Module 20 - Remediation PDF Guidelines for Educating EMS Instructors 2002

NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATING EMS INSTRUCTORS AUGUST 2002 MODULE 20: REMEDIATION Cognitive goals At the completion of this module the student-instructor should be able to: 20.1 Use his or her own words to define and describe remediation 20.2 Describe the steps of the remediation process 20.3 De...

NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATING EMS INSTRUCTORS AUGUST 2002 MODULE 20: REMEDIATION Cognitive goals At the completion of this module the student-instructor should be able to: 20.1 Use his or her own words to define and describe remediation 20.2 Describe the steps of the remediation process 20.3 Describe the critical components to include when performing an assessment of a problem requiring remediation 20.4 List skills critical to student learning success Psychomotor goals At the completion of this module the student-instructor should be able to: 20.1 Role play a front end assessment to identify and explore the causes of a problem requiring remediation Affective goals At the completion of this module the student-instructor should be able to: 20.1 Value the need to assist student in becoming independent self-directed learners Declarative I. Why this module is important A. Remediation is needed when students do not perform as expected in any of the three domains of learning B. Students need learning strategies and skills for success in educational situations 1. Instructors can assist students in developing these skills C. Instructors need a systematic plan to determine what the problem is that is associated with the need for remediation II. What is remediation? A. A deliberate educational activity designed to correct deficits identified during formal and informal evaluations B. What causes the need for remediation? 1. Failure of a student to perform as expected on cognitive, affective or psychomotor content C. Remediation process follows a systematic plan 1. Identify the problem a. Evaluate possible causes for the problem b. Identify where the deficits came from: student or educational program 2. Retrain the student 3. Re-evaluate the student III. Critical skills for student success Module 20: Remediation Page 153 NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATING EMS INSTRUCTORS AUGUST 2002 A. Students need cognitive, metacognitive and motivational skills to adequately problem solve B. Strategies that lead to successful learning 1. Interest and motivation 2. Self-efficacy and self-management 3. Adequate knowledge base 4. Cognitive monitoring 5. Attribution C. Interest and motivation 1. Intrinsic motivation from within 2. Extrinsic motivation from without 3. Instructor should monitor for intrinsic and extrinsic motivators a. Help students identify intrinsic motivators and recognize their value b. Provide extrinsic motivators to student D. Self-efficacy and self management 1. Encourage students towards independent learning by providing collaborative and self-directed learning opportunities in the classroom 2. Contextual control a. Provide students with control of their learning whenever possible E. Adequate knowledge base 1. Students should work through each level of sophistication with each domain of learning to move towards metacognitive strategies a. Instructor role: i. Provide learning opportunities to best facilitate this ii. Encourage independent and self-directed learning 2. Metacognition: active monitoring, self-regulation and reflection of personal mental activities a. Metacognition helps learner: i. Analyze their own comprehension and needs ii. Use instructional components according to analyzed needs iii. Find hints for correct solutions to problems iv. Actively problem solve v. Transfer concepts to other contexts to further learning F. Cognitive monitoring 1. Students need to be active readers, writers, planners and listeners a. Instructors can facilitate the development of any skills that are lacking or inadequate 2. Provide study strategies a. Plan and organize study time b. Steps to start and complete complex assignments c. Previewing resources and identifying important topics d. Comprehension of material e. Use of mnemonics and other memory strategies f. Highlighting and note taking g. Active listening during lectures and discussions h. Preparing for exams Module 20: Remediation Page 154 NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATING EMS INSTRUCTORS AUGUST 2002 3. Utilize a strategic process to facilitate learning a. Strategic process goals i. Regulate strategies used to develop self a.) Understand personal learning style and preferences b.) Observe strategies that enhance success ii. Keep performance records a.) For reflection and review of progress iii. Evaluate progress a.) Reflect upon successes b.) Redirect as needed G. Attribution 1. What does student attribute as the cause for failure? a. Attribution plays a very important role in whether or not the student accepts responsibility for learning i. Does the student think or feel they are a victim of circumstances? ii. Does the student blame the instructor or program for their failure? 2. What does instructor attribute as the cause for failure? a. Insufficient instruction i. Correct with better designed strategies that target student learning styles and facilitate self-directed learning b. Low expenditure of effort by student i. Determine if student is willing to spend additional energy to learn ii. Provide extrinsic motivation c. Poor strategy for learning i. Provide help with developing learning skills d. Student's lack of ability i. Consider this possibility after you have considered all other possible causes ii. Prerequisites and developmental opportunities may help diminish the frequency of this as a cause of failure iii. Development of inadequate or absent learning strategies may mitigate this as a cause IV. The steps of remediation A. Identify the problem 1. Front end assessment is crucial a. If you jump to a solution before fully understanding the problem you may not have the correct solution 2. Ask the right questions a. Was the problem with student's performance due to a problem with their education or training? b. Did the student perform correctly previously? i. No: it may be a knowledge deficit ii. Yes: it may be a motivation deficit c. Can you describe the problem? Module 20: Remediation Page 155 NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATING EMS INSTRUCTORS AUGUST 2002 3. Understand the interrelationship between education, performance, environment and needs a. Complex relationship that may not be initially obvious b. Take time to explore all areas thoroughly B. Identify where the deficits came from: educational program or student 1. Look for attributions a. Insufficient instruction b. Low expenditure of effort by student c. Poor strategy for learning d. Student's lack of ability C. Retrain student 1. Use the information gathered from the assessment of the problem to design a strategy for improvement a. Social contracts are critical to successful remediation i. Student agrees to work towards change ii. Instructor agrees to help facilitate change process for student 2. Help improve student learning strategies a. Monitor student's progress in applying these new skills 3. Provide correct instruction and adequate time for practice a. Involve other members of the educational team D. Re-evaluate student 1. Repeat remediation process until successful outcome is achieved or logical stop point is reached a. Program guidelines, rules and regulations should address consequences for failure to perform at expected level following remediation b. Students should have written documentation that is provided on first class session outlining expectations for success Bibliographical References Cicchetti, George. (1990). Cognitive Modeling And Reciprocal Teaching Of Reading And Study Strategies. Watertown: Cicchetti Associates. Collinson, Vivienne. (1996). Reaching Students Teacher's Ways of Knowing. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, Inc. Mayer, R. E. (1998). Cognitive, metacognitive and motivational aspects of problem solving. Instructional Science, v. 26, number 1-2, 49-63. Robinson, D. G., & Robinson, J. C. (1996). Performance consulting Moving beyond training. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Module 20: Remediation Page 156