Introduction To Garment Manufacturing Techniques-I PDF

Amity School of Fashion technology INTRODUCTION TO GARMENT MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES-I FASH-103 Semester 1st, B.Des. (FD/FT/FC/TD/3C) Module I Introduction to Garment Manufacturing Process By: Pratibha Malik AMITY SCHOOL OF FASHION TECHNOLO...

Amity School of Fashion technology INTRODUCTION TO GARMENT MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES-I FASH-103 Semester 1st, B.Des. (FD/FT/FC/TD/3C) Module I Introduction to Garment Manufacturing Process By: Pratibha Malik AMITY SCHOOL OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY 1  Amity School of Fashion technology Course Objectives The objective of the course is to provide an overview of the apparel manufacturing process. All the processes are discussed briefly to make students acquainted with process of producing garments in industry along with the machineries and technologies involved 2  Course Contents/Syllabus: Amity School of Fashion technology Module I Introduction to Garment manufacturing process Descriptors/Topics Introduction to Different departments, working principles of various departments viz;. Sewing, cutting, finishing department – different machinery used; comparative analysis; (demonstration of machineries in action) Module II Introduction to Sewing Technology Descriptors/Topics Basic sewing machine, various parts, types & functions of sewing machines, Understanding the simple problems of sewing machine and its maintenance. Module III Sewing machines Descriptors/Topics Different sewing machines used- different bed types, their uses and comparative analysis; different stitch and seam types, Properties & use, Stitch and seam Class Series diagrams, their comparative analyses. Module IV Cutting Machines Descriptors/Topics Straight knife, Band knife, End cutter, Auto cutter, Die cutter, Round knife, Drilling machine, Notching machine, Hot drill, Module V Fusing & Pressing Technology Descriptors/Topics Machinery, equipment & process 3  Amity School of Fashion technology Course Outline Credit Structure L T P/ SW/FW No. of TOTAL S PSDA CREDIT UNITS 2 - 0 2 3 02 4  Amity School of Fashion technology Assessment scheme Continuous Assessment/Internal Assessment End Term (50 %) Examinatio n (50%) Components Project Class Test Home Class Quiz Attendance (Drop down) (CT) Assignment Linkage of Group Review Simulation Review PSDA with discussion Internal Assessment Component, if any Weightage (%) 15 10 10 10 5 50  Amity School of Fashion technology Amity School of Fashion Technology B.Des FD, Semester I MODULE I- Introduction to garment manufacturing Process Introduction to Different departments, working principles of various departments viz;. Sewing, cutting, finishing department – different machinery used; comparative analysis; (demonstration of machineries in action) IGMT I  Amity School of Fashion technology Introduction  Amity School of Fashion technology Introduction to Garment Manufacturing  Garment- A shaped article of textile fabrics or other flexible sheet material, intended to cover portions of human body. Garment may be grouped as active wear, pajama, shirts, sleep wear, inner wear, dress shirts, hosiery, outer wear, uniform, children wear, and work cloths.  Garment manufacturing is an assembly- oriented activity with a great range of raw materials, product types, production volumes, supply chains, retail markets and associated technologies.  Garment manufacturing includes number of processes from order receiving to dispatching shipment of the finished garments.  Amity School of Fashion technology INTRODUCTION TO GARMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS Design Or Sketch Pattern design Production Sample Making Pattern Grading Marker Making Cutting Spreading Bundli Sewing ng Packing Pressing Inspection  Amity School of Fashion technology Departments in garment manufacturing unit Trims and Merchandising Sampling Fabric store accessories department department department store department Spreading & Quality Sewing Washing Cutting Assurance department department department department Finishing & Finance and Maintenance HR/Admin Packaging Accounts Department Department department Department  Amity School of Fashion technology Based on present apparel industry, garment manufacturing processes are categorized as : Pre-Production Processes - Pre-production process includes sampling, sourcing of raw materials, Approvals, PP meeting etc. Production processes - Production processes are cutting, sewing etc. Post-production processes - thread trimming, pressing, checking, folding and packing, shipment inspection etc.  Amity School of Fashion technology GARMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESSS  Amity School of Fashion technology SAMPLING Sampling is very important in apparel industry because the buyers usually place orders after reviewing the quality of the samples. Purpose of Sampling: To allow the buyer to judge the production capabilities of the manufacturer. To provide a means for making revisions in the bulk production process. To let the manufacturer estimate the thread and fabric consumption and develop cost quotations.  Amity School of Fashion technology Garment samples are categorized as development samples and production samples. Samples that are made in development stage are as following – 1. Proto Sample 2. FIT sample 3. Salesman Sample 4. Size set Sample 5. Pre-production Sample Production Samples 6. Top of Production Sample 7. Shipment Sample  Amity School of Fashion technology Development samples 1. Proto Sample: This is the first sample in product development stage. It is prepared according to the buyer’s specification. It is a trial sample prepared by product development department. Buyer wants to see here that how it looks like after applying new design on it. Any types of fabric and color can be used here Proto sample is made to communicate the design of a style or a line or to present garment structure. In proto samples fit and fabric detailing is not been considered. 2. FIT Sample: Once the proto sample is approved, The fit sample is made with actual measurement based on the original product and specification sheets given by the buyer. Modification of the pattern is done to get the desired fit of the garment. FIT is one of the most important factors to be considered during sample development. In Fit sample, stitching and measurement must be 100% accurate. A Fit sample is being tested on a live model or on a Dress form to verify garment fit and fall.  Amity School of Fashion technology 3. Salesman Sample: Salesman samples are made to put on display in the retail showroom. Salesman sample (SMS) are displayed for assessing customer's feedback and according to customers response, buyers forecast demand of a particular style. Sales samples are made with actual fabric ,trims and accessories. Buyer pays for salesman samples to the developer. 4. Size set Sample: Once the proto sample and fit sample are approved, based on the pattern of the approved sample the grading for the other sizes are done and then patterns for the other sizes will be made. Size-set samples are sent to the buyer once the fitting is approved in S-small, M-medium, L- large, XL-extra- large and other sizes as per the requirement. Size set samples are made to check the fit and workmanship of each size. Mass cutting of mass production begins only after the final approval of size set samples.  Amity School of Fashion technology 5. Pre-production Sample: (PP) The exporter manufacturers pre-production sample with the actual fabric, trims, and accessories once all the above samples are approved by the buyer. It is also called as a pilot run sample. PILOT RUN is a trial run, which should be developed before starting the bulk production. After a final approval is received from the pre-production sample the actual production can proceed.  Amity School of Fashion technology Production Samples: 6. Top of Production Sample (TOP sample): Once bulk production is started, few garment pieces are taken out in the middle of the production. Production pieces are sent to buyer as the T.O.P sample. All buyers do not ask for the TOP sample. The purpose of the TOP sample is to cross-check whether the factory is following PP sample specification or not. 7. Shipment Sample: When style is being finished and packed for shipment, 2-3 finished and packed pieces with all packing details are kept for future reference. This Sample the manufacture keeps with them, covering all sizes & colors of the style of garments they exported. It is for the reference pieces, just to keep record for future reference.  Amity School of Fashion technology https://www.youtube.com/results? search_query=cutting+and+spreading+in+garment+industry Cutting department https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWV9AV0B0y4  Amity School of Fashion technology Cutting The first stage in the manufacture of garments is the cutting of the materials into the necessary pattern shapes. These are then joined by means of seams to create three- dimensional garments. Cutting is a process of separating parts from the fabric as replicas of the pattern pieces in the marker for assembly operations. When large quantities of a garment style must be cut, a lay is created which consists of many plies of fabric spread one above the other. Depending on the method of cutting that is used, a marker plan must be made in which the pattern pieces are closely interlocked to achieve minimum fabric usage.  CUTTING ROOM PROCESS FLOW Amity School of Fashion technology Marker/pattern Cut ratio received Fabric Received received ( size ratio) ( from store) Fabric relaxation (if needed)  Amity School of Fashion technology Spreading and cutting flow process Planning, Spreading of Drawing and Cutting of the Preparation the fabric to Reproduction Fabric for sewing form a lay of the Marker  Amity School of Fashion technology Cut order planning “One of the most crucial activities that take place in cutting room is Cut Order Plan. This activity is also termed as ‘lay plan’, ‘cut plan’, ‘lay lot plan’, etc. Cut Order Plan is basically optimizing the cutting process under certain constraints by following certain parameters.” Cut order planning is deciding the combination of markers and lays for a particular order. This is a standard process done in every factory. It translates customer orders into cutting orders minimize total production costs meet deadlines seek most effective use of labor, equipment, fabric and space  Amity School of Fashion technology Responsibilities of Cut order planning: Examining incoming orders and piece goods width and availability Determining volume, size ratios, and sectioning procedures for marker making Determining whether file markers are available or new ones are needed Developing specifications for optimum marker making and fabric utilization Determine most effective use of spreading and cutting equipment and personnel Issuing orders for marker making, spreading and cutting  Amity School of Fashion technology Marker  is a diagram of a precise arrangement of pattern pieces for a specific style and the sizes to be cut from a single spread. Marker making  is the process of determining the most efficient layout of pattern pieces for a specified style, fabric, and distribution of sizes (requires time, skill and concentration)  Amity School of Fashion technology Requirements of marker planning The industry has always paid great attention to marker planning, because when the cutting room cuts cloth it spends around half the company’s turnover. Any reduction in the amount of cloth used per garment leads to increased profit. The planner proceeds by first positioning the larger pattern pieces and then fitting the smaller pieces into the gaps. The planner will then try a number of pattern placements, selecting the one which gives the shortest marker  Amity School of Fashion technology Marker making  Marker making is a critical step in the manufacturing process.  By retaining strict control over this critical step, they keep the fabric consumption as low as possible.  It also ensures that the issues that quality will be given proper attention. These include placing patterns on grain, keeping patterns paired, and attending to details such as drill holes and notches.  Depending on the relative efficiency of each marker produced, the company may save or waste thousands of dollars a year.  Markers can be produced on a paper which is fixed on the spread with the pins or staples, or on adhesive paper which is heat-sealed to the top ply of the spread. For computerized cutting, the marker is held in position by the vacuum used to compress the spread and keep it stable.  Amity School of Fashion technology Marker making Computerized marker Manually produced making (CAD)  Amity School of Fashion technology Marker making Manual marker  Created on marker paper or directly on fabric ply  Tracing by pencil or tailor’s chalk.  Time consuming.  Subject to errors. (pattern overlap, grain line, poor line definition, omission of pcs.)  Accuracy depends on individual’s skill.  Amity School of Fashion technology Marker making Computerised marker  Accurate  Shortest response time.  Direct or digitized.  Manipulate images to determine best utilization. No overlapping/no omissions  Parameters (style #,size, etc.) for markers are entered into the computer.  Can be printed/recalled/modified.  Criteria can be set by technician. Can be used to determine fabric requirement.  Amity School of Fashion technology The work of the marker planner is subject to a number of constraints, such as:- 1. Nature of the fabric and the desired result in the finished garment a) Pattern alignment in relation to the grain of the fabric b) Symmetry and asymmetry c) Design characteristic of the finished garment 2. Requirements of quality in cutting 3. Requirements of production planning Amity School of Fashion technology  Amity School of Fashion technology Symmetric Fabrics No change in appearance when the fabric is turned 180 degrees in the same plane. In most cases, fabric symmetry is concerned with only the face side and the back is of minimal concern, as it shall be inside the garment and out of the view. Solid colour plain weave fabrics are often symmetric.  Amity School of Fashion technology Asymmetric Fabrics If there is a change in appearance when the fabric is turned 180 degrees in the same plane then the fabric is said to be asymmetric. Even if a fabric when rotated at 180 degrees, causes a change in colour due to light reflection is asymmetric. Refer to the illustration below-  Amity School of Fashion technology MARKER MODES Marker makers must consider the symmetry (side-to-side) and directionality (end-to-end) differences in fabrics. Symmetric fabrics are the same side-to-side. Asymmetric fabrics such as border prints are different side-to-side. Non-directional fabrics are the same end-to-end. Directional fabrics are different end- to-end. Examples of directional fabrics include knits, fabrics and prints with flowers all growing in one direction. The marker mode is determined by the symmetry and directionality of fabric. A Symmetric Fabric is one which has no change in appearance when the fabric is turned 180o in the same plane.  Amity School of Fashion technology The marker mode is determined by the symmetry and directionality of fabric. There are three types of marker modes: nap-either-way (N/E/W), nap-one-way (N/O/W), and nap-up- and-down (N/U/D). The nap of a fabric is created by its structure (corduroy or an unbalanced plaid), a finish, or a directional print. The surface directionality or the view of the fabric is called a nap. Nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on certain kinds of cloth. if the fabric has surface fibres /short threads (like velvet, corduroy, etc), the direction that they naturally lay is the nap of the fabric. A nap of the fabric is created by its structure, a finish, or a directional print. Let us now understand the concept of naps with few examples-  Types of markers modes : determined Amity School by of Fashion technology symmetry and directionality differences in fabric Marker mode : Nap/ Either/ Way  With symmetric, non directional fabrics, pattern pieces can be placed on a marker with only consideration for grain line.  This marker mode is called nap-either-way (N/E/W).  The Nap/ Either/ Way marker is usually the most efficient mode yielding the highest fabric utilization. Source: Kahn, Cohen and Soto, “Pre-Assembly Processes – The Cutting Room Marking, Spreading, Cutting and Bundling”, The Fashion Manufacturing Process A Product Development Approach, May 2005 Marker mode : Nap/ Up/& Down Amity School of Fashion technology  The Nap/ Up/& Down marker (abbreviated N/U/D) is more efficient than the Nap/ One/ Way marker, but not as efficient as the Nap/ Either/ Way marker.  On some directional fabrics, such as corduroy, it may be possible for all the pattern pieces of one size to be placed in one direction and another size placed in the opposite direction. This is called nap-up-and-down (N/U/D). With this type of marker, the nap of corduroy jeans may run down for a size 7 and up for a size 9.  The critical factor is that the nap must run the same direction in all the pieces of one garment. Napped fabric such as corduroy will appear shaded if the pieces in one garment have the nap running in different directions.  This method is yields moderately good fabric utilization, and good quality. Marker mode : Nap/ One/ Way Amity School of Fashion technology  The Nap/ One/ Way marker (abbreviated N/O/W) is made with every pattern placed with the “down” direction of the pattern in the same direction.  This mode is necessary for fabrics that are asymmetric. And directional fabrics.  All patterns are placed on-grain, and in the “down” direction, which is usually toward the left edge (starting point where the legend is written).  The Nap/One/ Way marker is the highest quality but least efficient of the three nap directions for a marker because it requires more fabric as pattern pieces do not interlock closely. Amity School of Fashion technology  Marker making Marker Efficiency Amity School of Fashion technology Marker efficiency is determined by fabric utilization, the percentage of the total fabric that is actually used in the garment parts. The area not used in the garment parts is waste. Marker efficiency is defined as a ratio of area of marker used in a garment and area of total marker. Marker efficiency depends on how tightly the pattern pieces fit together within the marker. The total surface area of the pattern pieces is compared to the total area of the marker to calculate the percentage of the fabric that is used. Area of patterns in the marker plan X 100% Total area of the marker plan Factors affecting marker efficiency  Fabric characteristics (fabric width, length of design repeat etc.)  Shape of Pattern pieces (large pieces – less flexibility)  Grain requirements  Amity School of Fashion technology How to maximize marker utilization Reducing seam allowance Placing a pattern ½ degree off grain ( plain fabric) Fabric width Rounding the corners Reducing space between pattern pieces  Fabric spreading Spreading: Amity School of Fashion technology It is the process of superimposing lengths of fabric on a spreading table, cutting table or any other specially designs surface. A spread or lay is the total amount of fabric that is spread for a single marker. A spread consists of single ply or multiple plies. The height of spread depends upon type of fabric, number of pieces to be cut, method of cutting and height of cutting knife. Generally, the number of plies in the spread varies from 1-300. Types of spreading: The two types of fabric spreading are 1. Flat spreading 2. Stepped spreading Methods of fabric spreading: 3. Manual method 4. Mechanical method (using travelling machine) Amity School of Fashion technology  Amity School of Fashion technology Spreading Manual Machine  Amity School of Fashion technology Manual spreading  In manual spreading, fabric is drawn from its package which, if it is a roll, may be supported by a frame and carried along the table where the end is secured by weights or by clamps.  The operators work back from the end, aligning the edges and ensuring that there is no tension and that there are no wrinkles.  Amity School of Fashion technology Machine spreading  Spreading machines (travelling machine) carry the piece of fabric from end to end of the spread, dispensing one ply at a time on the spread.  Spreading machines may include:  A motor to drive  A platform on which the operator rides  A ply cutting device with automatic catcher to hold the ends of ply in place  A ply counter  An alignment shifter actuated by photo electric edge guides  A turntable  A direct drive on the fabric support, synchronized with the speed of travel, to reduce or eliminate tension in the fabric being spread.  Amity School of Fashion technology Requirements of fabric spreading: 1. Fabric must be flat 2. Correct ply tension 3. Alignment of fabric ply 4. Correct ply direction and lay stability 5. Elimination of static electricity 6. Elimination of fabric flaws 7. Easy separation of the cut lay into bundles 8. Avoidance of fusion of plies during cutting 9. Avoidance of distortion in spread 10. Matching checks and stripes  Amity School of Fashion technology 1. Fabric must be flat 1. During fabric spreading it should be maintained that the fabric is flat. 2. If there is wrinkle in flat table then the panels of garments may be faulty. 3. The wrinkle must be removed (by air flow) so that the fabric may be flat.  Amity School of Fashion technology 2.Correct ply tension: The ply tension of the fabric should be proper. If the tension is low, there will be ridges in the plies and if the tension is too high, the fabric may shrink after cutting and sewing. Spreading in spreading machine will give uniform tension.  Amity School of Fashion technology 3.Alignment of fabric ply: Fabric spreading is done according to length and width of marker. Every ply should comprise at least width of the marker plan but should have the minimum possible extra outside those measurements 4.Correct ply direction and lay stability: These two factors depend on fabric type, pattern shape and spreading equipments that are available. When the pattern pieces have been positioned in a particular direction in the marker plan, it is the essential that the fabric is spread according the direction. Symmetrical patterns pieces are placed in the same way up or face to face.  Amity School of Fashion technology 5. Elimination of static electricity: If spreading is done by manmade fabrics, static electricity may generate. It can be eliminated by reducing friction or increasing humidity of the room. Anti-static paper may be used to reduce the static electricity generation. 6. Elimination of fabric flaws: The flaws of fabric must be indicated during spreading and necessary steps to be taken to remove these faults. The general step to remove the flaw is Splicing : Splicing is the process of overlapping cut ends ( the end of one length of the fabric and the beginning of the other) of two separate pieces of the fabrics so that the spreading is continuous. Splicing is necessary as one roll of fabric is finished and the next taken into use. Also, during spreading there may be some objectionable fabric faults, which make the product substandard. These faults are removed by cutting the lay at the fault point and incorporating splicing position into marker plans.  Amity School of Fashion technology 7. Easy separation of the cut lay into bundles: The size of cut lay into bundles of fabric depends on the height of fabric lays. Some low priced color papers are used in the fabric plies to displace. It helps each bundle to prevent shade variation for displacing. It also helps to catch the slippery fabrics lays during spreading. Generally, the colored papers are rough in surface.  Amity School of Fashion technology 8. Avoidance of fusion of plies during cutting: The heat generated when the fabric lays are cut by using cutting knife due to the friction fabric and knife. Generally, those fabrics are melted due to heat generation to the fabric lays which are made by thermoplastic fibres. To prevent this defect, some anti-fusion papers are used with the gaps of fabric plies during spreading. 9. Avoidance of distortion in spread: The fabric may be creased and folded due to the friction in the bottom of lay by base plate of knife during cutting with straight knife or shifting of fabric lay. As a result, defected pattern may occur. To remove this defect, fabric lay is made on the smooth paper so that, there is less possibility of friction between fabric and table.  Amity School of Fashion technology 10. Matching checks and stripes: For check and stripe fabric, the flaws of fabric must be indicated during spreading and necessary steps should be taken. Marker planning should be done by matching with stripe of check of fabric. Each ply should be correct during spreading on the other for making fabric lay. Then the matching may warp or weft way as required.  Amity School of Fashion technology Nap one way & face one way spreading (N/O/W, F/O/W) Nap one-way & face to face spreading, Spreading (N/O/W, F/F) Mode Nap up and down & face to face spreading (N/U/D, F/F) Nap up and down & face one way spreading (N/U/D, F/O/W)  SpreadingAmity School of Fashion technology Spreading Mode: Nap one way & face one way spreading (N/O/W, F/O/W)  F/O/W spread are time consuming and expensive because fabric must be cut at each end of the spread and the new end repositioned. Asymmetric and directional fabrics must have nap running same direction. Produces best quality.  Fabric roll is kept on a roller stand and fabric end is being pulled by two spreading operators (thus unwinding fabric from freely rotating roll) walking along both sides of cutting table.  While using machine, the lose end of fabric is being held by catcher and machine carries the rolls along table thus unwinding and spreading the fabric in the process.  Every layer has to start from same end thus spreading machine has to come back to starting position without spreading the fabric. This return movement of spreading machine is called as “dead heading”. Face one Nap one way way Source: Prabir Jana, “Spreading & Cutting of Apparel Products”, 2005  Spreading Amity School of Fashion technology Spreading Mode: Nap one-way & face to face spreading, (N/O/W, F/F)  Most time consuming method of spreading.  The lose end of fabric is being held by catcher and machine carries the rolls along table thus unwinding and spreading the fabric in the process.  At layer end the fabric is being cut, turntable rotate the fabric roll by 180 degree and return back to starting position without.  Now from the starting end the second layer is being laid face to face. Used in symmetrical, directional fabrics.  If nap are to be positioned F/F , the fabric must be cut and the roll turned at the end of each ply so that the nap will lay in same direction on facing plies.  This is suitable for directional fabrics and to pair garment parts for the sewing operation. This is sometimes referred to as pair spreading. Face to Nap one face way  Spreading Amity School of Fashion technology Spreading Mode: Nap up and down & face to face spreading (N/U/D, F/F)  The quickest spreading method while using spreading machine.  Difficult to achieve manually.  The machine carry the fabric roll while the end is being held in place by catcher, at layer end fabric is not cut just folded and held by another catcher while the fabric is being laid by the machine during it’s return movement also.  Symmetric, non directional fabrics allow flexibility for spreading. These fabric can be spreadFace withtonap running both up and down the Nap spread. up face and down Source: Prabir Jana, “Spreading & Cutting of Apparel Products”, 2005  Spreading Amity School of Fashion technology Spreading Mode: Nap up and down & face one way spreading (N/U/D, F/O/W)  The lose end of fabric is being held by catcher and machine carries the rolls along table thus unwinding and spreading the fabric in the process.  At layer end the fabric is being cut, turntable rotate the fabric roll by 180 degree and start spreading the second layer from the opposite end face one way. There is no dead heading by the machine in this spreading mode.  Used in asymmetrical and non directional fabrics. Face one Nap up way and down Source: Prabir Jana, “Spreading & Cutting of Apparel Products”, 2005  Cutting Amity School of Fashion technology After successfully spread the fabric and putting all the marks and sketch by the marker; this is the time to cut the fabrics according to design Manual Cutting CNC Cutting (Computer Numeric Cutting)  Sorting/Bundling Amity School of Fashion technology The sorter sorts the patterns according to size and design and makes bundles of them. This step requires much precision because making bundles of mismatched patterns can create severe problems. On each bundle there are specifications of the style size and the marker too is attached with it  Sewing & Assembling Amity School of Fashion technology Each of the parts of a clothing should be sewed or assembled in order to make a complete apparel that are wearable The sorted bundles of fabrics are now ready to be stitched. There are what is called sewing stations for sewing different parts of the cut pieces. In this workplace, there are many operators who perform a single operation. One operator may make only straight seams, while another may make sleeve insets. Yet another two operators can sew the waist seams, and make button holes.  Inspection Amity School of Fashion technology In this step of garment manufacturing process each of the complete apparel or garment is to be checked. If any faults is found; then the whole process should be repeated Open Seams Wrong Stitching Technique Non- Matching Threads Missing Stitch Raw Edges  Pressing/ Finishing Amity School of Fashion technology The next operations are those of finishing and/or decorating. Molding may be done to change the finished surface of the garment by applying pressure, heat, moisture, or certain other combination. Pressing, pleating and creasing are the basic molding processes.  Packin Amity School of Fashion technology g After making a bale of these garment clothing; Packing is done  Useful links Amity School of Fashion technology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwWj 2OCdfDE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKW zlo1EjL0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zp1o B0Fk4Us https://www.textileblog.com/garment- manufacturing-process-step-by-step/ 67  Amity School of Fashion technology Thank You 68