Module 9. Human Communication PDF

 Learning Outline Human Communication Communication Model Communication Process Nonverbal Communication  Human Communication Human communication is the exchange of information between two or more human beings, whether verbal (in speech and writing) or nonverb...

 Learning Outline Human Communication Communication Model Communication Process Nonverbal Communication  Human Communication Human communication is the exchange of information between two or more human beings, whether verbal (in speech and writing) or nonverbal. The study of this field involves contributions from psychology, social science, computer science, logic and linguistics.  Human Communication Human communication is the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages. We use V and NV communication to make sense of the world and share our understanding with others.  Good communication occurs when two important things take place. The expression of a thought or feeling and the effective listening of that expressed concept. Establishing fulfilling interpersonal relationships is enhanced by mastering the communication process. Talking is easy; communication requires greater skill. It demands that we listen and speak skillfully, not just talk mindlessly. We must talk “to” each other instead of “at” each other. Developing good communication habits takes some conscious attention, but once they become familiar, can be the secret to improving relationships, increasing productivity and advancing careers.  This model of the communication process outlines the individual concepts we need to consider in communicating our message to others. Source... As the source of the message, you need to be clear about why you're communicating, and what you want to communicate. You also need to be confident that the information you're communicating is useful and accurate. Think about your manner of speaking. One of the barriers to good communication is a person who offers too much information too fast. Remember, less is sometimes more. Your personal strengths or weaknesses in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar usage, and/or body language may affect your ability to communicate.  Message... The message is the information that you want to communicate. If your message is too lengthy, disorganized, or contains errors, you can expect the message to be Avoid the use of swear words in your message. misunderstood and They can give rise to disrespect and anger, and misinterpreted. Use of lead to misunderstanding. A person who poor verbal and body communicates by swearing appears ignorant, language can also confuse rude, ill-tempered, and difficult. There are times, the message. especially when communicating with authority figures, that swearing is absolutely inappropriate. Intense and relentless swearing constitutes verbal abuse. Swearing around children, who parrot what they hear, is irresponsible. A message can be distorted by emotions. Use care in communicating with fearful, angry, or frustrated people. Encoding... Encoding is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in encoding depends partly on your ability to convey information clearly and simply, but also on your ability to anticipate and eliminate sources of confusion. For example…make sure you know your audience. The meaning of some words and gestures vary among cultures. A “thumbs up” indicates approval in the United States, but is obscene in the Middle East. An “A-ok” here means “money” in Japan. How about the use of “LOL” or “IRS” in written communication. Does your audience understand these abbreviations? Channel... Messages are conveyed through channels, with verbal face-to-face meetings, via a third person delivering a message, telephone and videoconferencing; and written letters, emails, memos, text- messages, and reports. Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, it's not particularly effective to give a long list of directions verbally, while you'll quickly cause problems if you criticize someone or deliver bad news by email. Decoding... Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding For example, answer this question: (involving, for example, “Is there any federal law about a man taking the time to read a marrying his widow’s sister?” message carefully, or listen Now, if you read or listened carefully to the actively to it.) Just as message and decoded it correctly, you would have confusion can arise from answered… errors in encoding, it can also arise from decoding “There is no law… to have a widow, errors. This is particularly he’d have to be dead.” the case if the decoder How about this one?… your doctor just walked doesn't have enough back into your examination room and announced knowledge to understand “It appears you’ve suffered a deep musculature the message or interprets it contusion.” Can you decode medical jargon incorrectly. enough to know that you have… a bad bruise?  Is this guy kidding? I’ve been planning my retirement for over a year already! They couldn’t pay me enough to come back! Receiver... Your message is delivered to individual members of your audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message will get from this The new company vice president on audience. Keep in mind, though, that each the right is delivering the news… of these individuals enters into the ”John, I’ve convinced the Board to communication process with ideas and make you chairman of the Public feelings that will undoubtedly influence Relations department next year! It their understanding of your message, and comes with nearly 20% more money their response. To be a successful than you’re making this year!” communicator, you should consider these before delivering your message, and act What kind of response is he appropriately. expecting? Feedback or response... Your audience will provide you with feedback, verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message. Pay close attention to this feedback, as it is the only thing that allows you to be confident that your audience has understood your message. If you find that there has been a misunderstanding, at least you have the opportunity to send the message a second time. Now, does anyone have questions?  Context... The situation in which your message is delivered is the context. This may include the surrounding environment or broader culture (i.e. corporate culture, international cultures, etc.). Consider these common sayings and the context in which they might be said… “The less I know, the better off I am.” “The higher your score…the better!” Does this apply in the context of We sure wouldn’t want to be talking taking the ACT test? about blood pressure numbers!  The message you send can invite or Examples of Door Openers: discourage communication. "I'm interested in what you are saying." "What do you think?" "Would you like to share more about that?" "That's a good question." "I don't know, but I'll find out" "Do you know what that means?" "That sounds important to you." "Do you want to talk about it?" Examples of Door Slammers: "You are too young to understand." "If you say that again, I'll..." "That's none of your business." "I don't care what your friends are doing!" "We'll talk about that when you need to know." "That's just for boys/girls" "Why are you asking me that?" "You don't need to know about that." "Don't come to me if you mess up." Avoid expressing only negative feelings. If you need to offer criticism, try to preface it with some type of positive statement. Measure the success of your communication by the outcomes you get. Close the communication gap between your intentions and your behavior. There is a general rule: We measure ourselves by our intentions; others measure us by our behavior. State intentions clearly and up front; ask for feedback. I don’t want to alarm you by keeping you here in the hospital Avoid using body language that contradicts another night, but I do want to your words — for example smiling when run one more test. Is that alright irritated; laughing when worried. with you? Earn the right to be heard. Active listening establishes a "psychological truth" that states: When you sincerely try to understand another person's point of view (not necessarily agree with it), then he/she becomes psychologically obligated to try to understand your point of view. Your acknowledgement of what the speaker had to say obligates them to hear what you have to say.  Do not communicate to manipulate: Sometimes we communicate solely for the purpose of getting what we want, when we want it, whether the other person is able to give it or not. Sulking, pouting, threatening, or cajoling (repeated gentle attempts; wheedling) to make the other person feel bad is temporarily effective but has terrible long- term effects on relationships. Do not communicate to deceive: Do not communicate with double Lies, exaggerations, games, and messages: Saying one thing and doing general deceptions cause confusion another -- are confusing. A person’s and pain in relationships. Be honest actions are more aligned with the truth and forthright; this builds integrity. than their words. If their words contradict what they're doing, ignore what is being said.  One of the first things to remember about email is that, even when speaking face-to-face, only 7% of the message we intend to communicate is in the words we use, no matter how carefully chosen. This is why email messages get interpreted in all kinds of unintended ways – because when we receive it, we apply our own filters and interpret it in our own way. There is no voice reflection. No intonation. One of the ways we interpret information is very personally. We read things into messages that may not be there or were not intended because of our personal perspective and biases. Email should not be used for harsh messages or bad news. Humor, and sarcasm in particular, do not translate well in email form. Avoid expressing your emotions in email. Once you “send”…it’s too late to change your mind. As human beings though, face-to-face is still, and may always be, the most effective means for communicating information and building relationships. Think of email as an enhancement tool to effective communication.  Communication is more than “talking” and “waiting to talk”. It must involve “listening”. There are many benefits to listening, but underlying most of them is the fact that when we listen, we get to learn something we may not have known—we rarely learn anything by talking. There are two type of listening… How good are your active listening skills? Passive Listening: Used when no If you take 12 apples from 21 apples, feedback response is intended or how many apples do you have? needed, such as when listening to the radio or watching television. Active Listening: Used to actively provide verbal and nonverbal feedback to the speaker about your understanding of what is being communicated. Active listening skills are necessary to carry on a successful conversation. 12 apples… that’s how many you took. Face the speaker. Sit up straight or lean forward slightly, showing an active body state… to show your attentiveness through body language. Maintain eye contact, to the degree that you all remain comfortable. Minimize external distractions. Turn off the TV. Put down your book or magazine, and ask the speaker and other listeners to do the same. Respond appropriately with verbal and nonverbal responses to show that you understand. Murmur ("uh-huh" and "um-hmm") and nod. Raise your eyebrows. Say words such as "Really," "Interesting," as well as more direct prompts: "What did you do then?" and "What did she say?" Focus solely on what the speaker is saying. Try not to think about what you are going to say Would you please put down next. The conversation will follow a logical flow your paper and listen to me? after the speaker makes her point. Minimize internal distractions. If your own thoughts keep invading your mind, simply let them go and continuously re-focus your attention on the speaker. Keep an open mind. Wait until the speaker is finished before deciding that you disagree. Try not to make assumptions about what the speaker is thinking. Avoid formulating your rebuttal while the speaker is still talking. Avoid letting the speaker know how you handled a similar situation. Unless they specifically ask for advice, assume they just need to talk it out. Even if the speaker is launching a complaint against you, wait until they finish to defend yourself. The speaker will feel as though their point had been made. They won't feel the need to repeat it, and you'll know the whole argument before you respond. Research shows that, on average, we can hear four times faster than we can talk, so we have the ability to sort ideas as they come in…and be ready for more. Engage yourself. Ask questions for clarification (gaining a better understanding), but, once again, wait until the speaker has finished. That way, you won't interrupt their train of thought. After you ask questions, confirm that you have heard and understand. Do this by repeating, paraphrasing, or summarizing their point to make sure you didn't misunderstand. Start with: "So you're saying…" Practice comprehension. Occasionally read or listen to difficult-to-understand materials to keep your brain sharp. Avoid unconscious barriers to good listening. Such barriers may include a desire to be right, a fear of another’s influence, self-absorption with our own ideas, or apprehension about our ability to express ourselves lest we take our mind off our own thoughts.  Questioning comes at both ends of the communication model. Sometimes the “source” poses a question to stimulate conversation or get information. ? Other times the question is asked as feedback from the receiver, asking for clarification. There are several types of ? ? questions: ? Information Questions: How, What, Where, When, and Why? ? Precision Questions: 'What exactly?', or 'How much?', or 'Always?' ? Powerful Questions: 'What's stopping you?' or 'What are you afraid might happen if you...?' Reflective Questions: 'So you're saying that...?‘ ? ? Probing Questions: ‘What do you mean by that?' 'Could you explain that further?' 'Have you thought of....?' 'What else has happened?' 'And then what happened?' ? Difference of opinions is normal. How you resolve those differences is called “conflict I believe you have a valid point resolution”. Before you introduce information about getting rid of that that is not in agreement with what the other substandard housing, but you’ve person said, you must use a "Transition got to find those people another Sentence" or risk starting an argument. A place to live first! I’ve thought transition sentence provides support for the about this at length. I believe our person's point of view without necessarily first priority is to build alternative agreeing with it, and at the same time, makes housing, and then tear down the them receptive to a different point of view. existing homes. People are resistant to changing their minds, however, most people are willing to "make new decisions" based on new information, as long as they have a way to justify their previous point of view. There are two parts to a transition sentence: 1. Statement that supports the current view (without agreeing) 2. Announcement that new information is coming Make an appointment to talk: (a) for a certain time and place, (b) for a certain issue. Chose a time when you will not be distracted by other family members, guests or television and when you both are relatively relaxed. Sit face to face and keep eye contact at the same level. Children do not understand disagreements between their parents. Do not argue in front of them. Present your argument sensibly. Know what you want, and why you want it. If you don’t have a goal, you won’t know when you’ve achieved it. Talk about the way you feel, and the degree to which you feel it. Present your feeling first, and then the solution you have in mind. Look for common ground instead of focusing solely on differences. No degree of physical threats or violence allowed! Keep the fight relevant. Only discuss the issue of concern. Stick to this issue. Fight about no more than two related issues at a time.  Make statements that start with “I”; avoid statements that start with “you”. Do not bring up past history or grudges. Do not call names or pin on labels; do not place blame (do you want to be right or do you want to be happy?) or use foul language or sarcasm. Don’t over react. Be proportional in your responses; consider the importance of the issue. Don't take another person's reaction or anger personally, even if they lash out at you in what seems a personal manner. Another person's mood or response is more likely about You don't have to have all the answers. fear or frustration than it is about It's OK to say, "I don't know.“ you as an individual.  Allow for the person you’re disagreeing with to retreat with dignity. How an argument ends is important. Recognize when a compromise or peace symbol is being extended, and give the person you’re talking to a face-saving way out of the disagreement. There is a time limit. Often a complicated issue cannot be resolved in one setting. At the very least, take a break to calm down and reorganize your thoughts. Remember that what someone says and what we hear can be amazingly different! Our personal filters, assumptions, judgments, and beliefs can distort what we hear.  Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (published in May 1992) is a book by John Gray offering many suggestions for improving husband-wife relationships by understanding the communication style and emotional needs of the opposite sex. The book, as suggested by the title, asserts the theory that men and women are as different as beings from other planets. In contrast to some psychologists (and feminists) who emphasize similarities between the sexes, Gray writes almost exclusively about differences. An Some psychologists quote example of the theories it offers is that women studies that contradict Gray’s complain about problems because they want theories. Still others agree. their problems to be acknowledged, while men Some feminists criticize the complain about problems because they are book for being patronizing. asking for solutions. There is no evidence to support the belief that women speak far more words than men, as Gray suggests. Although no one disputes his extensive experience in dealing with many couples, the quality of Gray’s PhD status is in question. The educational organization his PhD is purported to be from was, at the time, reportedly a "paper mill for doctorates".  NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, spatial arrangements (where the participants are in relation to each other), patterns of touch, expressive movement, cultural differences, and other "nonverbal" acts. Being non-verbal is a channel of communication. Research suggests that nonverbal communication is more important in understanding human behavior than words alone. One study by UCLA psychology professor Albert Mehrabian found that 55% of meaning in an interaction comes from facial and body language and 38% comes from vocal inflection. Only 7% of an interaction's meaning is derived from the words themselves.  Proximity: Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for interaction with people you are not intimate with. You should look for signals of discomfort caused by invading others’ space, such as rocking, legs swinging, tapping, and gaze aversion. Very close proximity indicates confrontation and may cause anxiety. Eye contact: Eye contact is an important channel of interpersonal communication, and helps regulate the flow of communication. It increases the speaker's credibility, and conveys interest, concern, and warmth. If the eye contact is too direct for too long, it can become confrontational or accusing. Facial expressions: Smiling is a powerful cue, and the person that smiles is perceived as more likable, friendly, warm and approachable. Smiling is often contagious. Can you read meaning into the different facial expressions shown here? What is each person thinking or feeling?  Gestures: Gestures communicate loud and clear! If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring, stiff and unanimated. Gestures such as head nods indicate that you are listening. Gestures do not mean the same thing in all cultures.  Posture and body orientation: You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk, talk, stand and sit. Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward communicates that you are approachable, receptive and friendly. Interpersonal closeness results when you and the person you’re speaking to face each other. Speaking or listening with your face or gaze turned away communicates dislike, disinterest, or boredom. Humor: Laughter releases stress and tension.  Paralinguistics: This facet of nonverbal communication includes such vocal elements as tone, pitch (frequency of a sound wave), rhythm, timbre (quality of sound), loudness, and inflection. Learn to vary these six elements of your voice to avoid the image of dullness and maintain your listeners attention. Silence is effective - and much under-used. People are nervous in silence and try to fill it. You can use this if you are seeking information. You ask the question, you lean back, the person answers, you nod and smile, you keep quiet, and the person continues with more detail, simply to fill your silence.  A great deal of research has been done in the fields of psychology and sociology, studying the nonverbal messages of body language and facial expressions. As you evaluate the following pictures, you should gain some knowledge of how this research can be applied to real-life situations.  You are trying to persuade a gentleman to be on your side in a dispute. While you are presenting your argument, you see their Adam’s apple “jump”. Do you believe they are convinced to be on your side or the other side of the issue? The conspicuous up-and-down motion of the Adam's apple is an unconscious sign of emotional anxiety, embarrassment, stress, or strong disagreement. You step into an elevator with several other people. The lady beside you has a blank expression on her face. Is she bored? Would this be a good time to strike up a conversation? A neutral, relaxed, seemingly "expressionless" face reflects a mood of calmness. It also sends a strong emotional message of “do not disturb”.  You are telling your aunt (to the left) that you borrowed her tent and lantern for your weekend campout. Look at the expression on her face. Is she pleased that you are going to hear about the fun you’re planning for this weekend, or irritated that you borrowed her things? Teeth that come together in a “biting” position indicate concealed irritation or anxiety; it may also be a sign of insincerity in a smile. You are telling your mom about your weekend plans. She seems to be blinking a lot more than usual. Would she look happy or worried? The normal, resting blink rate of a human being is 20 closures per minute, with the average blink lasting one quarter of a second (Karson 1992). Significantly faster rates may reflect emotional stress. She’s probably not happy.  This little boy told the little girl that he got a 97% on his spelling test today. Looking at her body language, is she telling him “I don’t care if you did better than I did!” OR is she telling him “I got a 99%!” Lifting the chin, leaning the head backward, and looking down the nose are used throughout the world as nonverbal signs of superiority, arrogance, and disdain (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1970, Hass 1970). The coach just told this quarterback player to sit on the bench for a minute. Is this player thinking “I know I can throw the next pass right on the target…I’ve just got to concentrate!” OR is he thinking “I can’t do anything right tonight; I might as well head to the locker room.” Rotating the eyeballs in their sockets to a downward position, bowing or tilting the head forward so that the eyes face the ground or floor conveys a defeated attitude or one of guilt, shame, or submissiveness. It also indicates distortion of the truth. True statements are normally given with a confident, face-to-face or level gaze, which may be held longer than three seconds.  This man works for an advertising agency. His boss just gave him the assignment to create an ad campaign for a major client. Judging by his posture, does this man have more questions to ask OR is he ready to carry out the assignment? Hands-on-hips shows that the body is prepared to "take steps" to perform, take part in, or take charge of an event, activity, or work assignment. This posture is indicative of a person poised to step forward to carry out a superior’s order, to carry out discipline, to threaten a subordinate, or to defend against others. This woman’s boyfriend just suggested that he spend the night at her house. Judging by this head tilt, is she thinking “I think that would be alright” OR is she thinking “not tonight sweetie; I want the marriage license first.” The head-side-tilt may be used to show friendliness, to show coyness such as in a courtship, and to strike a submissive pose. She’s going to let him spend the night. She may also use this pose to respond to “cute” things, such as kittens and babies. While your client is testifying on the witness stand, you are watching this man on the jury. Suddenly, he presses his lips together firmly. Judging from this expression, does he think your client is telling the truth or lying? Neither. A sudden lip-compression may signal the onset of anger, disliking, grief, sadness, or uncertainty. Barely noticeable lip-clenching may signal unvoiced opposition or disagreement The prisoner just told this attorney “I didn’t do it”. Look at her lips. Is she thinking “I believe you” OR “I think you’re lying”. The message send by puckering the lips is “I disagree”. It is a look of disagreement, scheming, or calculated thought. She thinks her client is lying.  Former President Richard Nixon used this hand gesture while giving a speech. What was the more likely topic of his speech? Was he apologizing OR was he being very confident in his position? While speaking or listening to another's remarks, palm-down gestures show confidence, assertiveness, and dominance. Accompanied by aggressive, palm- down "beating" signs, our ideas, opinions, and remarks appear stronger and more convincing. Your child’s teacher looks like this as she is discussing your child’s attitude in class. Is she saying “Look, this is your problem; I’m just his teacher” OR is she saying “Listen, I think we can work on this together”? Uplifted palms suggest a vulnerable or nonaggressive pose which appeals to listeners as allies, rather than as rivals or foes. Throughout the world, palm-up cues reflect moods of congeniality, humility, and uncertainty. Palms up and held out to an opponent is a gesture of peace or compromise.  Little Suzy sticks her tongue out while playing with this toy. What is most likely going through her mind? Is she thinking “I can make my train go very fast…see?” OR “I’m not sure what sound the train makes”. The tongue-show is a universal mood sign of unspoken disagreement, disbelief, disliking, displeasure, or uncertainty. While this student takes a test, his eyes move to the right or left, but they don’t seem to be focusing on anything. Is he trying to disguise cheating? Involuntary eye movements to the right or left signal information processing, reflection, and thought. This student may simply be thinking over the question and trying to remember the answer.  You’ve been watching this state senator during the legislative debate. Several times he has brought his hands up to his face, and rubs his lips with his fingertips. Is he stressed out? OR Is he bored? We unconsciously touch our bodies when emotions run high to comfort, relieve, or release stress. Lips are favorite places for fingertips to land and deliver reassuring body contact. Holding your arm, massaging a hand, scratching, rubbing, or pinching the skin signal an increase in anxiety and possibly deception, disagreement, fear, or uncertainty. The boy on the left has grabbed the shirt of his friend in anger. Look at his angled position, and decide what will probably happen next. Is he more likely to hit his friend or run away? Squaring the torso is a preparation for battle; angling away is in preparation for flight. The boy on the left will probably take off running.  You are presenting your ideas about the city park at a town meeting. One of the people in the crowd holds their hand up like this one to the left. If you call on them to speak, will they most likely agree or disagree with your ideas? Clenched fists signal an aroused emotional state, as in anger, excitement (e.g., to cheer on a team), or fear. In a business meeting, unconscious fisting is a visible sign of anxiety or unvoiced disagreement. This couple at the restaurant seem to be having a deep discussion. Her eyes appear moist. He is swallowing quite often. Do you believe he is telling her why they should no longer be married? OR Are they just relaxing after a good meal? There are many involuntary nonverbal signs after having eaten a satisfying meal, such as constricted pupils, moistened eyes, slowed breathing rate, and mouth-watering secretions accompanied by increased swallowing. Other signs of relaxation are leaning forward or leaning backward… a rest and digest pose.  We show agreement, liking, and loyalty by aligning our upper body with that of the person we respect the most. It is often possible to identify the most powerful person (i.e., the highest status or the boss) seated at a conference table by the greater number of torsos aimed in his or her direction. While the less influential may glance freely about and turn heads toward colleagues as they speak, their torsos remain loyally oriented to the individual they most admire. Study the picture below carefully. Who’s the boss? The man holding his eyeglasses in his right hand is the boss; in fact, this boss happens to be the late President Ronald Reagan.  When former football player and actor O.J. Simpson was on trial for the murder of his ex- wife and her boyfriend, he was often seen crossing his arms loosely like the man on the left. Other times he elevated his crossed arms up on the table, Psychologists interpreted these gestures as “he with his elbows agrees with what this witness is saying” or “he projecting away from disagrees with what this witness is saying”. How do his body. you believe he crossed his arms when he thought the witness was lying? Folding the arms over the lower chest or upper abdomen with one or both hands in contact with the bicep muscles is a common resting position and indicates relaxation and/or agreement. Held less tightly against the body, such as crossed and elevated on a table with elbows projecting away from the body indicates disagreement. When arms and elbows are pulled in very tightly against the torso, it indicates acute nervousness. (By the way, he sat with his elbows crossed loosely over his torso during the testimony from his accusers about the bloody glove found on his property. What do you think?)