Building Anatomy Part 1 & 2 PDF

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 LAND PREPARATION FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING A BUILDING’S FORM,...

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 LAND PREPARATION FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING A BUILDING’S FORM, SCALE AND SPATIAL : FUNCTIONAL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIC REALITIES OF COST EXPRESSIVE QUALITIES OF IMAGE AND STYLE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING LOADS: Basic Building Load 1. Dead Loads - weight of the structure and non-structure components, including any fixed equipment. 2. Live Loads - weight of its occupants and any movable equipment and furnishings. Dynamic Loads- dynamic forces of wind, earthquake, snow, rain. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING ENVELOP: Consist of exterior walls, windows, door and roof which protect and shelter interior spaces from exterior environment. 1. MOISTURE CONTROL. THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF THE ENVELOPE’S CONTROL IS ITS ABILITY TO R E G U L AT E T H E T R A N S F E R O F M O I S T U R E. MOISTURE PRESENTS A DISTINCT DANGER TO THE OVERALL INTEGRITY OF A BUILDING AND MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. MOISTURE CAN AND WILL IMPACT YOUR BUILDING OV E R YO U R H E A D ( RO O F ) , U N D E R YO U R F E E T (BASEMENT/FLOOR), AND ON YOUR SIDES (WALLS). EACH COMPONENT MUST BE ADDRESSED TO PREVENT UNWANTED TRANSFER FROM CAUSING EXPENSIVE DAMAGE. IT’S ESSENTIAL IN ALL CLIMATES, BUT COLD CLIMATES AND HOT-HUMID CLIMATES ARE ESPECIALLY DEMANDING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING ENVELOP: 2. AIR CONTROL. CONTROLLING AIR FLOW IS KEY TO CONTROLLING ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ENSURING INDOOR AIR QUALITY, AVOIDING CONDENSATION, AND PROVIDING COMFORT. CO N T RO L O F A I R M OV E M E N T I N C LU D E S F LOW THROUGH THE ENCLOSURE OR THROUGH COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE ITSELF, AS WELL AS INTO AND OUT OF THE INTERIOR SPACE. SO, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE TALK OF A HOUSE’S DRAFTINESS, WE’RE TALKING ABOUT THE CONTROL OF AIR FLOW. 3. THERMAL CONTROL. THERMAL TRANSFER BRINGS TO MIND HOW COMFORTABLE WE FEEL INSIDE OUR OWN HOMES. IS IT TOO HOT? IS IT TOO COLD? HEAT RISES, AND IF YOU DON’T HAVE ENOUGH RESISTANCE IN THE BUILDING TO PREVENT HEAT FROM RISING RIGHT THROUGH THE ROOF, IT IS TIME TO RAISE YOUR BUILDING ENVELOPE IQ TO PREVENT HEAT (AND MONEY) FROM ESCAPING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS: ARCHITECTURAL ROOFING SYSTEM SUB-STRUCTOR SUPERSTRUCTURE FLOORING SYSTEM POST BEAM WALL FOUNDATION SYSTEM FOOTING MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 1. Wall Footing 2. Compacted Soil 3. GRAVEL BED/ON FILL 4. REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB 5. COLUMN FOOTING 6. WOOD COLUMN FOOTING 7. NATURAL GRADE LINE 8. ON FILL LEVEL 9. ROOM HEIGHT 10. WALL REINFORCEMENT 11. BASEBOARD/SKIRTING 12. LINE OF HINGE/SWING 13. DOOR JAMB 13b. HEADER 14. WROUGHT IRON STRAP 15. NEWEL POST MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 16. WOODEN POST/COLUMN 17. BALUSTER 18. HANDRAIL 19. STRINGER 20. TREAD/RUNNER 21. RISER 22.LANDING 23. NEWEL 24. TIES 25. MAIN VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT 26. REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN 27. STRINGER 28. TIMBER FLOOR BEAM 29. FLOOR JOIST 30. RECESSED LIGHTING 31. CEILING MATERIAL 32. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM 33. WINDOW SILL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 34. WOOD PLATE 35. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF BEAM 36.BASE BOARD 37.FLOORING MATERIAL 38. SLEEPER 39.NAILERS/VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STUDS 40.PANELING MATERIAL 41. HANGER 42. BOTTOM CHORD 43. CEILING JOIST 44. TIMBER SPLICING 45. NEWEL 46. HANDRAIL 47. HANDRAIL HEIGHT 48. DOWNSPOUT 49. FINISHED CEILING LINE 50. FINISHED 2ND FLOOR LINE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE 51. FASCIA BOARD 52. GUTTER 53. ROOM HEIGHT 54. RAFTER 55. FINISHED 2ND FLOOR CEILING 56.HEIGHT OF DROP 56a. GIRT/ROOM BEAM 57. HEIGHT OF TRUSS 58. BOTTOM CHORDS 59. DIAGONAL/WEB MEMBER 60. COLLAR PLATE 61. KING POST 62. VERTICAL WEB MEMBER/QUEEN POST 63. TOP CHORD 64. OVERHANG/ROOF CAVE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 OVERVIEW OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: FOUNDATION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. ISOLATED FOOTING IS THE SINGLE OR INDIVIDUAL FOOTING WHICH TRANSFERS LOAD TO THE UNDERGROUND SOIL. IT IS PROVIDED WHEN A SINGLE COLUMN IS TO INDIVIDUAL FOOTING OR BE PROVIDED. A FOUNDATION IS THE PART OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE WHICH MAKES A ISOLATED FOOTING DIRECT CONTACT OR RESTED INSIDE THE GROUND. A FOOTING IS A UNIT OF THE FOUNDATION THAT COULD BE DEEP OR SHALLOW. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. IT IS USED WHEN THE TWO COLUMNS ARE SO CLOSE TO EACH OTHER THAT THEIR INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS WOULD OVERLAP. A COMBINED FOOTING IS ALSO PROVIDED WHEN THE PROPERTY LINE IS SO CLOSE TO ONE COLUMN THAT A SPREAD FOOTING WOULD BE ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COMBINED FOOTING WHEN KEPT ENTIRELY WITHIN THE PROPERTY LINE. BY COMBINING IT WITH THAT OF AN INTERIOR COLUMN, THE LOAD IS EVENLY DISTRIBUTED. A COMBINED FOOTING MAY BE RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL IN PLAN. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. A STRIP FOOTING IS PROVIDED FOR A LOAD-BEARING WALL. A STRIP FOOTING IS ALSO PROVIDED FOR A ROW OF COLUMNS WHICH ARE SO CLOSELY SPACED THAT THEIR SPREAD FOOTINGS OVERLAP OR NEARLY TOUCH EACH OTHER. IN SUCH A CASE, IT IS MORE ECONOMICAL TO PROVIDE A STRIP STRIP FOUNDATION FOOTING THAN TO PROVIDE A NUMBER OF SPREAD FOOTINGS IN ONE LINE. A STRIP FOOTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS CONTINUOUS FOOTING. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. A MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION IS A LARGE SLAB SUPPORTING A NUMBER OF COLUMNS AND WALLS UNDER THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE OR A LARGE PART OF THE STRUCTURE. A MAT IS REQUIRED WHEN THE ALLOWABLE SOIL PRESSURE IS LOW OR WHERE THE RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION COLUMNS AND WALLS ARE SO CLOSE THAT INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS WOULD OVERLAP OR NEARLY TOUCH EACH OTHER. MAT FOUNDATIONS ARE USEFUL IN REDUCING THE DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS ON NON-HOMOGENEOUS SOILS OR WHERE THERE IS A LARGE VARIATION IN THE LOADS ON INDIVIDUAL COLUMNS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 1. SHALLOW A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. WHEN A DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO STRAP FOOTING OR CATILEVRED COLUMNS SUPPORTED ON COMBINED FOOTING BECOMES LARGE, THE COST INCREASES RAPIDLY. THE STRAP FOOTING IS AN ECONOMICAL OPTION IN SUCH CASES. XS ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 2. DEEP A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. PILES ARE USED AS DEEP FOUNDATION WHERE THE SOIL IS VERY WEAK AND HAS HIGHER GROUNDWATER TABLE. PILE FOUNDATION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING FOUNDATION TYPE: 2. DEEP A SHALLOW FOUNDATION IS THAT FOUNDATION WHICH IS PLACED ON A FIRM SOIL NEAR THE GROUND, AND BENEATH THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE, GENERALLY 1 M TO 5-6 M. A DRILLED SHAFT, ALSO KNOWN AS DRILLED PIER, DRILLED CAISSON, CAISSON, BORED PILE, ETC., IS A VERSATILE FOUNDATION SYSTEM THAT IS USED EXTENSIVELY ON A WORLDWIDE BASIS.... THIS SIZE VERSATILITY ALLOWS A SINGLE DRILLED SHAFT TO BE DRILLED SHAFTS OR CAISSONS USED IN PLACE OF A DRIVEN PILE GROUP AND ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR A PILE CAP. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: A RIGID RELATIVELY SLENDER STRUCTURAL MEMBER DESIGNED PRIMARILY TO SUPPORT AXIAL, COMPRESSIVE LOADS APPLIED AT THE MEMBER ENDS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 1. TIED COLUMN - THIS TYPE OF COLUMN IS C O M M O N LY C O N S T R U C T I O N F R O M REINFORCED CONCRETE. LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT ARE CONFINED WITHIN CLOSELY SPACED TIE REINFORCEMENT. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 95% OF ALL COLUMNS IN BUILDINGS ARE TIED. MATERIALS: CONCRETE + ROUND BARS+ WIRES MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 2. SPIRAL COLUMN - SPIRAL COLUMN IS ALSO CONSTRUCTION FROM REINFORCED CONCRETE. IN THIS TYPE OF COLUMN, LO N G I T U D I N A L BA R S A R E CO N F I N E D WITHIN CLOSELY SPACED AND C O N T I N U O U S LY WO U N D S P I R A L REINFORCEMENT. MATERIALS: CONCRETE + ROUND BARS+ WIRES MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 3. C O M P O S I T E C O L U M N - WHEN THE LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT IS IN THE FORM OF STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION OR PIPE WITH OR WITHOUT LONGITUDINAL BARS, IT IS CALLED AS A COMPOSITE COLUMN. THIS TYPE OF COLUMN HAVE HIGH STRENGTH WITH FAIRLY SMALL CROSS SECTION, IN ADDITION TO EXHIBIT GOOD FIRE PERFORMANCE. MATERIALS: CONCRETE + ROUND BARS+ WIRES + STEEL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 4. TIMBER COLUMN - IS A COST EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIAL WHICH HAS MANY GREAT CHARACTERISTICS FOR OUTDOOR STRUCTURES AND PRODUCTS. IT IS OFTEN CHOSEN DUE TO ITS GOOD L ASTING PERFORMANCE AND NATURAL APPEARANCE, DEPENDING ON TIMBER TYPE/GRADE. Advantage: It is readily available It is safe It is easy to work It is versatile and visually appealing It is naturally anti-corrosive. DISADVANTAGE: -AS TIMBER IS NATURAL AND CELLULAR IT MOVES WITH CHANGES IN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. TIMBER SHRINKS, SWELLS, TWISTS, CRACKS AND BENDS OVER TIME AND DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. -MOST TIMBERS ARE PRONE TO PEST, ROT, MOLD AND FUNGI ATTACKS, SOME ARE FAR BETTER THAN OTHERS BUT THEY BOTH REQUIRE A MINIMUM OF LOSP OR ACQ TREATMENTS FOR OUTDOOR STRUCTURES. TIMBERS TEND TO SILVER OR LOOK OLD IF LEFT NATURAL AND UNPAINTED. TIMBER MAINTENANCE CAN SEEM TO BE HIGHER THAN OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 5. VIBRO STONE COLUMN. VIBRO STONE COLUMNS OR AGGREGATE PIERS ARE AN ARRAY OF CRUSHED STONE PILLARS PLACED WITH A VIBRATING TOOL INTO THE SOIL BELOW A PROPOSED STRUCTURE. THIS METHOD OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT IS ALSO CALLED VIBRO REPLACEMENT. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 6. S T O N E P I L L A R S / C O L U M N - A COLUMN OR PILLAR IN ARCHITECTURE AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT THAT TRANSMITS, THROUGH COMPRESSION. MADE OF NATURAL STONE, MARBLE OR GRANITE, THAT ARE SCULPTURED TO CREATE ITS FORM. ONE PIECE OR SEVERAL CHUNK PIECES THAT ARE ATTACHED TOGETHER. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 7. BRICKS COLUMN + MORTART- CAN BE BASED WITH CEMENT AND STEEL ROD MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 8. STEEL COLUMN MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 8. WROUGHT IRON MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 9. HYBRID GFRC COLUMNS FIRST DEVELOPED BY THE RUSSIANS IN THE 1940S, GLASS F I B E R R E I N F O RC E D CO N C R E T E ( G F RC ) E M P LOYS LIGHTWEIGHT FIBERS TO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE QUALITIES OF PRECAST CONCRETE, A PROCESS NOW COMMON FOR ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS, STATUARY AND EXTERIOR BUILDING FAÇADE COMPONENTS, SUCH AS WALL PANELS THAT SIMULATE LIMESTONE. IN MANUFACTURE, LONG OR SHORT HIGH-STRENGTH GL ASS FIBERS ARE EMBEDDED IN A CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX TO ADD TENSILE STRENGTH AND LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY. ACCORDING TO FULLER, THE MIX FOR MAKING COLUMNS “HAS A LITTLE P O LY M E R I N I T, A N D F I B E RG L A S S , A N D CO N C R E T E AGGREGATE. THEN IT IS SPRAYED UP INTO A MOLD TO GIVE YOU THE LOOK AND FEEL OF STONE – AND IF YOU WANT, THE COLOR TOO, BUT IT CAN ALSO BE DONE IN PAINT GRADE.” MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 9. HYBRID FRP COLUMNS AFTER WORLD WAR II, FIBERGLASS FOUND MANY NEW USES, ESPECIALLY WHEN EMBEDDED IN POLYESTER OR EPOXY RESIN. THESE ARE GENERALLY CATEGORIZED UNDER THE HEADING FRP (FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER), BECAUSE IT IS STRONG AND WATERPROOF, FRP HELPED PROPEL THE POSTWAR POPULARITY OF LEISURE PRODUCTS FORMERLY MADE OF WOOD, SUCH AS BOATS AND SKIS, AND BY THE 1990S IT HAD FOUND A NATURAL APPLICATION FOR MANUFACTURING COLUMNS. TODAY FRP COLUMNS ARE MADE WITH TWO BASIC PROCESSES. COLUMNS THAT ARE FILAMENT-WOUND EMPLOY A TECHNIQUE WIDELY USED TO MANUFACTURE CYLINDRICAL PRODUCTS WHERE, AS GLASS FIBERS ARE COATED WITH RESIN, THEY ARE WOUND AROUND ROTATING MOLD OR MANDREL, OFTEN WITH A CAREFULLY CONTROLLED ORIENTATION. “YOU ARE CREATING A RELATIVELY THIN SHELL,” SAYS FULLER, “ABOUT 3/16-IN. THICK IN A 24-IN. DIAMETER, BUT IT MAKES AN EXTRAORDINARILY STRONG COLUMN.” MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING POST/COLUMN: TYPES OF COLUMN 9. HYBRID COMPOSITE FIBERGLASS COLUMNS THE LATEST ADVANCE IN THE FRP COLUMN, WHICH FIRST APPEARED IN THE MARKET IN THE 1980S, IS WHAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE COMPOSITE C O L U M N. I N G R E D I E N T S A N D N A M E S VA RY W I T H E AC H MANUFACTURER BUT, ACCORDING TO FULLER, “WE ESSENTIALLY COMBINE LIMES TONE MARBLE DUS T, POLYES TER RESIN AND FIBERGLASS, AND THEN ROTOCAST THAT INTO A COLUMN.” IN ROTOCASTING, THE MOLD IS SPUN SO THAT CENTRIFUGAL FORCE DRIVES THE CASTING MIXTURE INTO THE OUTER CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE MOLD – THE DETAILED FINISHED SURFACE OF THE FUTURE COLUMN – UNTIL THE MIXTURE HARDENS. INCLUDING STONE DUST CONSERVES EXPENSIVE RESIN WHILE ADDING MECHANICAL ADVANTAGES AND I M P ROV I N G A P P E A R A N C E. “ T H E F I N I S H E D P RO D U C T H A S A COMPOSITION SIMILAR TO A BATHROOM COUNTERTOP, BUT SINCE IT CONTAINS LESS RESIN THAN A BATHROOM COUNTERTOP, IT IS HARDER, VERY IMPACT RESISTANT AND WILL CARRY A LOT OF WEIGHT,” SAYS FULLER. COMPOSITE COLUMNS ARE RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE TO MANUFACTURE, HAVE SHOWN GOOD DURABILITY, AND THEREFORE HAVE BECOME VERY POPULAR OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS. “WHEN YOU TAP ON ONE,” SAYS FULLER, “IT EVEN FEELS LIKE STONE.” MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: BEAMS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM: A RIGID STRUCTURAL MEMBER DESIGNED TO CARRY AND TRANSFER TRAVERSE LOADS ACROSS SPACE TO SUPPORTING ELEMENTS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 1. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM - IT IS ONE OF THE SIMPLEST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS THAT BOTH ENDS REST ON SUPPORTS BUT IS FREE TO ROTATE. IT CONTAINS PINNED SUPPORT AT ONE END AND A ROLLER SUPPORT AT THE OTHER END. BASED ON THE ASSIGNED LOAD, IT SUSTAINS SHEARING AND BENDING. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 2. FIXED BEAM- IT IS SUPPORTED AT BOTH ENDS AND FIXED TO RESIST ROTATION. IT IS ALSO CALLED A BUILT-IN BEAM. THE FIXED ENDS PRODUCE MOMENTS OTHER THAN THE REACTIONS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 3. CANTILEVER BEAM- IF A BEAM IS FIXED AT ONE END AND SET TO BE FREE AT THE OTHER END, IT IS TERMED AS A CANTILEVER BEAM. THE BEAM DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD BACK TO THE SUPPORT WHERE IT IS FORCED AGAINST A MOMENT AND SHEAR STRESS. CANTILEVER BEAMS ALLOW THE CREATION OF A BAY WINDOW, BALCONIES, AND SOME BRIDGES. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 4. CONTINUOUS BEAM A CONTINUOUS BEAM HAS MORE THAN TWO SUPPORTS DISTRIBUTED ALONG ITS ENTIRE LENGTH. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 5. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS IT IS CONSTRUCTED FROM CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT AS SHOWN IN FIG. 5. SOMETIMES REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM IS CONCEALED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS AND IT IS CALLED HIDDEN BEAM OR CONCEALED BEAM https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 6. STEEL BEAMS IT IS CONSTRUCTED FROM STEELS AND USED IN SEVERAL APPLICATIONS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 7. TIMBER BEAMS THE TIMBER BEAM IS CONSTRUCTED FROM TIMBER AND USED IN THE PAST. HOWEVER, THE APPLICATION OF SUCH A BEAM IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECLINED NOW. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 8. COMPOSITE BEAMS COMPOSITE BEAMS ARE CONSTRUCTED FROM TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS, SUCH AS STEEL AND CONCRETE. FIG. 8 SHOWS DIFFERENT VALID CROSS-SECTIONS FOR THE COMPOSITE BEAM. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 9. CURVED BEAM BEAM WITH CURVED PROFILE, SUCH AS IN THE CASE OF CIRCULAR BUILDINGS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 10. TAPERED BEAM BEAM WITH TAPERED CROSS SECTION. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 11. PRECAST CONCRETE BEAM THIS TYPE OF BEAM IS MANUFACTURED IN FACTORIES. SO, THE CONSTRUCTION CONDITION IS MORE CONTROLLABLE COMPARE WITH ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION. CONSEQUENTLY, THE QUALITY OF THE CONCRETE OF THE BEAM WOULD BE GREATER. VARIOUS CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES CAN BE MANUFACTURES SUCH AS T- BEAM, DOUBLE T-BEAM, INVERTED T-BEAM, AND MANY MORE. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 12. DEEP BEAM A DEEP BEAM HAS CONSIDERABLE DEPTH, AS SHOWN IN FIG. 21, AND ITS CLEAR SPAN TO DEPTH RATIO IS LESS THAN FOUR, AS PER ACI CODE. A SUBSTANTIAL LOAD IS CARRIED TO THE SUPPORTS BY A COMPRESSION FORCE COMBINING THE LOAD AND THE REACTION. CONSEQUENTLY, THE STRAIN DISTRIBUTION IS NO LONGER CONSIDERED LINEAR, AS IN THE CASE OF CONVENTIONAL BEAMS. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: 13. GIRDER BEAMS THAT TAKE HEAVY LOADS, GENERALLY STEEL SECTIONS ARE USED. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/ MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES: PART 3: ABOUT THE BUILDING ID1223:104089 BUILDING BEAM TYPES: LINTEL - IS A BEAM PLACED ACROSS THE OPENINGS LIKE DOORS, WINDOWS ETC. IN BUILDINGS TO SUPPORT THE LOAD FROM THE STRUCTURE ABOVE. THE WIDTH OF LINTEL BEAM IS EQUAL TO THE WIDTH OF WALL, AND THE ENDS OF IT IS BUILT INTO THE WALL.... HORIZONTAL LINTELS ARE EASY TO CONSTRUCT AS COMPARED TO ARCHES. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-beams-construction/24684/