Module 3 Review Notes PDF

The Scientific MethodOverview of the Scientific Method The Scientific Method is a systematic approach to learning about the world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. It involves formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions based on...

The Scientific MethodOverview of the Scientific Method The Scientific Method is a systematic approach to learning about the world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. It involves formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions based on empirical evidence. Psychology, as a discipline, relies heavily on the Scientific Method to validate theories and understand human behavior. The method emphasizes critical thinking, allowing researchers to assess the validity of their conclusions. Well-designed research leads to data-supported conclusions, enhancing the reliability of findings. Importance of Research Methodology Research methodology encompasses the techniques and strategies used to gather and analyze data. It is essential for asking relevant questions and drawing logical conclusions based on evidence. Researchers must critically evaluate their findings to ensure they are reasonable and valid. The methodology used can significantly impact the results and interpretations of a study. Understanding different research methods is crucial for effective psychological research. Types of Research MethodsObservational Techniques : Gathering information by watching subjects, which can introduce bias if not conducted objectively. : Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference, minimizing participant awareness. : The tendency of subjects to alter their behavior when they know they are being observed, which can be mitigated through naturalistic observation. Case Studies and Correlational Studies : An in-depth examination of a single individual, which can reveal universal principles but is prone to bias. : Investigates the relationship between two variables, yielding positive, negative, or zero correlations. Correlation coefficients range from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship. poitive corelation- a relationship between two variables that move in tandem—that is, in the same direction. negative correlation- a statistical relationship between two variables that move in opposite directions Experimental Methods : A method where researchers manipulate variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships. : A testable prediction about the outcome of an experiment.  : The variable manipulated by the researcher, expected to cause changes in the dependent variable. : The outcome measured in the experiment, which is expected to change in response to the IV. Research Design ConsiderationsSampling Techniques : The entire group of individuals about whom researchers want to draw conclusions. : A subset of the population where each member has an equal chance of being selected, enhancing the representativeness of the sample. : Follows the same group over time, providing rich data but requiring significant resources. Control and Experimental Groups : Participants exposed to the independent variable, allowing researchers to observe effects. : Participants not exposed to the independent variable, serving as a baseline for comparison. : External factors that could influence the results, which must be controlled to ensure valid conclusions. Ethical Considerations in ResearchRights of Participants : Participants must be informed about the nature of the research and any potential risks. : Participants can refuse participation or withdraw at any time without penalty. : Individual data must remain private and not be disclosed without consent. Animal Research Ethics Ethical guidelines require humane treatment of animals used in research, including proper housing and care. Animal studies can provide insights applicable to human behavior, especially in genetics and developmental research. Federal guidelines exist to protect the health and safety of animals in research settings.