The Skeleton Anatomy PDF
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Uploaded by SumptuousUkulele
University of Texas at Arlington
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Summary
This document provides an introductory overview of the human skeleton, including different types of bones, their functions, and where they are located. It covers bones like long bones, short bones, and flat bones, as well as cartilage tissues like hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. The document also explains the axial and appendicular skeletons.
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**[Introduction to Skeleton: ]** The skeleton is made of bone, cartilage, and ligaments - There are 206 bones in the human body - - **[\ Functions of the Skeleton: ]** - - - - - - - - - - **[Tissues of the Skeleton: ]** Cartilage is attached to many parts of...
**[Introduction to Skeleton: ]** The skeleton is made of bone, cartilage, and ligaments - There are 206 bones in the human body - - **[\ Functions of the Skeleton: ]** - - - - - - - - - - **[Tissues of the Skeleton: ]** Cartilage is attached to many parts of the skeleton ***Hyaline cartilage*** is found in joints, attached to ribs, and in the respiratory tract (nose & trachea) ***Elastic cartilage*** is found in the external ear & epiglottis ***Fibrocartilage*** is found in between the vertebrae (intervertebral discs) & the halves of the pelvis (pubic symphysis) **[Bone Types (Shapes):]** \- ***Long bones*** are longer than they are wide & have a lot of compact bone \- ***Short bones*** are cube-shaped & are mostly spongy (trabecular) bone \- ***Flat bones*** are thin and often curved - \- ***Irregular bones*** have parts of more than one shape \- **Example**: vertebrae \- ***Sesamoid bones*** are found inside tendons **[Bone Types (Shapes) ]** **[Axial Skeleton:]** *Long Bones:* ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- *Short Bones:* ---\-\-\-\-\-\-- *Sesamoid Bones*: ---\-\-- *Flat Bones:* Ribs, Sternum, Skull *Irregular Bones*: Vertebrae, some cranial & facial bones **[Appendicular Skeleton: ]** *Long Bones:* Humerus, Ulnas, Radiuses, Femurs, Tibias, Fibulas, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Phalanges *Short Bones:* Carpals, Tarsals *Sesamoid Bones*: Patella *Flat Bones:* Scapulae, Clavicles *Irregular Bones*: Pelvic Girdle **[The Skull: (The Axial Skeleton)]** The skull is made of cranial bones & facial bones **Cranial bones** protect the brain - - **Facial bones** give structure to the face - - The **paranasal sinuses** are open spaces inside four skull bones - The sinuses are lined with mucosa **[Functions of sinuses:]** - - - **[Cranial bones:]** - - - - - - **[Facial bones:]** - - - - - - - - \*\*\* LOOK OVER THE LOCATIONS IN POWERPOINT \*\*\* **[The Hyoid Bone: The Axial Skeleton ]** The hyoid bone is "hiding" below the mandible Ligaments (the stylohyoid & thyrohyoid ligaments) muscles hold the hyoid bone in place Neck muscles used for swallowing & speaking attach to the hyoid bone **[Bones of the Vertebral Column ]** There are 24 vertebrae in the adult vertebral column - - - The sacrum & the coccyx are found at the end of the vertebral column **[Function:]** - - - **[The Vertebrae (C1 & C2): The Axial Skeleton ]** **Superior articular facet** → where occipital bone sits **Dens** → allows rotation of the skull **Transverse foramen** → blood vessels **Vertebral foramen** → spinal cord **[The Vertebrae (C3 - C7): The Axial Skeleton ]** **[Cervical-specific markings]** **Bifid spinous process** → **** branches **Transverse foramen** → hole for blood vessels **Vertebral body** → smaller resting point for weight of the skull **[The Vertebrae (T1 - T12): The Axial Skeleton ]** **[Thoracic-specific markings]** **Superior costal facet** → vertebral attachment **Inferior costal facet** → **rib** attachment Sharply-angled, long **spinous process →** back muscle attachment **[The Vertebrae (L1 - L5): The Axial Skeleton ]** **[Lumbar-specific markings]** Large **vertebral body** → weight of the upper body Smaller **vertebral foramen** → spinal nerves Short **spinous process →** back / leg muscle attachment **[The Sacrum & Coccyx: The Axial Skeleton ]** - - - **[Curvatures of the Vertebral Column: The Axial Skeleton ]** - - - **[The Thoracic Cage: The Axial Skeleton]** **True ribs** are ribs that are directly attached to the sternum (through their costal cartilage) **False ribs** are ribs that are indirectly attached to the sternum - - **[The Pectoral Girdle: (The Appendicular Skeleton)]** **The pectoral girdle** (*the shoulder girdle*) includes the scapula & the clavicle This girdle is highly mobile - - High mobility = decreased stability **[The Pelvic Girdle: The Appendicular Skeleton ]** **The pelvic girdle** (the hip) includes the os coxae & the sacrum and coccyx - This girdle is highly stable - - High stability = decreased mobility The **ilium** is the attachment site for many muscles The **ischium** is the inferior bone of the pelvic girdle The **pubis** varies the most between males & females
