IBS1 Lighting Combined PDF

ARCH 8833 Integrated Building Systems (IBS) 1  M (08:00 – 09:15 AM) W (08:00 – 09:15 AM) Assignment Readings Course Introduction + Basics of Equilibrium 01 08/19...

ARCH 8833 Integrated Building Systems (IBS) 1  M (08:00 – 09:15 AM) W (08:00 – 09:15 AM) Assignment Readings Course Introduction + Basics of Equilibrium 01 08/19 08/21 The Building Envelope I (Heat) R1: Lechner (2014) Ch.3 (Heat + Pressure) 02 08/26 The Building Envelope II (Heat) 08/28 The Building Envelope III (Moisture) Assignment 1: Envelope (10%) R2: Lechner (2014) Ch.15 Module 1 The Building Envelope IV (Glazing & 03 09/02 No Class -- Labor Day 09/04 R3: Lechner (2014) Ch.4 Facades) 04 09/09 HVAC I (Intro & Psychrometrics) 09/11 HVAC II (Calculations) R4: Lechner (2014) Ch.16 05 09/16 HVAC III (Systems) 09/18 HVAC IV (Systems) Assignment 2: HVAC (10%) R6: Lechner (2014) Ch.13 &14 06 09/23 Lighting I (Daylighting) 09/25 Lighting II (Electrical Lighting) Assignment 3: Lighting (10%) R7: Lechner (2011) Ch. 3 & 4 07 09/30 Introduction to Plumbing and Water 10/02 MEP Exam (15%)  10/7 08 10/07 Review: Loads + Building Systems Force 10/09 Lateral Forces – Wind Forces Schodek Chapter 14 Assignment 4: Lateral Wind ASCE 7 Lateral Force – Calculating Wind 09 10/14 No Class Fall Break 10/16 Calculation Forces Due: 10/23 Assignment 5: Lateral – Seismic Lateral Forces – Calculating Seismic 10 10/21 Lateral Forces – Seismic 10/23 Base Shear Calculations + LRFS Forces Due: 11/04 LAB Assignment: Design-Build- Lateral Force Resisting Systems and LFRS – Lateral Force Resisting 11 10/28 10/30 Destruct Introduction to Tower Project – Teams Assigned Systems Module 2 Due: 11/13 LRFS Lecture + 7:30 start- LAB @ DFL 12 11/04 11/06 Design Review for Design Build Destruct Design Build Destruct – Testing Day Lab Assignment: Kendeda Re- 13 11/11 Design Build Destruct Testing Day 11/13 Final Project Assignment Design in Structural Steel Due in Final Exam Period No Class -- ARCH All Non-Studio 14 11/18 No Class -- ARCH All Non-Studio Classes -- 11/20 Classes -- 15 11/25 Structures Quiz REMOTE (15%) 11/27 No Class – Thanksgiving Holiday Final Instructional Day 16 12/02 12/04 No Class -- Reading Period -- Final Project Q/A 17 12/08 Lateral Force Resisting System Project Due at the Scheduled Final Exam Time TBD  Daylighting Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 3 The Human Need For Light The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) This pie chart from the NHAPS study shows that Americans spend 86.9% of time indoors, plus another 5.5% inside a vehicle. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) https://indoor.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-47713.pdf 5 The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) Where survey respondents spend their time, charted over 24 hours. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) https://indoor.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-47713.pdf 6 The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) Where survey respondents spend their time, charted over 24 hours. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) https://indoor.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/lbnl-47713.pdf 7 Circadian Rhythm Our bodies need high intensities of light to regulate and entrain our daily circadian cycle Secretion of serotonin hormone - responsible for our state of alertness Sleep wake cycle - hormonal rhythm At low light levels melatonin secretion increases and signs of drowsiness or sleepiness occur (Boyce, 2003, Boyce and Kennaway, 1987) At high light levels melatonin is suppressed and serotonin is secreted Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) www.rtmassociates.com 8 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Symptoms include fatigue, depression, hopelessness, and social withdrawal. Light therapy (10klx on the eye for 30min in the morning) https://www.mayoclinic.org/es-es/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 9  Simple calculations Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) Window Area / Floor Area Simple measure of the connection to the outside Housing Schools Work 8-13% 17-25% 20-30% Window Area Floor Area Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 11 Empirical rules from literature Paper: Reinhart C F, “A simulation-based review of the ubiquitous window-head-height to daylit zone depth rule of thumb”, Buildings Simulation 2005, Montreal, Canada, August 15-18 2005. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 12 How good are these rules? Frequency distribution of daylit zone depth for 640 simulations [of a standard side-lit space] Paper: Reinhart C F, “A simulation-based review of the ubiquitous window-head-height to daylit zone depth rule of thumb”, Buildings Simulation 2005, Montreal, Canada, August 15-18 2005. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 13 The rule: “daylit zone depth = 2 times window head hight” Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 14  Illuminance is the amount of light that falls on a Daylight Factor | Definition surface per unit area, and is measured in lux (lx). Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 15 Design Sky values Design Sky values represent a horizontal illuminance level that is exceeded 85% of the time between the hours of 9 am and 5 pm throughout the working year. Thus, they also represent a worst-case scenario that you can design to and be sure your building will meet the desired light levels at least 85% of the time. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) Square One Research 16 CIE Overcast Sky 33 % 100 % CIE Overcast Sky Whole Sky Luminance Mapping: pro-lite.co.uk 1 lx in: is equal to SI base units: cd⋅sr⋅m−2 Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 17 Spatially mapped Daylight Factor Use the our manual analysis techniques to analyze your spaces Mapped to floor plan Mapped to section Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/ 18 Toplighting - Skylights Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 19 Lynes Formula Relates average interior reflectances to DF A glazing= required glazing area A total = overall interior surface area R mean = area-weighted mean surface reflectance τ vis = visual transmittance of glazing θ= sky angle Further reading: Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operation, Chapter 9, Editors J Hensen and R Lamberts, Taylor & Francis, 2011 Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 20 Recommended illuminance levels Seeing task Horizontal illuminance (Lux) Orientation 30 or 50 Simple seeing tasks: Visual inspection not important 100 General seeing tasks: Large details with high contrast 300 Intermediate seeing tasks: Small details with high 500 contrast, or large details with low contrast Critical seeing tasks: Small detail with low contrast 1000 Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) [Illuminating Engineering Society: IES 2000] 21 Supplement daylight gradient Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 22 Scale model as validation of simulations HDR photo of a scale model (upper) compared to Radiance rendering (lower) Credits: Daniel Park, Becky Xu, Gloria Yan, Melody Li, Amber Zhu, Vina Wei Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 23 Daylight Uniformity Daylight Uniformity The importance of the uniformity cannot be underestimated. Too high a contrast and a space will look gloomy from some positions and viewpoints and be visually uncomfortable or distracting. [CIBSE Guide LG05] https://www.velux.com/deic/daylight/parameters-influencing-daylighting-performance Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 25 Uniformity and Illuminance Thresholds Uniformity U In order to perform visual tasks in illuminated areas, there should not be any great differences in brightness so that uniformity should not fall below U = E /Ē. O: O min CIE 1974 general colour rendering index (R ) a Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 26 Showing the effect of surface reflectance on daylight https://www.velux.com/deic/daylight/parameters-influencing-daylighting-performance Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 27 Daylight Factor (DF) Review of a metric we already know (however, it is not an annual climate based metric) Source: http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 28 Climate Based Metrics Beyond point in time analysis To evaluate building performance we need to evaluate its annual behavior in a specific climate Source: http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 30 Grid Area of interest. Can be coupled with space usage to define a target illuminance and occupancy Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 31 Daylight Autonomy (DA) Set a target illuminance (eg 300lux) and compute how often it is met Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 32 Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) Illuminance must fall into a range in order to get credit Source: http://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 33 Comparison of common daylighting metrics Work well for office environments Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) Image credits: Ye Chan Park 34 Annual Solar Exposure The percentage of floor area that receives at least 1000 lux for at least 250 occupied hours per year. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) New Residential Daylight Metric A New Framework for Residential Daylight Performance Evaluation: Timur Dogan, Ye Chan Park. Submitted to BS2017 Opportunity for you! https://vip-smur.github.io/wiki/projects/24fa/ Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 36 Ray-tracing 30 second version Forward ray-tracing https://www.youtube.com/@SebastianLague Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 38 Ray-tracing 30 second version Forward ray-tracing Backward ray-tracing https://www.youtube.com/@SebastianLague Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 39 Ray-tracing 30 second version Forward ray-tracing Backward ray-tracing Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 40 Camera Area of interest Image source: stackoverflow.com Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 41 Backwards ray-tracer Daylight contributions are calculated in different steps Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 42 Direct Calculation We know that some objects in the scene contribute more significantly that others. They are treated separately to save time Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 43 Direct Calculation We know that some objects in the scene contribute more significantly that others. They are treated separately to save time Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 44 Indirect Calculation Other sources of light are harder to discover. We need to search for them by sending out rays. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 45 Parameters Ambient Bounces - AB parameter Set the number of ambient bounces to N. This is the maximum number of diffuse bounces computed by the indirect calculation. A value of zero implies no indirect calculation. 1 3 2 Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 46 Path tracing Title Text Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 47 Ray tracing with cache Send out all rays and wait for raytracing to complete (high quality render takes about 15mins) Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 48 Path tracing: Faster design feedback, procedural Almost instantaneous but noisy result that is refined over time Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 49 Convergence of path tracing results Daylight simulation results stabilize quickly Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 50 How does one build a ray-tracing engine? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qz0KTGYJtUk Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) Parametric Design Example Alteration of window size and position Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 52 Modeling in Grasshopper Full workflows available Thank you for your continued use of ClimateStudio at Georgia Institute of Technology. We will be updating educational license keys on a yearly basis beginning this January 2024. Your new license key is below: GATech1:M8TCJQRMBVRD:94 Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 53  Rethinking the Light-Shelf: Prototyping a Two-Axis Indoor Dynamic Daylight Redirection System, Timur Dogan, Peter Stec, LRT 2016 daylight redirection ARCH 8833 Integrated Building Systems (IBS) 1 Light Shelfs An old idea that works well Clerestory windows Project light-shelf should not allow from facade to Flat Facade, light- direct sunlight capture high angle shelf is in the shade penetration sunlight and shade for high sun angles Lower window may lower windows be fitted with blinds. Lam, M. C. "William, 1986. Sunlight As Formgiver For Architecture." Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 57 58 Light Shelve Soka-Bau Wiesbaden, Germany In front of the South façade is an adaptable two-wing structure that has been installed to manipulate daylighting: 1. When sunlight falls on the south façade, light-deflecting "wings” move into shade position. 2. An assemblage of concave louvers reflects direct sunlight into the rooms. 3. The lower wing moves down to shade the lower part of the façade. 4. The shape and the position of the lower wing are designed to give a view out as possible.  Title Text RETROLux Lichtraum Patrick Kastner, Timur Dogan, 62 Credits: Transsolar Energietechnik GmbH and Behnisch Architekten 63 Daylight Redirection South facing corridors, north facing class rooms South North Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 64 Single axis redirection Literature and practice Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 65 Two Axis Redirection From idea to prototype Altitude Azimuth Concept Simulations Prototyping Specify the design Is it feasible, impactful? Can it be built? Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 66 Evaluate performance and impact Base case vs static light shelf vs dynamic light shelf Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 68 Case study space Typical deep floor plate office setup Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 69 South facing office, UDI [100-3000] Radiance Parameters: -ab 4 -ad 2000 -as 100 -ar 600 -aa 0.15 -dr 1 Dynamic shelf versus static and no system Anchorage New York Phoenix No System Static Shelf Dynamic Shelf 12m 12m 12m Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 70 Temporal maps for south facing office, cDA Dynamic shelf versus static and no system Phoenix and Anchorage Average 45% -> 65% Average 53% -> 61% High sun angle! Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 71 Electric lighting 4W/m2 installed LPD Savings range from 16% to 35%. Predicted electric lighting demand for 2920 occupied hours, target 500Lux Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 72 The prototype Two motors per panel, cost $500 Mirror 85% direct reflective Effective area 90% Width 1.2m Depth 0.8m Position: 2.25m above floor Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 73 74 James Carpenter The Solar Light Pipe makes the rhythm of the day and seasons perceptible by reflecting the changing light conditions within the building itself https://www.tjpa.org/uploads/2009/11/jcarpenter_10.jpg Light Tubes 38 Light Tubes  Heliostat 10/2/23  M (08:00 – 09:15 AM) W (08:00 – 09:15 AM) Assignment Readings Course Introduction + Basics of Equilibrium 01 08/19 08/21 The Building Envelope I (Heat) R1: Lechner (2014) Ch.3 (Heat + Pressure) 02 08/26 The Building Envelope II (Heat) 08/28 The Building Envelope III (Moisture) Assignment 1: Envelope (10%) R2: Lechner (2014) Ch.15 Module 1 The Building Envelope IV (Glazing & 03 09/02 No Class -- Labor Day 09/04 R3: Lechner (2014) Ch.4 Facades) 04 09/09 HVAC I (Intro & Psychrometrics) 09/11 HVAC II (Calculations) R4: Lechner (2014) Ch.16 05 09/16 HVAC III (Systems) 09/18 HVAC IV (Systems) Assignment 2: HVAC (10%) R6: Lechner (2014) Ch.13 &14 06 09/23 Lighting I (Daylighting) 09/25 Lighting II (Electrical Lighting) Assignment 3: Lighting (10%) R7: Lechner (2011) Ch. 3 & 4 07 09/30 Introduction to Plumbing and Water 10/02 MEP Exam (15%)  10/7 08 10/07 Review: Loads + Building Systems Force 10/09 Lateral Forces – Wind Forces Schodek Chapter 14 Assignment 4: Lateral Wind ASCE 7 Lateral Force – Calculating Wind 09 10/14 No Class Fall Break 10/16 Calculation Forces Due: 10/23 Assignment 5: Lateral – Seismic Lateral Forces – Calculating Seismic 10 10/21 Lateral Forces – Seismic 10/23 Base Shear Calculations + LRFS Forces Due: 11/04 LAB Assignment: Design-Build- Lateral Force Resisting Systems and LFRS – Lateral Force Resisting 11 10/28 10/30 Destruct Introduction to Tower Project – Teams Assigned Systems Module 2 Due: 11/13 LRFS Lecture + 7:30 start- LAB @ DFL 12 11/04 11/06 Design Review for Design Build Destruct Design Build Destruct – Testing Day Lab Assignment: Kendeda Re- 13 11/11 Design Build Destruct Testing Day 11/13 Final Project Assignment Design in Structural Steel Due in Final Exam Period No Class -- ARCH All Non-Studio 14 11/18 No Class -- ARCH All Non-Studio Classes -- 11/20 Classes -- 15 11/25 Structures Quiz REMOTE (15%) 11/27 No Class – Thanksgiving Holiday Final Instructional Day 16 12/02 12/04 No Class -- Reading Period -- Final Project Q/A 17 12/08 Lateral Force Resisting System Project Due at the Scheduled Final Exam Time TBD Recap Daylighting The Human Need For Light Circadian Rhythm Our bodies need high intensities of light to regulate and entrain our daily circadian cycle Secretion of serotonin hormone - responsible for our state of alertness Sleep wake cycle - hormonal rhythm At low light levels melatonin secretion increases and signs of drowsiness or sleepiness occur (Boyce, 2003, Boyce and Kennaway, 1987) At high light levels melatonin is suppressed and serotonin is secreted Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) www.rtmassociates.com 84  Illuminance is the amount of light that falls on a Daylight Factor | Definition surface per unit area, and is measured in lux (lx). Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 85 Comparison of common daylighting metrics Work well for office environments Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) Image credits: Ye Chan Park 86 Convergence of path tracing results Daylight simulation results stabilize quickly Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content ARCH and 6242by:- Building copyright Physics Timur Dogan, Modeling Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 87  Rethinking the Light-Shelf: Prototyping a Two-Axis Indoor Dynamic Daylight Redirection System, Timur Dogan, Peter Stec, LRT 2016 daylight redirection ARCH 8833 Integrated Building Systems (IBS) 1 Glare Why should we care? Basics of glare Expressed as the ratio of the size, location and luminance of glare sources in a field of vision compared to the average luminance not inclusive of the glare source. The ‘adaptive zone’ | JA Jakubiec, CF Reinhart doi:10.1177/1477153511420097 Larger and brighter glare sources (Ls) increase glare probability, where w is the solid angle size of a glare source. A brighter average or background luminance (Lb) decreases the probability of glare, and the further away a glare source is from the center of the visual field, the less likely you are to be disturbed by it. Guth position index plotted on top of a 180 degree hemispheric view projection. The value of P, the position index, grows larger as a glare source approaches your visual periphery with a value of one As an object moves further from the center of being perfectly centered in your vision. the view, its Guth index increases. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 91 Basics of glare Unified glare rating The ‘adaptive zone’ | JA Jakubiec, CF Reinhart doi:10.1177/1477153511420097 Guth position index plotted on top of a 180 degree hemispheric view projection. As an object moves further from the center of the view, its Guth index increases. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 92 Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) Fraunhofer ISE test facility with the three window configurations (left: small window, middle: medium window, right: large window). The rooms can be rotated fully in order to be more or less independent on seasons to set up a defined angle of incidence for the sun. where Ev refers to the vertical illuminance (lux), Ls,i refers to the luminance of the glare source (cd/m2), ωs,i refers to the solid angle of the glare source in steradians, and Ps,i refers to the position index of the glare source for the i-th glare source. Quek, G., Wienold, J., Khanie, M. S., Erell, E., Kaftan, E., Tzempelikos, A.,... & Andersen, M. (2021). Comparing performance of discomfort glare metrics in high and low adaptation levels. Building and Environment, 206, 108335. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 93 Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) Interior view of the work place with CCD camera at eye position and interior illuminance sensors in the reference room (parallel view set up) at the Danish Building Research Institute SBi (left) and at Fraunhofer ISE (right). Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of CCD cameras and RADIANCE, Jan Wienold, Jens Christoffersen 94 Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) Left: example of a luminance picture converted into RADIANCE picture format, displayed in a false color scale. Right: example of a documentation control image with information about subject, date, time, facade configuration and type of task. Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of CCD cameras and RADIANCE, Jan Wienold, Jens Christoffersen 95 Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) A set of typical pictures of luminance pictures evaluated by evalglare tool. First row: white Venetian blinds, second row: vertical foil system, third row: specular Venetian blinds. Each blind is shown for each window size. The specular Venetian blinds redirected light to the ceiling (more than 10,000 cd/m in some cases). These areas were also detected as glare sources. 2 Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 96 GLARE ANALYSIS Assess visual discomfort potential using contrast images and Daylight Glare Probability (DGP). Run a series of time points, or study the entire year using DIVA’s climate-based annual glare maps. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) Image source: solemma.net 97 Annual Glare Analysis View angle dependent: Result shows annual summary for several view directions per point.  ARCH 6242 - Building Physics Modeling Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 98 Dynamic Daylighting App https://andrewmarsh.com/apps/staging/daylight-room.html  electric lighting Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) Supplement daylight gradient Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 101 Luminaires Significant efficiency gains over the years “Efficacy” 14 lm/W 69–93.1 lm/W 100W = 1400lm 16W*90lm/W= 1440lm The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that in 2015, about 404 billion kilowatthours (kWh) of electricity were used for lighting by the residential sector and the commercial sector in the United States. This was about 15% of the total electricity consumed by both of these sectors and about 10% of total U.S. electricity consumption. Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) data source: www.epa.gov 102 Relative efficiency of various light sources Significant efficiency gains over the years 104 Light distribution 105 Directed, semi-directed, and diffuse lighting conditions Howdoes light interact with surfaces? Reflection There are three general types of reflection: specular, spread, and diffuse. How does light interact with surfaces? Diffusion When light strikes a perfectly smooth surface, the reflection is specular, when light strikes a rough surface, the light is reflected or transmitted in many different directions at once, which is called diffusion or scattering.  How does light interact with surfaces? Absorption Instead of completely transmitting light, an object can absorb part or all of the incident light, usually by converting it into heat. Many materials absorb some wavelengths while transmitting others, which is called selective absorption. What are the relevant photometric quantities? Luminous flux Luminous intensity Illuminance Luminance the quantity of light the quantity of light the quantity of specifies the brightness emitted by a light radiated in a particular luminous flux falling of a surface source direction on a surface measured in cd/m2 measured in lumens measured in candelas measured in lux (lx) (lm) (cd) https://zumtobel.us/learn/knowledge-of-light/ What are the relevant photometric quantities? Luminous flux Luminous intensity Illuminance Luminance the quantity of light the quantity of light the quantity of specifies the brightness emitted by a light radiated in a particular luminous flux falling of a surface source direction on a surface measured in cd/m2 measured in lumens measured in candelas measured in lux (lx) (lm) (cd) 1 foot = 0.3048 m 1 sqf = 0.093 m2 1 foot-candle = 10.764 lux How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? The Lumen method (Zonal Cavity Method) is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? Where: 𝑁𝑁 is the number of Luminaires needed 𝐸𝐸 is the Illuminance Level in Lux 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 is the Area in m2 𝑈𝑈𝐹𝐹 is the Utilization Factor (Proportion of light reaching working plane to the light output of lamps) 𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 is the Maintenance Factor (How well the luminaire is maintained) The Lumen method (Zonal Cavity Method) is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? Where: 𝑁𝑁 is the number of Luminaires needed 𝐸𝐸 is the Illuminance Level in Lux 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 is the Area in m2 𝑈𝑈𝐹𝐹 is the Utilization Factor (Proportion of light reaching working plane to the light output of lamps) 𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 is the Maintenance Factor (How well the luminaire is maintained) The Lumen method (Zonal Cavity Method) is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? Where: 𝑁𝑁 is the number of Luminaires needed 𝐸𝐸 is the Illuminance Level in Lux 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 is the Area in m2 𝑈𝑈𝐹𝐹 is the Utilization Factor (Proportion of light reaching working plane to the light output of lamps) 𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 is the Maintenance Factor (How well the luminaire is maintained) The Lumen method (Zonal Cavity Method) is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. For normal conditions, a factor of 0.8 may be used. For airconditioned rooms a factor of 0.9 may be used, while for an industrial atmosphere where cleaning is difficult, a factor as low as 0.5 may sometimes be used. How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? Where: 𝑁𝑁 is the number of Luminaires needed Sometimes given 𝐸𝐸 is the Illuminance Level in Lux 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎 is the Area in m2 𝑈𝑈𝐹𝐹 is the Utilization Factor (Proportion of light reaching working plane to the light output of lamps) 𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 is the Maintenance Factor (How well the luminaire is maintained) The Lumen method (Zonal Cavity Method) is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? Example: Youare tasked to design the lighting for a space of dimensions 9 x 8 x 3 m that requires an illuminance of 550 lx at the bench level. The specification calls for luminaires having one 1500 mm 65 W fluorescent natural tube with an initial output of 3700 lumens. Determine the number of luminaires required for this installation when the UFand MFare 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. 8m 9m How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? 8m 9m Therefore 15luminaires will be required to illuminate this workshop to a level of 550 lx. How to identify Room and Luminaire Factors? What if neither UF nor MF are given? How to identify Room and Luminaire Factors? Room Index Calculation Where: hk=2 m ℎ𝑘𝑘 is useful height h=2.85 m ℎ is the height of the room 𝑘𝑘 ℎ𝑑𝑑 is the height of the working area (typically 0.85 m) Room Index 𝑘𝑘 is the Room Index 𝑙𝑙 is the length of the room hd=0.85 m 𝑤𝑤 is the width of the room 𝑘𝑘 How to identify Room and Luminaire Factors? Reflection Factor Material Reflection Factor (%) Plywood, rough 25 – 40 Concrete, rough 20 – 30 Brick, red 10 – 15 Paint, white 75 – 85 Paint, medium grey 25 – 35 Paint, dark blue 15 – 20 Oak, light polished 25 – 35 Granite 20 – 25 Reflection factor is a ratio of luminous flux reflected by a body (with or without diffusion) to the flux it receives https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-material-reflecting-factor-d_1842.html How to identify Room and Luminaire Factors? Utilization Factor https://images.philips.com/is/content/PhilipsConsumer/PDFDownloads/Colombia/technical-sheets/ODLI20180227_001-UPD-es_CO-LEDBulb_36W_4000lm_6500K_A125.pdf How to identify Room and Luminaire Factors? After calculating the room index and identifying the reflection factors of the Ceiling, Walls, and Floor the Utilization factor is extracted from a manufacturer provided sheet. https://images.philips.com/is/content/PhilipsConsumer/PDFDownloads/Colombia/technical-sheets/ODLI20180227_001-UPD-es_CO-LEDBulb_36W_4000lm_6500K_A125.pdf How to identify Room and Luminaire Factors?.48 is the UFfor this room Example: Room Index (1.50) Reflection Factors (C:.50 W.30 F:.10) How to identify Room and Luminaire Factors? Maintenance Factor Room Classification Lamp Maintenance Maintenance Factor Total Maintenance Factor Factor for dirty lamp Very clean 0.09 0.85 0.9 Clean 0.9 0.9 0.8 Average 0.9 0.8 0.7 Dirty 0.9 0.7 0.6 MF=RSMFx LMFx LLMFx LSF Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF) decrease in luminous flux as per aging of the light source. Lamp Survival Factor (LSF) considers the lamp’s service life without immediate replacement. Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF) decrease in the output of the luminaires due to pollution. Room Surface Maintenance Factor (RSMF) soiling or dusting in the Room space. How to distribute Luminaires across a space? 8m 9m How would the luminaires be distributed across the space? How to determine the number of lighting fixtures in a space? Luminaire Distribution Distance from Adjacent Wall Distance between Luminaires Width How to distribute Luminaires across a space? Luminaire Distribution Distance between Luminaires Room Length 𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑗𝑗𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠 = No o f Luminaire in a single row 1 1 𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑗𝑗𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑡𝑡 𝑤𝑤𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟 × 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑡 2 3 Width 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛. 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 2 Usethe ½ factor when the dimensions of the room are such that Distance from Adjacent Wall the ratio of the length to the width is less than 1.6, otherwise use the ⅓ factor. Lighting design Example Foyer Space Image source: Handbook of Lighting Design Rüdiger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 130 Lighting design Example Foyer Space Image source: Handbook of Lighting Design Rüdiger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 131 Lighting design Team office Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 132 Lighting design Team office Image source: Handbook of Lighting Design Rüdiger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 133 Lighting design Team office Image source: Handbook of Lighting Design Rüdiger Ganslandt, Harald Hofmann Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 134 Electric lighting in simulation https://www.youtube.com/@solemma/videos  ARCH 6242 - Building Physics Modeling Patrick Kastner, Ph.D. ([email protected]); Content and copyright by: Timur Dogan, Ph.D. (Cornell AAP) 135