Module 3 Building Systems PDF

lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Module 3 Lesson 1 CE 104- Building Systems Design-converted Building System Design (Technological Institute of the Philippines) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Module 3 Lesson 1 CE 104- Building Systems Design-converted Building System Design (Technological Institute of the Philippines) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Module 3 Lesson 1 Welcome to Module 3 Lesson 1! Building Envelope Systems and Assemblies: Fundamentals of Performance and Aesthetics Introduction to the Topic The building envelope includes all the building components that separate the indoors from the outdoors. Building envelopes include the exterior walls, foundations, roof, windows, and doors. Building Envelope and Assemblies focuses on the application of building science principles to the design of building enclosures. This course examines various elements that mediate between the interior and exterior environments, both above and below the ground, in manners appropriate to their intended function and performance. Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the session the students should be able to: 1. Apply the building science principles to the design of building enclosures; and 2. Understand the building envelope design methods and construction techniques. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Discussions: The building envelope is a physical separator between the exterior and the interior of the building and fenestration systems. The building envelope is the physical barrier between the exterior and interior environments enclosing a structure. Generally, the building envelope is comprised of a series of components and systems (see figure 1) that protect the interior space from the effects of the environment like precipitation, wind, temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation. The internal environment is comprised of the occupants, furnishings, building materials, lighting, machinery, equipment, and the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system. The components of the Building Envelope Opaque components include walls, roofs, slabs on grade (in touch with the ground), basement walls, and opaque doors. Fenestration systems include windows, skylights, ventilators, and doors that are more than one- half glazed. The envelope protects the building’s interior and occupants from the weather conditions and shields them from other external factors e.g. noise, air pollution, etc. Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well as energy consumption in the building. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Building Envelope Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Function: A building envelope serves many functions. These functions can be divided into 3 categories: Support: to ensure strength and rigidity; providing structural support against internal and external loads and forces. Control: to control the exchange of water, air, condensation and heat between the interior and exterior of the building. Finish: this is for aesthetic purposes. To make the building look attractive while still performing support and control functions. Physical Components: The building envelope includes the materials that comprise the foundation, wall assembly, roofing systems, glazing, doors, and any other penetrations. The Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 connections and compatibility between these elements are critical to ensure that the building envelope functions as intended. Foundation The foundation is the structural component that transmits the loads from the building to the underlying substrate. Typically, some combination of reinforced concrete walls, slabs, and footings constitute the structural components of the foundation. However, the foundation must also be designed to control the transfer of moisture and thermal energy into the interior space. The transfer of thermal energy through the foundation can be controlled by providing insulation between the interior and exterior environments; however, in some cases, the foundation insulation is neglected to reduce construction costs. Waterproofing the foundation is typically completed by applying a liquid applied asphaltic damp proofing. Additional waterproofing products such as sheet-applied membranes, liquid membranes, cementitious waterproofing, and built-up systems are also viable options. Drainage around the perimeter of the foundation must be provided to prevent long-term underwater submersion of the waterproofing membrane. One example of a perimeter foundation drain is a weeping tile placed in a trench complete with gravel ballast backfill, also known as a french drain. In some cases, a sump pit and pump system will be required in addition to the perimeter drain. Wall assembly The wall assembly consists of a system of components that fulfill the support, control, and finish the function of the building envelope. While the precise placement and configuration of each component may vary between climates and individual buildings, the following components are typically found in the wall assembly (from the exterior to interior): Exterior cladding Exterior sheathing membrane Exterior sheathing Insulation Structural components Vapor barrier Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Interior sheathing Roofing System The roofing system is an important part of any house, as it keeps the weather out. It consists of shingles on the outside, which are on top of tar sheeting as a vapor barrier. Inside of the tar paper is wood sheathing. Beyond this, the attic areas in most houses are insulated with fiberglass spray insulation. It tends to be fluffy, pink fiberglass. Inhaling fiberglass is extremely bad for a person's respiratory system, so it is important to wear a mask if this insulation type is in one's roofing system. Glazing Glazing refers to the panels in windows, doors, and skylights - usually glass - that let light through. Door Doors are included in the housing envelope as they tend to be the biggest holes in the envelope. Having outer doors that seal well drastically improves the thermal efficiency of a house. Other penetrations These may include a chimney or vents for a dryer or stove. Fundamentals of Performance The performance of the building envelope is impacted by a number of sub‐systems, such as heating, cooling and ventilating equipment, plumbing, and electrical systems. The interaction of the sub‐systems with the components of the building envelope, as well as certain activities of the occupants, can affect the performance of the building envelope. The building envelope should keep out: temperature extremes; moisture, as vapor or liquid; dust; and wind. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Additionally, to maintain durability, the building envelope should not permit weather elements to be trapped inside the walls. This may cause wall components to deteriorate, and continue to decay. In the early stages, it can usually be remedied relatively inexpensively. As time progresses, costs increase exponentially. There are numerous factors in the considerations of the fundamentals of performance: Axis. It is a line established by two separate points in space. It defines the points at which shape and spaces can be set in an asymmetrical and a balanced way. Symmetry. It is the balanced division and collection of all equivalent forms and spaces on also sides of the separating plane or regarding its center axis. Hierarchy. It articulates the importance and significance of a shape or space by the assist of its size shape as well as placement. Rhythm. It is a unifying movement that is characterized by a patterned repetition or an alteration of the formal elements. Datum. It defines a line plane or volume that serves together, measure, as well as organize a pattern of form and spaces. Transformation. It is the principal of retaining an architectural design idea or association and strengthening as well as building it through a sequence of discrete transformations. One of the most important aspects worth considering when discussing the building envelope is part of the country the building is located. Products, best practices, building methods, and construction theories that are the best in one part of the country are not likely the best practices in another part of the country. In many areas, local government ordinances and building codes are trying to bridge the gap between the universal standard and the local standard. However, these codes are often just the minimum acceptable standards, and may not be the best procedures possible. Further variance in building envelope requirements can even occur within the same climate. Two homes in the exact same region, state, county, or even neighborhood may need different kinds of building envelopes. One home may see more direct sunlight, while the other may be at the bottom of a hill and prone to flooding. Even the direction the home is plotted can have some bearing. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 This makes it important to rely on experts that understand how all these things can be applied and work together. More importantly, it is important to discuss how these things do not work against each other as well. When the right people with the right knowledge get behind the wheel, a truly proper building envelope can be created. How do you know what is needed? For starters, it is important to keep it simple. Home contractors and industry professionals ask themselves very direct questions before constructing a building envelope. What is the goal of the building envelope? On a simple level, what is it trying to do? More importantly, what is the most likely hazards that a building’s specific environment is likely to generate? The answers to these questions serve as the “foundation” before the foundation of the building envelope. While there are variances across regions, most building envelopes will consider the following goals as mandatory, with the priority goal shifting depending on the environment: Stop water from getting in the home Stop water and moisture from getting to any structural members Keep water away from any insulation Keep excess moisture out of the home, including the basement and attic Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Stop air infiltration around windows, doors, and mechanical openings Some problems are obvious, while others are more hidden, and we often don’t see the problems until they become large and expensive to repair. One of the services that can identify any shortcomings (and biggest potential paybacks) in your building envelope is the use of thermal imaging to identify the problem areas. For this to be done effectively, be sure there is at least a 20-degree difference between the inside and outside of the home. Proper thermal imaging can identify air leaks, water, and excessive moisture build-up and conduction problems. Aesthetics "The building envelope is more than a façade−it is the poetic mediation between an internal spatial realm and the outside world." -Antoine Predock, FAIA, 2006 American Institute of Architects Gold Medalist. The fundamental goals of a successful building, regardless of location, aesthetics, program, owner, and building type, are essential to keep water out and allow thermal control within. The building envelope encompasses the entire exterior surface of a building, including walls, doors, and windows, which enclose, or envelop, the interior spaces. Weaknesses in the building envelope can result in several undesirable results, from moisture infiltration, often leading to mold and mildew; damage caused by wind loads, high energy costs, ongoing maintenance problems, and failure of one or more architectural and engineering building systems. Any of these scenarios, and the numerous ripple effects that may ensue, can potentially increase risk and liability concerns for architects, design professionals, building owners, and occupants. For these reasons, and the desire to promote sound professional design standards, a thorough understanding of building envelope design methods and construction techniques are critical aspects of architectural practice. When building envelope problems arise, liability concerns often focus on factors and parties relating to design, construction, manufacturing, and testing of systems and materials. Innovative architectural design is enhanced by careful attention to detailing, selection, and specification of compatible materials and related component systems. At the same time, architects, specifiers, and design professionals must be aware of component installation methods and construction techniques. With so many advances in Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 manufacturing processes, emerging new materials, and enhanced technology in the marketplace, along with ongoing updates of building codes and industry testing criteria, and an often unskilled labor force, the required knowledge base for effective building envelope design is constantly expanding. Insulated Metal Composite Panels Innovative building envelope materials often address several issues, from promoting sustainability and energy efficiency to minimizing liability and risk stemming from mold issues. At the 2006 AIA Convention, William McDonough, FAIA, described the development of "cradle to cradle" strategies, which analyze the nature of materials in products. This analysis goes beyond cradle to grave (manufacture to disposal), extending from creation to re-creation, through complete cyclical reuse. Sustainability and Product Life Cycle Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 A series of insulated metal composite panels have met, or exceeded, certification criteria. These insulated metal composite panels have several characteristics that may help a building qualify for credits within the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) Green Building Rating System, including: Tested insulation value: Based on independent testing, insulated metal composite panels show low U-values, ranging from 0.050 to 0.076 (lower is better). This series of metal composite panels provide superior insulating value that can result in significant energy savings. High recycled content: Based on the LEED®-NC Reference Guide, this panel series has an average post-consumer recycled content of 16 to 19 percent, and an average post-industrial recycled content of six to seven percent, for a total recycled content of 22 to 26 percent. Low-emitting materials: A factory-applied sealant may have a volatile organic compound (VOC) below the limit established by LEED®. Reduced Jobsite scrap: Pre-fabricated panels made in the factory result in little to no job site scrap generated, since field cutting of the panels is generally not required. Products that are shrink-wrapped eliminate wasteful crating and packing materials. Regional materials: LEED®-NC (for new commercial construction and major renovation) provides credits for products manufactured within 500 miles of the project site. In many instances, these criteria are achievable for insulated metal composite panels systems. Sustainability: Insulated metal composite panels replace multiple materials with one-piece panels, reducing Jobsite scrap and minimizing the fuel consumption multiple freight deliveries would require. The durability and advanced thermal and moisture protection qualities of insulated metal composite panels promote energy efficiency and reduce maintenance demands. Durability: Insulated metal composite panels are durable, low maintenance, and decrease the need for water-washings or toxic chemical cleanings. A product life cycle averaging 20 years or more minimizes the need for replacement. Energy costs: Reflective coatings are typically available for high solar reflectance, potentially resulting in lower building cooling costs. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Thermal and Moisture Protection Advanced thermal and moisture protection (ATMP) refers to building envelope wall systems that provide superior thermal and moisture control, especially when compared to traditional wall systems. Innovative ATMP solutions involve insulated metal composite panels that are installed outboard of a building's metal studs. Available systems can be utilized individually as a complete exterior wall system or combined with other exterior aesthetic panels for a superior multi-component wall solution. ATMP is important because many cities, state, and national codes are requiring better thermal barriers within the building envelope, as energy conservation continues to remain a priority. Even the smallest leak in an air or vapor barrier can be a potential source for moisture control failure. Air and pressure alone can cause significant amounts of moisture-laden air to flow through cuts, rips, and staple penetrations. The moisture can condense and remain inside the wall cavity, damaging materials, and thus creating an environment for mold, which causes other problems. Liability Issues Mold concerns and related health issues linked to this fungus have been the central issue of many lawsuits. The Insurance Information Institute estimates that $3 billion in building mold claims were paid in 2002. Specifying an insulated metal composite panel system engineered for superior thermal performance and moisture control will significantly reduce mold-related risks for owners, occupants, and design professionals. There is another reason that specifying such systems will further reduce risk and liability. "Insulated metal composite panel construction requires one supplier and installer, so the need for multiple trades, contractors, materials, and manufacturers on the Jobsite is significantly reduced. In other types of construction, if leaks occur, it's hard to determine who is responsible for the faulty work or installation. High performance insulated metal composite panels eliminate this potential scenario, thereby reducing risk and liability concerns for owners and architects," said Rick Brow, Director of Marketing, CENTRIA Architectural Systems, Moon Township, Pennsylvania. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Insulated metal composite panels with an aggregate coating create the appearance of pre-cast on the exterior of the Parkwest Medical Center in Knoxville, TN. Insulated metal composite panel systems are suitable in new construction and renovations, in all climates. In addition to sustainability, superior thermal and moisture protection performance, and reducing mold concerns, they offer aesthetic qualities as well. Insulated metal composite panel systems are available in a variety of finishes, colors, shapes, and profiles with reveals, curves, and other design options that meet technical criteria, testing standards, and national codes. Point Supported, Bolted Glass: Maximizing Transparency Building envelope materials and systems can enhance dramatic interior spaces, such as lobbies and public assembly areas, by maximizing natural daylight and visibility to the outdoors. Point supported, bolted glass systems provide maximum transparency to large expanses of the building envelope. This bolted glass system relies on mechanical fasteners to connect the glass to the structural frame, without mullions. The point supported, bolted glass system is comprised of glass, fittings, and structural supports. Each element has many options, to meet the design solution for various applications. Structural glass façades rely on the quality of the glass for their performance and aesthetics. An extensive range of glass types can be used with this system, for flexibility of design, appearance, performance, and transparency, such as tempered, laminated, coated, insulating, high-performance energy-efficient, acoustical, and solar glass. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 The Mall at Millenia, in Orlando, Florida, uses point supported bolted glass to maximize transparency between the outdoors and the indoor retail environment Structural elements that work with the system include stainless steel cables, space frames, simple steel pipes and tubes, and elaborate prefabricated trusses. The fitting is critical, to ensure loads are transferred to the structural elements supporting the glass. Point supported, bolted glass is a flush glass application using a countersunk bolt in the glass that is bolted to the building structural system. This method provides a flush glass surface using countersunk holes, and stainless steel fittings to connect the glass façade to the structure, instead of the conventional farming systems. The result is an engineered system with a minimum of structure and maximum visual clarity. A silicone seal between adjacent panels provides weatherproofing. These systems are suitable for various applications and projects of all sizes and budgets, not only for monumental, iconic buildings. Successful applications include airports, high-rises, cultural facilities, shopping malls, courthouses, universities, hospitals, and corporate headquarters. Design and Performance Benefits The point supported, bolted glass system is suitable for new construction and renovation, in any climate zone. The flexibility of design options enables architects to Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 use tinted glass, silkscreen patterns, various colors, as well as large spans of glass. Other advantages include: Ability to glaze in any plane, up, over and under, from canopies and roofs to skylights and soffits, without metal framing. Enhanced thermal and optical performance, with the use of soft coat Low-E products, to provide better thermal insulation and solar control. Acoustical high performance. Impact resistance, and tested for various conditions and codes. Blast resistance, through the use of specially engineered connections and high- strength laminates. Resistance to high winds and seismic loads. Point supported bolted glass allows visitors to enjoy natural daylight at the Rose Center for Earth & Space, American Museum of Natural History, New York City Recent Developments Bolted glass products have three new and innovative developments, impacting performance, and aesthetic qualities. New technology has allowed the countersunk bolts to be hidden, concealed, or sunk in the glass panel, further eliminating the use of metal. The result enhances the overall look of the glass façade. Bolted structural glass is fully tempered for strength. New tempering technology is available to create glass that is flatter, and minimize waviness, known as roller wave distortion. During the tempering process, glass softens as it gets hot. Newer tempering Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 furnaces and technology can limit roller wave distortion, thereby improving the optical qualities of tempered glass. Newer quality control measures and techniques will reduce nickel sulfide, and thereby limit breakage. Nickel sulfide is a contaminant inherent in heavy float glass, which is typically 12mm (about a half-inch) thick, or greater. During the tempering process, contaminants are trapped and can expand, causing spontaneous breakage. The goal during quality control is to limit and catch the nickel sulfide in the glass, and create a safer product through what is known as the heat soaking process. "These products need complete, fully engineered systems in order for the owner to obtain their full benefit. The glass and related hardware fittings go together, and should ideally be from the same source, not different systems with different warranties, which increases the risk to the owner and design professionals," says Jeffrey Haber, Managing Member, W&W Glass, LLC, Nanuet, New York. To avoid these potential problems, specifications should indicate a single source approach for furnishing and designing the system, to ensure that one manufacturer is responsible for engineering and glass production. This will provide better integration of all system components and warranties, and minimize risk and liability. As in other building envelope systems, it is important that compatible elements perform to specified loads, meet aesthetic criteria, and don't leak or become maintenance problems over the building and product life cycle, which generally ranges from 20 to 50 years. End of Discussion See attached lecture: (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/12283/files/1533315/download? wrap=1) (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/12283/files/1643022/download?wrap=1) Reference: What is Building Envelope. Home Protection Office. www. hpo.bc.ca. Brock, L. (2015). Designing the exterior wall: An architectural guide to the vertical envelope. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Yellowblue Eco Tech. (2020). Types of Building Envelope. sealinsulateandventilate.com/home-envelope/types-of-building-envelopes/ National Institute of Building Sciences. (March 22, 2015). Building Envelope Design [Online]. Available: www.wbdg.org/design/env_introduction.php#fap Barbara A. Nadel, FAIA. (2016). 21st Century Building Envelope Systems: Merging Innovation with Technology, Sustainability, and Function.https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/article_print.php? L=38&C=235 For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources TIP Library (https://www.tip.edu.ph/library.html) Proprietary Clause Property of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.). No part of the materials made and uploaded in this learning management system by T.I.P. may be copied, photographed, printed, reproduced, shared, transmitted, translated or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without prior consent of T.I.P. END OF TODAY'S LECTURE "Sacrifice now, enjoy later." -Malabsky Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Module 3 Lesson 2 CE 104 - Building Systems Design-converted Building System Design (Technological Institute of the Philippines) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Module 3 Lesson 2 Welcome to Module 3 Lesson 2! Building Envelope Systems and Assemblies: Moisture Transfer Durability, Energy and Material Resources Introduction to the Topic The building sector accounts for 36% of national energy consumption (2010). About 50% to 70% of building energy is used for mechanical systems such as air- conditioning and ventilation systems. The Philippine Green Building Code requires the adoption of efficient practices, designs, methods, and technology that can reduce energy consumption resulting in cost savings, reduced energy consumption, and reduced GHG emissions. Energy-efficient practices and technology can contribute to achieving green building objectives. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the session, students will be able to: 1. Understand the importance of consideration of moisture protection in building design; and 2. Familiar with building envelope energy flow, heat transfer, and materials. Discussions: Building envelope physically separates the indoor and outdoor environments. It encompasses the entire exterior surface of a building, including walls, roof, doors, and windows, which enclose, or envelope, the interior spaces. It is composed of layers of building materials that protect interior spaces from changes in outdoor weather and climate conditions. Some elements of a building envelope include: Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 The following illustrates how a building envelope acts as a barrier between outdoor and indoor conditions. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Air Tightness and Moisture Protection As the country’s humidity levels are high, the unwanted air infiltration and moisture ingress into indoor spaces can put additional load on the air-conditioning system and cause a detrimental impact on air quality. Thus, buildings must be planned, designed, and constructed with enough detail and quality to ensure maximum airtightness. The implementation of these measures requires only increased attention to the construction details and it can be implemented at practically no cost. Details should precisely include joints, including service entry joints, windows, and doors. Vapor barrier, a material that has a permeance of one perm or less, can also be installed. It prevents the entry of moisture through the walls and provides resistance to the transmission of water vapor from the outside to the inside of the building, which can burden the air-conditioning system operations. Design Application 1. SEALED WINDOW AND DOOR ASSEMBLIES: sealed by a continuous membrane along the joints between wall and window and door frames. Window Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 and door assemblies should be complete with weather stripping and gaskets around the frames. Doors and windows are the first line of defense against humidity and moisture. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Installation of airtightness of different weather stripping for flooring and door frames Window assembly with sealant installation all-around and between glass panels and frames. 2. SEALED UTILITY SERVICES: Electrical, plumbing and mechanical piping, conduit or ducting penetrating through walls, floor, and ceiling should be sealed to Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 reduce air leakage. Joints in the membrane should be caulked, lapped, and sealed or taped. 3. SEALED WALL, ROOFING, CEILING, AND FLOOR: tightly sealed with continuous water barrier or retarder, joint flashing, capping, sealants, and fillers. 1. WALL - sealed with the application of a vapor/moisture barrier 2. ROOF - sealed with complete ridge roll, flashing, valley, and joint terminations 3. CEILING - joints and openings sealed with tape 4. FLOOR - floor surfaces, joints, and terminations sealed with the application of water barrier, joint fillers, or airtightness tape. Waterproofing membrane overexposed roof or deck slabs while water barrier sheathing underexposed floor slabs on fill. Duct penetration through wall ready to receive sealing material. This is to prevent the transfer of air and moisture between spaces. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Roof The roof shields a structure from harsh elements from sunshine to rain, so it is important to seal off and reinforce it. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Metal roof edge flashing with rubber closure strips to seal ends, valleys, and joint terminations for airtightness. Air tightness at Roof Ridge Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 150 mm UK. LOAD BEARINC CHB WALL FIREWALL MORTAR CA 24 PREPAIh TE0 G.I. COUNTERFLASHING FASTEHED TO CHB ¥\/ALL GA 24 PREPAINTED G.t. r ASwiNG' CA 26 G.I 5ODmm ROOFING SHEETS CA 16 CEE PURLINS Wall to roof flashing for airtight closure CA 20 PREPAIN7ED GROOFiNG LAHCSPAN WITH IhiSULATtON UhiOERNEATH t 2r¥jrn X 300mm FIBCR CEM. FASCIA BO DN TREATED TIMBER NAILERS Hmm 7HK. HAROfFLEX FIBCR CEMEH7 BOARD CEILING ON h0mm X 50mm WOOD CEILIqG JOISTS aT 0.60. O-C. (ROOF EAvE CCILING) PROyIOC A |QFIDH} SEA T ON CO/tNER Airtightness at call and roofeaves Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Wall The role of walls to act as moisture barrier are detailed in the illustrations below. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Floor When it comes to moisture seepage, it is also important for floors to be treated and reinforced. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Envelope Energy Flows From an energy flow perspective, the envelope is a composition of layers with varying thermal and permeability properties. The envelope may be composed of membranes, sheets, blocks, and preassembled components. The choice of the envelope is governed by climate, culture, and available materials. The range of choices in envelope design can be illustrated by two opposite design concepts: the open frame and the closed shell. In harsh climates, the designer frequently conceives the building envelope as a closed shell and proceeds to selectively punch holes in it to make limited and special contact with the outdoors. This may also be true where there are unwanted external influences such as noise or visual clutter. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 When external conditions are very close to the desired internal ones, the envelope often begins as an open structural frame, with pieces of the building skin selectively added to modify only a few outdoor forces. The flow of heat through a building envelope varies both by season (heat always flows from hot to cold and generally flows from a building in winter and to a building in summer) and by the path of the heat (through the materials of a building’s skin, or by outdoor air entering). These complexities must be considered by a designer who intends to deliver comfort and energy efficiency. Walls Understanding and optimizing the heat transfer through the walls is important in high-performance building design. Using thermal mass and insulation to your advantage with passive design strategies can help reduce the amount of energy that active systems need to use. Insulation Thermal insulation is a material that blocks or slows the flow of heat through the building envelope. Insulation is vital to most green building design because it allows spaces to retain what heat they have, while avoid gaining excess heat from outside. Total R-Values and Thermal Bridging In order to know the building's true thermal performance, you must calculate overall R-values for assemblies like walls, roofs, floors, and glazing. The total R- value (or "overall" R-value) of an insulated assembly may be higher or lower than the R-value of the insulation, depending on the assembly's construction. Thermal bridging is when the overall R-value is lower than the insulation's R-value. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Heat Transfer in Buildings Heat transfer takes place through walls, windows, and roofs in buildings from higher temperature to lower temperature in the following three ways: 1. Conduction: It is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter within a material or materials in physical contact. 2. Convection: It is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (air or gas or liquid). 3. Radiation: It is the movement of energy/heat through space without relying on conduction through the air or by the movement of air. Heat transfer in buildings Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Thermal Resistance of an Element Consisting of Homogenous Layers A building element is usually composed of a number of different materials. When materials are placed in series, their thermal resistances are added so that the same area will conduct less energy for a given temperature difference. The formation of air film at the surface of the wall or roof, due to convection movements of air, also provides resistance to the heat flow, similar to the construction material. The total resistance of the wall or roof includes all of the resistances of the individual materials that make it up as well as both the internal and external air-film resistance. Insulation It’s important to understand Heat Energy Flows in a building to understand insulation. Insulation primarily is designed to prevent heat transfer from conduction and radiation. Resistance to conduction is measured by R-value (high thermal resistance =high R- value); Resistance to radiative heat transfer is measured by emissivity (high resistance =low emissivity and high reflectance). Conduction is the dominant factor when materials are touching each other; when there is an air gap between materials, Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 radiation becomes important. Convection usually only becomes an issue when significant air pockets are involved. Materials used for insulation fall into two broad categories: Fibrous or cellular products –These resist conductions and can be either inorganic (such as glass, rock wool, slag wool, perlite, or vermiculite) or organic (such as cotton, synthetic fibers, cork, foamed rubber, or polystyrene). Metallic or metalized organic reflective membranes - These block radiation heat transfer and must face airspace to be effective. Insulation Materials Although insulation can be made from a variety of materials, it usually comes in five physical forms: batting, blown-in, loose-fill, rigid foam board, and reflective films. Each type is made to fit a particular part of a building. Batting/Blankets Form Factor & Installation: In the form of batts or continuous rolls that are hand-cut or trimmed to fit. Stuffed into spaces between studs or joists. Material: Fiberglass is manufactured from sand and recycled glass, and mineral fiber ("rock wool ") is made from basaltic rock and/or recycled Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 material from steel mill wastes. Even recycled cotton fibers from jeans are used. Available with or without vapor and flame retarding facings. Benefits: Common and easy to install. Available in widths suited to standard spacings of wall studs, ceiling, or floor joists. Blown-in/ Loose-Fill Form Factor & Installation: Loose fibers or fiber pellets are blown into building cavities using special pneumatic equipment. The best forms include adhesives that are co- sprayed with the fibers to avoid settling. Material: Fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose. Cellulose is made from recycled plant material (such as newspaper) treated with fire-retardant chemicals. Benefits: Can provide additional resistance to air infiltration if the insulation is sufficiently dense. Foamed in Place Form Factor & Installation: Roll of foil, integrated into house wrap, or integrated into rigid insulation board. These “radiant barriers” are typically located between roof rafters, floor joists, or wall studs. Material: Fabricated from aluminum foil with a variety of backings such as craft paper, plastic film, polyethylene bubbles, or cardboard. Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Benefits: Resists radiative heat transfer. The resistance to heat flow depends on the heat flow direction – it is most effective in reducing downward heat flow. Infiltration & Moisture Control Water also moves through building envelope assemblies—in both liquid and vapor states. Unwanted infiltration can be a major cause of this. The focus here is upon the water vapor movement. Water vapor will often need to be handled by a climate control system through the use of energy (termed latent heat). Infiltration causes surprisingly large heat loss because unwanted moisture (latent heat) often must be removed from the air. End of Discussion See attached lecture: (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/12283/files/1533315/download? wrap=1) (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/12283/files/1643022/download?wrap=1) Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Reference: Philippine Green Building Code User Guide. (2016) Energy Conscious Architecture: Presentation on Building Envelope. Anant, Kiran, Riya, Sonali, Suchar, Charu. (2016) Climate Responsive Architecture. Chandan K. B. (2015) For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources TIP Library (https://www.tip.edu.ph/library.html) Proprietary Clause Property of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.). No part of the materials made and uploaded in this learning management system by T.I.P. may be copied, photographed, printed, reproduced, shared, transmitted, translated or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without prior consent of T.I.P. END OF TODAY'S LECTURE "Sacrifice now, enjoy later." -Malabsky Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|30489845 Downloaded by Howhow Carabao ([email protected])