Module 2A: States of Matter - PDF

module 2a: states of matter THE SOLID PHASE BY: CYRUSCHAD TUTOR, RPH, MBA  SOLID STATE The solids are characterized as having a fixed shape and being nearly incompressible compared to gases and liquids. They have strong intermolecular forces and therefore...

module 2a: states of matter THE SOLID PHASE BY: CYRUSCHAD TUTOR, RPH, MBA  SOLID STATE The solids are characterized as having a fixed shape and being nearly incompressible compared to gases and liquids. They have strong intermolecular forces and therefore very little kinetic energy. In solids the atoms vibrate in fixed positions about an equilibrium position, and so there is little translational motion. Solids are characterized by shape, particle size, and melting point. CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Formed by precipitation of the compound out of its solution and into an ordered array. Precipitates are affected by the solvent/s used, temperature, and pressure, and the salt complexes that may be formed. Crytalline solids: Cubic (NaCl), Tetragonal(Urea), Orthombic (Ritonavir form II), Rhombohedral (iodine), Hexagonal (iodoform), Monoclinic (sucrose), Triclinic (Boric acid) CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  AMORPHOUS Solid material is referred to as amorphous, when there is no long-range order over many molecular units to produce a lattice or crystalline structure. These solids are referred to as glasses or possibly as supercooled liquids because of the random order of arrangement and the distortion of the shape under pressure CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  AMORPHOUS also known as supercooled liquids in which the molecules are arranged in a random manner just like the liquids and they are formed by the sudden cooling of liquids. Amorphous solids tend to flow when subjected to sufficient pressure. CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  AMORPHOUS CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  Polymorphism Crystal polymorphs are defined as substances that are chemically identical but exist in more than one crystal form. Polymorphism is of particular importance in the pharmaceutical industry, as many APIs receive regulatory approval only for a single crystal form or polymorph. Furthermore, polymorphism in drugs can affect such physicochemical properties as dissolution rate, solubility, bioavailability and manufacturability. The detection of polymorphs in the drug discovery and manufacturing process is thus very important for quality control and assurance. CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  Polymorphism ability of a compound to exist in more than one crystal form with different unit cell parameters. Even though polymorphs are chemically identical, they have different physical properties such as melting points, stability, and solubility. One special case of polymorphism is allotropism- term used only for elements existing in different forms. CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024 CTUTORPHYSPHAR2024  THANK YOU next topic: module 2b CTUTORPHYSPHAR2023