Module 7-Construction Tools and Equipment PDF

Tools and Equipment Types Tools Manual Tools – Tools that uses manual effort alone Power Tools – Hand tools that need electricity or battery Equipment Light - Heavy Manual Tools Manual Tools Man...

Tools and Equipment Types Tools Manual Tools – Tools that uses manual effort alone Power Tools – Hand tools that need electricity or battery Equipment Light - Heavy Manual Tools Manual Tools Manual Tools Manual Tools Manual Tools Power Tools Power Tools Power Tools  Light Equipment  Light Equipment  Light Equipment  Light Equipment Construction Project A. Earthmoving and Heavy Construction Review: Construction Project o an endeavor that is undertaken to produce required results o project consists of three components scope, budget and schedule Construction Industry Division (excerpt from Oberlender, 2000) 1. Heavy Construction –”horizontal construction” o Includes highways, airports, railroads, bridges, canals, harbors, dams, and other major public works. 2. Building Construction—”vertical construction” o Involves building construction ; private or public ; residential or non-residential 3. Others or Specialty Division (e.g. process plant construction) A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction Earthmoving– o process of moving soil or rock o processing soil or rock so it meets construction requirements The processes involves: 1. Excavating 2. Loading and hauling 3. Placing ( dumping and spreading) 4. Compacting 5. Grading and finishing Earthmoving materials Soil and rock -materials that make up the crust of the earth Characteristics: Trafficability, Loadability Keywords for materials: unit soil weight, soil type, moisture content, degree of compaction Soil Types: Gravel, sand, silt , Clay, and organic material A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction Earthmoving materials Soil Classification systems 1. Unified System-two letter symbol, coarse-grained soils, fine-grained soils 2. AASHTO-American Association of State Highway and Transportation officials Classify soil as types A-1 through A-7 Soil Conditions: Bank –in natural state before disturbance Loose- material that has been excavated or loaded Compacted-material condition after compaction A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction Heavy Equipment Heavy Equipment Heavy Equipment Heavy Equipment  A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction i. Excavating and Lifting Hydraulic Excavator- hydraulic hoe or hydraulic excavator-backhoe Hydraulic shovel- hydraulic excavator-front shovel (front dump) (excerpt from Nunnally, 2010) (excerpt from Nunnally, 2010)  A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction ii. Loading and Hauling Dozers -tractor equipped with a front- mounted earthmoving blade Dozer Job management daily equipment inspection (special attention to undercarriage) Avoid track slippage on surfaces Maintain reasonable speeds Use rubber track or pads when operating on concrete or other hard surfaces (excerpt from Nunnally, 2010) A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction ii. Loading and Hauling Loaders -tractor equipped with a front- end bucket is called a loader -used for excavating soft to medium-hard material (excerpt from Nunnally, 2010)  A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction iii. Compacting and Finishing Compaction Soil Compaction results in the ff -increasing the density of a soil improvements: -a mechanical process o Increased bearing strength forcing soil particles closer together o Reduced compressibility Note: compaction is not consolidation o Improved characteristics o Reduced permeability Consolidation -increase in soil density -for cohesive soils -from expulsion of water in the soil's void spaces A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction iii. Compacting and Finishing Principles of Compaction Factors affecting degree of compaction a. Soil's physical and chemical properties b. Soil's moisture content c. Compaction method employed d. Amount of compactive effort e. Thickness of soil layer being compacted (lift thickness) Four Compaction forces: 1. Static weight, 2. manipulation (or kneading), 3. Impact. and 4. vibration Kneading for plastic soils. Includes impact or tamping Vibrations-effective for cohesionless soils (sand and gravel)-higher frequencies  A. Earthmoving & Heavy Construction iii. Compacting and Finishing Compaction equipment & procedures Types of Compaction equipment Steel wheel or smooth drum rollers -used for granular bases, asphaltic. Also – -compactive force is static weight Rubber-tired or pneumatic rollers -imparts a kneading action to the soil Pneumatic rollers are effective on almost all types of soils Rammers or tampers - small impact-type compactors (excerpt from Nunnally, 2010) Construction Methodology Definition Construction Methodology are the techniques that are used in the building of structures. It is a step-by-step procedure used in the process of building and constructing infrastructure projects. It may be a general process. However, it may also be very specific and detailed. General Phases/Classification Earthworks Building Works Residential Commercial Industrial Horizontal Construction Roadways Bridges Specialized Construction Dams Airports Methodology in Constructing a House Staking Excavation Structural Works Walls Electrical Works Plumbing Works Architectural Works Architectural Works CHB Layering Plastering Doors and windows Tileworks Cabinets and Woodworks Glassworks Painting Works