Construction Tools and Equipment PDF

Building Technology 2 Construction Tools and Equipment  Hand Tools Power Tools Fasteners Equipment Heavy Equipment Lecture Outline Any tool that is powered by hand rather than motor Include manually-powered Hammers Chisels Saws Wrenches Screwdrivers Measuri...

Building Technology 2 Construction Tools and Equipment  Hand Tools Power Tools Fasteners Equipment Heavy Equipment Lecture Outline Any tool that is powered by hand rather than motor Include manually-powered Hammers Chisels Saws Wrenches Screwdrivers Measuring and layout tools Specialized tools Hand Tools Hammer A tool, consisted of a weighted head and a long handle, swung to deliver an impact on a desired area Kinds Claw hammer Used to drive or remove nails Mallet Used to deliver softened force Sledgehammer Used to drive stakes into the ground, and to break concrete or stone Hand Tools Chisel A tool with a characteristically shaped edge, used, together with a mallet, for carving or cutting a hard material, such as wood, Kindsstone or metal Wood chisel Used to trim wood and remove excess material from wood joints Bolster chisel Used to trim or cut masonry, especially brick Cold chisel Used to trim metals Hand Tools Saw A tool consisting of a tough blade, wire or chain with a toothed edge, used to cut through wood or metal Kinds Ripsaw Has chisel-like teeth, designed for ripping or cutting with the grain of wood Crosscut saw Used to cut across the grain of wood Backsaw Designed with a stiffening rib on the edge opposite the cutting edge, used for precise cutting Hacksaw Used to cut metal Hand Tools Saw Kinds Ripsaw blade. Top, top view. Crosscut-saw blade. Top, top view. Bottom, side view. Bottom, side view. Hand Tools Wrench Also called spanner (UK) A tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects Common types are open-ended and box-end wrenches Kinds Open-end wrench A one-piece wrench with a U-shaped opening that grips two opposite faces of the bolt or nut, often double-ended with differing sizes Box-end wrench/ ring spanner A one-piece wrench with an enclosed opening that grips the faces of the bolt or nut, often double-ended with offset handles Hand Tools Wrenc h Kinds Adjustable wrench Also called crescent wrench Most common type of adjustable wrench Can accommodate different bolt and nut sizes Pipe wrench Also called monkey wrench, Stillson wrench, or Stilly An adjustable wrench with selftightening properties and hardened, serrated jaws that securely grip soft iron pipe and pipe fittings Hand Tools  Screwdriver A tool used to turn screws, either for insertion or removal Kinds Standard screwdriver Also called flat-blade, flat-head, or flat screwdriver Designed to drive screws with flat- slotted heads Phillips screwdriver A cross-shaped-tipped driver, designed to drive screws with Phillips heads Spiral ratchet screwdriver A driver with a spiral shaft, used to drive screws that require more pushing force rather than twisting force Hand Tools Measuring and layout tools Folding rule Also called zigzag rule or jointed rule A series of two or more smaller rule strips joined with hinges Measuring tape A flexible, typically self-retracting, ruler made from a variety of materials, including fiber glass, metal, plastic and cloth (tailor's tape) Digital rule Also called digital measuring wheel Used to relatively measure long distances Hand Tools Measuring and layout tools Framing square Also called steel square, consists of a longer wider arm, called the blade, and a shorter narrower arm, called the tongue Used in lay outing square (right-angled) structures, and for calibration Level A tool that consists of small vials of alcohol or a similar liquid and an air bubble, called spirit/bubble levels Used to determine the horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb) plane Chalk line Also called as chalk box Locally called as pitik Used for marking long, straight lines on relatively flat surfaces Hand Tools Measuring and layout tools Framing square, level, and chalk line Hand Tools Specialized tools Nail set A tool used to drive finishing nails below the surface of the wood Brick trowel A tool used to place and trim mortar between bricks or concrete blocks Bull float A tool used to smoothen the surface of wet concrete Blind riveter A tool used to fasten blind rivets into pieces of metal sheets Hand Tools  Specialized tools Nail set, brick trowel, bull float, and blind riveter Hand Tools Any tool that is powered mechanically, either by electricity or compressed air Include Power saws Power drill Power screwdriver Power hammers Power drivers Power Tools  Power saw Kinds Radial arm saw A cutting machine consisting of a motor-driven circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm over a table, used in crosscutting wood Table saw Also known as sawbench or bench saw A cutting machine consisting of a motor-driven circular saw protruding through the top of a table, used in cutting large sheets of wood and wood composites Power Tools  Power saw Kinds Portable circular saw Also called Skilsawor Skil saw A hand-held, motor-driven circular saw, used for cutting materials that are difficult to cut with stationary tools Power miter saw Also called drop saw A cutting machine consisting of a motor-driven circular saw mounted on a horizontal arm over a pivoting table, used for angled cuts Compound miter saw A power miter saw with a tilting arm, used for angled and/or beveled cuts Power Tools Power saw Kinds Saber saw Also called jigsaw A hand-held, motor-driven, knife-shaped reciprocating saw, used to cut curves or holes in floors and roofs Power Tools Power drill A hand-held, motor-driven tool fitted with a bit, used to drill holes in wood, metal or concrete May be corded or cordless Power screwdriver Also called screwgun A hand-held, motor-driven tool used to install or remove screws May be corded or cordless Power tools Power hammer Kinds Pneumatic hammer Also called jackhammer A pneumatic or electro-mechanical tool that combines a hammer directly with a chisel, used to break concrete or asphalt paving Power Tools Power hammer Kinds Rotary hammer Also called rotary hammer drill A heavy-duty, electro-mechanical tool, fitted with a bit, that combines hammering and rotating actions, used to drill holes or chiseling hard materials, such as concrete Hammer drill Also called impact drill or percussion drill A small rotary hammer that uses a clutch mechanism, as compared to piston mechanism of rotary hammer Power Tools  Power drivers Also called nail gun Nailer A hand-held, pneumatic or electro- mechanical hammer, used to fasten materials by shooting nails Powder-actuated stud driver A nailer powered by gunpowder, used to drive long pins into wood, steel or concrete Power Tools Power drivers A hand-held tool used to drive staples to attach lightweight Stapler materials, such as fabric and upholstery Power Tools Fasteners Device used for holding or uniting two or more parts or members, as by clamping with a mechanical fastener, by bonding with and adhesive or by welding or soldering Includes Nail Screw Bolt Spike Fasteners Nail A small metal spike with a broadened flat head, driven typically into wood with a hammer to join things together or to serve as a peg or hook Nail shanks Smooth shank Ring shank Screw shank Nail points Round point Diamond point Chisel point Fasteners Nail Types Types Common nail A nail having a slender shank, a flat head and a diamond point Finishing nail A nail having a slender shank and a small, barrel-shaped head that is driven slightly below the surface and covered with putty or the like Fasteners Nail Types Box Nail A nail having a flat head and a shank more slender than a common nail of the same length Casing Nail A nail having a small conical head and a shank more slender than the common nail of the same length Used in finishing work in which the head may remain visible Fasteners Nail Types Brad Nail A small finishing nail Cut Nail A nail having a tapering rectangular shank with a blunt point, made by cutting from a rolled sheet of iron or steel Fasteners Nail Types Double-headed Nail A nail used in building temporary structures Have a flange on its shank Also called Form Nail or Scaffold Nail Concrete Nail A hardened-steel nail having a fluted or threaded shank and a diamond point for hammering into concrete or masonry Also called Masonry Nail Fasteners Nail Types Flooring Nail A nail for fastening floor boards Have a small conical head, a mechanically deformed shank and a blunt diamond point Ring-shank Nail A nail having a series of concentric grooves its shank for increased holding power Fasteners Nail Types Roofing Nail A nail having a barbed, threaded, or cement-coated shank and a broad, flat head for fastening shingles or the like Fasteners Nail Nailing methods Face-nail To fasten by nailing perpendicular to the face of the work Toenail To secure by nailing obliquely to the surfaces being joined May be driven at opposite angles to provide increase holding power End-nail To fasten by nailing into the end of a board, parallel to the grain of the wood Has poor resistance to withdrawal Blind nail To secure by nailing in such a way that the nail head is not visible on the face of the work Fasteners Nail Nailing methods Fasteners Screw A metal fastener having a tapered, helically threaded shank and a slotted head, designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning, as with a screwdriver Parts Head Counter sinking means the head is flushed to the surface, while non-counter sinking means the head rests above the material Drive May Shank be partially or fully- threaded Tip Tip Fasteners Screw Thread types The helical or spiral ridge of a screw, nut or bolt May be fine or coarse-threaded Fasteners Screw Head types FLAT 1ULV BIDING FJLLISTER Fasteners  Screw Drive types SUPADRIV SLOTTED FREARSON T0fiX ONE-WAV SLOTTED PKILLfcPS WASHER PHILLIPS SLOTTED COMBINATION INDENTED HEX SQUAR E ® O (ROBER TSON) Fasteners Screw Types Wood screw Have a slotted head and coarse-threaded point Forms its own mating threads when driven into wood (chipboard, MDF, softwood and hardwood) Made of brass and steel Necessarily needs a pilot hole Fasteners Screw Types Lag screw Also called coach screw or lag bolt Heavy, coarse-threaded screw Square or hexagonal head; driven by a wrench Used to connect heavy lumber or other heavy materials that bear intense loads, and in inaccessible areas where nuts can't be used or where an exceptionally long bolt is needed to fully penetrate a joint Fasteners Screw Types Machine screw Also called stove bolt Have a slotted or Phillips head and can be fine or coarse-threaded in a straight shank Smaller in length and diameter compared to many screws and bolts Used with a nut or driven into a tapped hole Intended for use of securing metal parts and panels Fasteners Screw Types Cap screw Fine or coarse-threaded, straight shanked screw with a large head Requires no nut Used to fasten machine parts or in applications that require a large amount of torque Fasteners Screw Types Sheet metal screw Coarse-threaded with a blunt tip Used for fastening sheet metal and other thin material Fasteners Screw Types Setscrew Also called socket screw or grub screw Often headless Drive style is embedded in the shank Fully threaded straight shank Used in fastening/setting parts or components that would probably move Fasteners Screw Types Thumbscrew Flattened, knurled head Fully threaded, straight shank Designed to be turned by the thumb and forefinger Used in low stress applications Fasteners  Screw Types Scr < Fasteners ew eye * Also called eye screw and eye bolt * Ring-shaped head * Allows users to hang objects Bolt A threaded metal pin or rod, having a head at one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a nut Types Carriage bolt Also called as plow bolt and coach bolt Round headed, flat bearing surface and a square shoulder to prevent rotation Used where the head may be inaccessible during tightening Commonly used in wood applications Fasteners Bolt Types Machine bolt Also called machine screw bolt Has a flat bearing surface and a square or hexagonal head Fully threaded shank Used to fasten metal parts Fasteners Bolt Types J-bolt J-shaped bolt Threaded at the flat end Used for structural applications such as securing walls to concrete foundation; for rebar support and be casted on concrete to act as an anchor bolt Fasteners Bolt Types U-bolt U-shaped bolt Threaded on both ends Used as an industrial fastener to support pipework or to attach a part to a pole, beam or wall Fasteners Bolt Types Eye bolt Bolt having a ring-shaped head Used as a connection point for rigging, anchoring, pulling, pushing, or hoisting applications Fasteners Bolt Types Expansion bolt Has a split casing that expands mechanically to engage the sides of a hole Used as an anchor bolt and for heavy duty fastening of steel and wood structures, walls and floors Fasteners Bolt Types Toggle bolt Also called butterfly anchor Have wings that open inside a hollow wall, bracing against it to hold the fastener securely Used for attaching heavy loads to hollow walls Fasteners Nut A type of fastener with a threaded hole, almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together Types Lock nut Also called locknut, locking nut, self-locking nut, prevailing nut, stiff nut and elastic stop nut A hexagonal-shaped nut Resists loosening under vibrations and torque Castellated nut Also called castle nut A nut having radial slits on its outer face to allow a locking pin or wire Fasteners Nut Types Cap nut Also called acorn nut Has a hexagonal base and a domed top Wing nut Also called thumbnut Has two flat projecting pieces that provide grip for tightening with the thumb and forefinger Fasteners Nut Types Knurled nut Has serrations on the side for grip Washer A perforated disk of metal, rubber or plastic, used under the head of the nut or bolt at a joint to distribute pressure, prevent leakage or relieve friction Types Lock washer A washer specially constructed to prevent a nut from shaking loose Fasteners Washer Types Flat washer Used to increase surface area and prevent nut from slipping through the surface Load-indicating washer Have small projections or undulations which is progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened Indicates the tension in the bolt One type of this washer spurts silicon once the desired tension is achieved, the other uses a feeler gauge to check the compression of the undulations Fasteners Washer Types Load-indicating washer Feeler gauge Fasteners Refers to tools, appliances or machines used for a single purpose Include Survey equipment Pumps Concrete mixer Welding machines Conveyor Equipment  Survey equipment Surveyor's level An precision optical equipment, used for measuring angles between designated points in the horizontal plane to obtain land elevations Transit and theodolite An precision optical equipment, used for measuring angles between designated points in the horizontal and vertical planes to obtain land elevations and angles Theodolite provides more accuracy than transit Equipment  Survey equipment Total station An electronic/optical instrument that comprises of an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM), used for measuring vertical and horizontal angles, slopes, distances, and coordinate triangulation Construction laser An electronic equipment that flashes a narrow, accurate beam of light, used to create baselines for additional measurements, as a level, and as an alignment tool Equipment  Pumps Water pump Types An equipment that moves water through mechanical action, used to remove water from excavation in construction Concrete pump An equipment specialized to move concrete, through mechanical action, from the concrete mixer to the concrete forms Equipment Concrete mixer Also called cement mixer An equipment used to homogeneously combine cement, aggregates and water to form concrete Typically made of a revolving drum and a cranking mechanism Equipment Welding machine Types Arc welding machine A machine that utilizes an electric arc to create heat, to melt and join metals Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) Also called stick welding A welding process that relies on a manual technique using a consumable electrode coated in flux Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) Also called metal inert gas (MIG) welding A welding process that uses a thin wire as an electrode, heated up with the shielding gas to protect the weld from contaminants from the air Shielding gas usually comes in the form of carbon dioxide, oxygen, argon or helium, Laser-powered welder A machine that utilizes a focused, high-intensity beam of light to melt and fuse metal Equipment  Welding machine Equipment Conveyor An equipment which moves materials, other than fluids, using a continuous belt Equipment Refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks Usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information Includes dozers, excavators, cranes, scrapers, graders, compactors, and pavers Heavy Equipment Bulldozer Also called dozer, and crawler A tractor with a pushing blade which moves and helps flatten earth and clears land of bushes and trees Heavy Equipment Excavator A heavy construction equipment mainly used for excavation, as well as various lifting and carrying tasks Kinds Front-end loader Also called wheel loader, or simply loader A tractor-mounted excavator, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-mounted wide bucket to scoop up loose material from the ground, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground Heavy Equipment  Excavator Kinds Backhoe A tractor-mounted excavator, usually opposite of the front loader attachment (technically called backhoe loader), used for general digging Heavy Equipment  Excavator Kinds Trencher A specialized excavator used to dig trenches for laying pipes or electrical cables, or drainage Heavy Equipment Crane A heavy equipment, utilizing one or more simple machines, used for lifting large and heavy objects and horizontally transporting them to other places Kinds Crawler crane A crane attached on an upper carriage mounted on a crawler-type undercarriage Heavy Equipment Crane Kinds Truck crane A crane mounted on a truck frame, usually called a boom truck, which features a rear- mounted rotating telescopic-boom crane mounted on a commercial truck chassis Larger, heavier duty truck cranes are constructed into two: the carrier/lower, and the lifting component/upper, which includes the boom Heavy Equipment Crane Kinds Tower/climbing crane A crane mounted on a mast fixed on the ground on a concrete slab base, used in the high-rise construction because of its built-in jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the building is constructed Heavy Equipment Scraper A heavy equipment that loads, hauls and dumps soil over medium to long distances, using a pan or hopper Heavy Equipment Grader Also called road grader, motor grader, or simply a blade A tractor equipped with a long blade used to create the final grade Heavy Equipment Compactor Also called road roller, or roller A heavy equipment used for compacting soil and crushed rock as the base layer underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs Heavy Equipment Paver A heavy equipment used to lay, spread and finish asphalt concrete or Portland cement concrete on roads, bridges, parking lots and other such places Heavy Equipment