WOUNDS Usually, as results from external physical forces like accidents, falls, and the mishandling of sharp objects, tools machinery, and weapons. EFFECTS OF THE WOUNDS 1. Harmful not only to the skin involved but to the functions of the entire body. 2. Loss of blood 3. Destruction of the tissue 4. Nerve injury 5. Functional disturbances 6. Contamination with foreign material 1. PUNCTURE Causes: penetrating pointed instruments such as nails, pins, ice picks, daggers, etc. Characteristics: deep and narrow, serious or slight bleeding  2. ABRASIONS Causes: Scrapping or rubbing against rough surfaces. Characteristics: shallow, wide, oozing of blood dirty. Treatment for an abrasion is proper wound care. You can do this at home by: Washing the wound gently with soap and water. Using tweezers to remove any visible debris like pebbles. Use caution before removing any debris. If your wound contains a lot of debris like multiple or large pieces of gravel or glass, visit the emergency room (ER) and don’t try to remove the debris on your own. Patting the wound dry after washing it. Use a clean washcloth to do this. Applying a topical antibiotic ointment to the abrasion to prevent infection. Covering your wound with a bandage or wound dressing. Small abrasions, like a linear abrasion less than 2 inches, may not need a bandage due to the size. Cleaning and covering the wound daily until it heals. Use a new bandage each time. If you have a large abrasion or experience other symptoms or injuries, visit the emergency room immediately or contact 911 or local emergency services. You may need treatment with stitches for larger wounds. A healthcare provider may offer a tetanus shot or antibiotics for abrasions caused by animals. This is a preventive form of treatment to reduce your risk of developing an infection. If you received an animal bite or scratch, visit a healthcare provider within 24 hours of the event. Try to avoid picking at your abrasion as it heals. It can be tempting to rip off dead skin or scratch your wound. These actions can irritate the wound and delay your healing time. When you pick at your injury, you also put yourself at risk of getting bacteria into the wound and causing an infection.  3. LACERATIONS Causes: Blunt instruments such as shrapnel, broken glass, etc. Characteristics: torn with irregular edges serious or slight bleeding.  TREATMENT Wash your hands. This helps avoid infection. Stop the bleeding. Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own. If needed, apply gentle pressure with a clean bandage or cloth and elevate the wound until bleeding stops. Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with water. Keeping the wound under running tap water will reduce the risk of infection. Wash around the wound with soap. But don't get soap in the wound. And don't use hydrogen peroxide or iodine, which can be irritating. Remove any dirt or debris with a tweezers cleaned with alcohol. See a doctor if you can't remove all debris. Apply an antibiotic or petroleum jelly. Apply a thin layer of an antibiotic ointment or petroleum jelly to keep the surface moist and help prevent scarring. Certain ingredients in some ointments can cause a mild rash in some people. If a rash appears, stop using the ointment. Cover the wound. Apply a bandage, rolled gauze or gauze held in place with paper tape. Covering the wound keeps it clean. If the injury is just a minor scrape or scratch, leave it uncovered. Change the dressing. Do this at least once a day or whenever the bandage becomes wet or dirty. Get a tetanus shot. Get a tetanus shot if you haven't had one in the past five years and the wound is deep or dirty. Watch for signs of infection. See a doctor if you see signs of infection on the skin or near the wound, such as redness, increasing pain, drainage, warmth or swelling. 4. AVULSIONS Causes: explosion, animal bites, mishandling of tools, etc. Characteristics: tissue forcefully separated from the body. An avulsion injury goes through all the layers of skin. You might be able to lift up a flap of tissue that is still connected, or the tissue could be detached from the body. If the section of avulsed tissue is available and healthy enough, it can sometimes be repaired The treatment you need will depend on the severity of your injury. Smaller injuries can be treated at home, while more significant injuries will need medical care. The size and severity of your injury will determine what kind of treatment option your medical provider chooses. Stitches. If your avulsion wound is deep but not too wide, your doctor may be able to close it up with stitches, also called sutures. To perform stitches, your doctor will use a sterile thread to bring the two sides of the wound together and sew it closed. Reattaching skin. If there is still a skin flap attached to the wound, and the flap is healthy, your doctor may be able to reattach the skin to its original place. In order to do this, the skin flap must still have good blood flow. After the skin is stitched back into place, tubes will likely need to be used to remove excess fluid. 5. INCISIONS Causes: Sharp-bladed instruments such as blades, razors, knives, metal edges, and other sharp objects. Characteristics: clean cut, deep and severe bleeding the wound is clean. These guidelines can help you care for minor cuts and scrapes: Wash your hands. This helps avoid infection. Stop the bleeding. Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own. If needed, apply gentle pressure with a clean bandage or cloth and elevate the wound until the bleeding stops. Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with water. Keeping the wound under running tap water will reduce the risk of infection. Wash around the wound with soap. But don't get soap in the wound. And don't use hydrogen peroxide or iodine, which can be irritating. Remove any dirt or debris with tweezers cleaned with alcohol. See a doctor if you can't remove all debris. Apply an antibiotic or petroleum jelly. Apply a thin layer of an antibiotic ointment or petroleum jelly to keep the surface moist and help prevent scarring. Certain ingredients in some ointments can cause a mild rash in some people. If a rash appears, stop using the ointment. Cover the wound. Apply a bandage, rolled gauze or gauze held in place with paper tape. Covering the wound keeps it clean. If the injury is just a minor scrape or scratch, leave it uncovered. Change the dressing. Do this at least once a day or whenever the bandage becomes wet or dirty. Get a tetanus shot. Get a tetanus shot if you haven't had one in the past five years and the wound is deep or dirty. Watch for signs of infection. See a doctor if you see signs of infection on the skin or near the wound, such as redness, increasing pain, drainage, warmth or swelling splints Thank you………….