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Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition Foundational eLearning Module START COURSE CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES.  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition Disclaimer Information shared in ANY eLearning module is for your background knowledge only and is not to be shared, discussed, or referenced with anyone outside of Wyeth Infant Nutrition. Any engagement with contacts must take place in accordance with Wyeth Infant Nutrition policies and guidelines. PREVIOUS 2 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition Important Notice The World Health Organization (WHO*) has recommended that pregnant women and new mothers be informed on the benefits and superiority of breast-feeding – in particular, the fact that it provides the best nutrition and protection from illness for babies. Mothers should be given guidance on the preparation for, and maintenance of, lactation, with special emphasis on the importance of a well-balanced diet both during pregnancy and after delivery. Unnecessary introduction of partial formula-feeding or other foods and drinks should be discouraged since it will have a negative effect on breast-feeding. Similarly, mothers should be warned of the difficulty of reversing a decision not to breast-feed. Before advising a mother to use an infant formula, she should be advised of the social and financial implications of her decision: for example, if a baby is exclusively bottle-fed, more than 400g per week will be needed, so the family circumstances and costs should be kept in mind. Mothers should be reminded that breast-milk is not only the best, but also the most economical food for babies. If a decision to use an infant formula is taken, it is important to give instructions on correct preparation methods, emphasizing that unboiled water, unsterilized bottles, or incorrect dilution can all lead to illness. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding for as long as possible. As babies’ growth and development needs vary, health professionals should advise the mother when her baby should start receiving complementary food. *See: International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes, adopted by the World Health Assembly in Resolution WHA 34.22, May 1981. I ACCEPT PREVIOUS 3 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition Welcome to the Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition module. The goal of this module is for learners to establish foundational knowledge of the components, function, and development of the key systems impacted by infant and child nutrition. This module is divided into 4 chapters: 1. Central Nervous System 2. Visual System 3. Immune System 4. Digestive System Several Progress Checks are included throughout the module to ensure key concepts are learned. This module should take you approximately 45 minutes to complete. PREVIOUS 4 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition Learning Objectives After completing this module, you will be able to: Describe the key components of the central nervous system, visual system, immune system, and digestive system Understand the anatomy and physiology of each system Discuss how each system develops in infants and children PREVIOUS 5 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System PREVIOUS 6 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Overview of the central nervous system (CNS) Brain The CNS consists of two major organs, the brain and spinal cord. Spinal cord The brain is the control center of the nervous system, responsible for most bodily functions, including behavior, emotions, thoughts, and memory.1 The spinal cord receives and processes sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles, and controls movement of the limbs and trunk.2 Throughout the entire nervous system, information signals are collected Nerves and sent via neurons, the foundational building block of the entire nervous system.2 Most neurons communicate through neurotransmitters, a chemical messenger that carries signals between neurons and other cells in the body.3 PREVIOUS 7 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the brain There are three major parts of the brain, each of which serves CLICK EACH OF THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM TO different functions: REVIEW ITS FUNCTION. The cerebrum, divided into four lobes, is responsible for Frontal Parietal conscious processes, such as memory and emotions, as well as voluntary actions1 Temporal Occipital The cerebellum is responsible for reflexive movements and regulating coordination and balance1 Cerebrum The brain stem is responsible for basic survival functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure1 Cerebellum Brain stem PREVIOUS 8 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the brain There are three major parts of the brain, each of which serves CLICK EACH OF THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM TO different functions: REVIEW ITS FUNCTION. The cerebrum, divided into four lobes, is responsible for Frontal Parietal conscious processes, such as memory and emotions, as well as voluntary actions1 Temporal Occipital The cerebellum is responsible for reflexive movements and regulating coordination and balance1 Cerebrum The brain stem is responsible for basic survival functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure1 Cerebellum The frontal lobe controls thinking, planning, and verbal communication.4 Brain stem PREVIOUS 9 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the brain There are three major parts of the brain, each of which serves CLICK EACH OF THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM TO different functions: REVIEW ITS FUNCTION. The cerebrum, divided into four lobes, is responsible for Frontal Parietal conscious processes, such as memory and emotions, as well as voluntary actions1 Temporal Occipital The cerebellum is responsible for reflexive movements and regulating coordination and balance1 Cerebrum The brain stem is responsible for basic survival functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure1 Cerebellum The parietal lobe understands speech and formulates words.4 Brain stem PREVIOUS 10 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the brain There are three major parts of the brain, each of which serves CLICK EACH OF THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM TO different functions: REVIEW ITS FUNCTION. The cerebrum, divided into four lobes, is responsible for Frontal Parietal conscious processes, such as memory and emotions, as well as voluntary actions1 Temporal Occipital The cerebellum is responsible for reflexive movements and regulating coordination and balance1 Cerebrum The brain stem is responsible for basic survival functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure1 Cerebellum The temporal lobe processes hearing and sound.4 Brain stem PREVIOUS 11 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the brain There are three major parts of the brain, each of which serves CLICK EACH OF THE FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM TO different functions: REVIEW ITS FUNCTION. The cerebrum, divided into four lobes, is responsible for Frontal Parietal conscious processes, such as memory and emotions, as well as voluntary actions1 Temporal Occipital The cerebellum is responsible for reflexive movements and regulating coordination and balance1 Cerebrum The brain stem is responsible for basic survival functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure1 Cerebellum The occipital lobe is the brain’s vision center.4 Brain stem PREVIOUS 12 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord The spinal cord connects to the brain through the skull and is enclosed by the bones of the vertebral column. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord, each serving a specific region on the right or left side of the body.1 The spinal cord plays a key role in the following areas5: Sensory processing of functions that allow the body to recognize pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception Motor control, including producing reflexes caused by external stimuli or generating patterned responses that involve movement of several joints, such as stepping Autonomic function, as cells that regulate these functions, such as bladder control, are positioned within the spinal cord PREVIOUS 13 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of neurons Neurons, or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks CLICK EACH OF THE NEURON STRUCTURES TO REVIEW ITS of the CNS. They are a specialized cell that transmits FUNCTION. information signals to other nerve, muscle, or gland cells. Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon The three types of neurons are: Sensory neurons carry information from the body’s Myelin sheath Synapse periphery into the nervous system for perception and motor coordination2 Motor neurons carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscle and glands2 Interneurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons process incoming sensory information then elicit a motor response by activating motor neurons1 PREVIOUS 14 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of neurons Neurons, or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks CLICK EACH OF THE NEURON STRUCTURES TO REVIEW ITS of the CNS. They are a specialized cell that transmits FUNCTION. information signals to other nerve, muscle, or gland cells. Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon The three types of neurons are: Sensory neurons carry information from the body’s Myelin sheath Synapse periphery into the nervous system for perception and motor coordination2 Motor neurons carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscle and glands2 Interneurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons process incoming sensory information then elicit a motor response by activating motor neurons1 The soma, or cell body, is the enlarged portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus. It is the nutritional center of the neuron where macromolecules are produced.4 PREVIOUS 15 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of neurons Neurons, or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks CLICK EACH OF THE NEURON STRUCTURES TO REVIEW ITS of the CNS. They are a specialized cell that transmits FUNCTION. information signals to other nerve, muscle, or gland cells. Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon The three types of neurons are: Sensory neurons carry information from the body’s Myelin sheath Synapse periphery into the nervous system for perception and motor coordination2 Motor neurons carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscle and glands2 Interneurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons process incoming sensory information then elicit a motor response by activating motor neurons1 Dendrites are branched extensions that receive information.4 PREVIOUS 16 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of neurons Neurons, or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks CLICK EACH OF THE NEURON STRUCTURES TO REVIEW ITS of the CNS. They are a specialized cell that transmits FUNCTION. information signals to other nerve, muscle, or gland cells. Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon The three types of neurons are: Sensory neurons carry information from the body’s Myelin sheath Synapse periphery into the nervous system for perception and motor coordination2 Motor neurons carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscle and glands2 Interneurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons process incoming sensory information then elicit a motor response by activating motor neurons1 The axon is a long extension that transmits information away from the cell body to other neurons.4 PREVIOUS 17 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of neurons Neurons, or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks CLICK EACH OF THE NEURON STRUCTURES TO REVIEW ITS of the CNS. They are a specialized cell that transmits FUNCTION. information signals to other nerve, muscle, or gland cells. Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon The three types of neurons are: Sensory neurons carry information from the body’s Myelin sheath Synapse periphery into the nervous system for perception and motor coordination2 Motor neurons carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscle and glands2 Interneurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons process incoming sensory information then elicit a motor response by activating motor neurons1 The myelin sheath is the multilayered lipid and protein covering which forms around axons of many PNS and CNS neurons.1 PREVIOUS 18 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of neurons Neurons, or nerve cells, are the basic building blocks CLICK EACH OF THE NEURON STRUCTURES TO REVIEW ITS of the CNS. They are a specialized cell that transmits FUNCTION. information signals to other nerve, muscle, or gland cells. Cell body (soma) Dendrites Axon The three types of neurons are: Sensory neurons carry information from the body’s Myelin sheath Synapse periphery into the nervous system for perception and motor coordination2 Motor neurons carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscle and glands2 Interneurons are mainly located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons process incoming sensory information then elicit a motor response by activating motor neurons1 The synapse is the gap between two neurons where information is transmitted.1 PREVIOUS 19 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Brain development in infants and children The brain develops rapidly during the first 1,000 days. The key developmental CLICK EACH BOX TO SEE HOW THESE FACTORS milestones include6,7: AFFECT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. At birth, receptive language, speech, and memory centers of the brain develop At 6 months, the primary visual cortex reaches its peak development Adequate At 12 months, there is an increase in anatomical and functional coordination between sensory, motor, and association circuits nutrition At 24 months, the brain has grown to about 80% of its adult size During the third trimester of pregnancy and the first year of life, important neurodevelopmental events include the onset of myelination.8,9 Myelination is the formation of a fatty coating around nerve fibers that helps the nervous system function by directing impulses.6 Environmental experiences PREVIOUS 20 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Brain development in infants and children The brain develops rapidly during the first 1,000 days. The key developmental CLICK EACH BOX TO SEE HOW THESE FACTORS milestones include6,7: AFFECT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. At birth, receptive language, speech, and memory centers of the brain develop At 6 months, the primary visual cortex reaches its peak development Children who receive adequate nutrition have a At 12 months, there is an increase in anatomical and functional greater opportunity for optimal brain coordination between sensory, motor, and association circuits development6 At 24 months, the brain has grown to about 80% of its adult size During the third trimester of pregnancy and the first year of life, important neurodevelopmental events include the onset of myelination.8,9 Myelination is the formation of a fatty coating around nerve fibers that helps the nervous system function by directing Early environmental experiences play impulses.6 a critical role in brain development and help shape both functional and anatomical brain growth that occurs after birth10 PREVIOUS 21 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Throughout the entire nervous system, information signals are collected and sent via ____________, the foundational building block of the entire nervous system. o A. Blood Answer: B o B. Neurons Information signals are collected and sent o C. Glucose via neurons, the foundational building block of the entire nervous system. Most neurons communicate through neurotransmitters, a o D. Enzymes chemical messenger that carries signals between neurons and other cells in the body. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 22 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check DRAG AND DROP THE CORRECT LOBE WITH THE APPROPRIATE DESCRIPTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Match the correct lobe of the cerebrum with its correct function. Frontal lobe A. The brain’s vision center Parietal lobe B. Understands speech and formulates words C. Controls thinking, planning, and Temporal lobe verbal communication Occipital lobe D. Processes hearing and sound SUBMIT PREVIOUS 23 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check DRAG AND DROP THE CORRECT LOBE WITH THE APPROPRIATE DESCRIPTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Match the correct lobe of the cerebrum with its correct function. A. The brain’s vision center Answers Frontal lobe: Answer is C B. Understands speech and formulates words Parietal lobe: Answer is B C. Controls thinking, planning, and Temporal lobe: Answer is D verbal communication Occipital lobe: Answer is A D. Processes hearing and sound SUBMIT PREVIOUS 24 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Both adequate nutrition and early environmental experiences play important roles in brain development. True or false? o A. True Answer: True o B. False Children who receive adequate nutrition have a greater opportunity for optimal brain development. Early environmental experiences play a critical role in brain development and help shape both functional and anatomical brain growth that occurs after birth. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 25 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 2 Visual System PREVIOUS 26 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Overview of the visual system The visual system enables the body to see the physical environment.1 The main sensory organ of the visual system is the eye, which detects physical stimuli in the form of light and sends the information to the brain. The brain then processes the signals to construct a representation of the surroundings.1 PREVIOUS 27 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The sclera is the white visible portion of the eyeball that protects the inner parts of the eye.1 PREVIOUS 28 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The cornea helps focus light onto the retina.1 PREVIOUS 29 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The iris is the colored part of eye that regulates amount of light that enters the pupil by contracting and relaxing its muscles.1 PREVIOUS 30 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The pupil is the opening in the middle of the iris through which light passes to the back of the eye.1 PREVIOUS 31 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The lens focuses light rays into retina and changes the focus to view near or distant objects.1 PREVIOUS 32 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The retina is the third and inner layer of the eyeball where the visual pathway begins.1 PREVIOUS 33 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The macula is the central portion of the retina that allows us to see fine details clearly.1 PREVIOUS 34 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the eye USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY COMPONENTS OF THE EYE AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH LIGHT ENTERS. The optic nerve contains axons that conduct nerve impulses for vision.1 PREVIOUS 35 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Visual system development in infants and children Visual development begins during gestation and continues to mature throughout childhood. The key developmental milestones include: At birth, both neurological and optical components of the visual system are immature11 Shortly after birth, basic visual capacity is established11 Between 9 months and 1 year, the child can visually spot a small (2–3 mm) object nearby, watch faces and try to imitate expressions, and search for hidden objects after observing the hiding12 Myelination of the optic nerves, development of the visual cortex, and growth of the lateral geniculate body occur over the first two years13 At approximately 4 years of age13: − The fovea, the most visually sensitive part of the retina, reaches maturity − The part of the brain that governs vision has matured PREVIOUS 36 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check DRAG AND DROP THE EYE STRUCTURE WITH THE APPROPRIATE DESCRIPTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Match the correct eye structure with its correct function. A. The colored part of eye that regulates amount Pupil of light that enters the pupil by contracting and relaxing its muscles B. Focuses light rays into retina to allow for Sclera clearer vision C. The white visible portion of the eyeball that protects Iris the inner parts of the eye D. Opening in the middle of the iris through which Lens SUBMIT light passes to the back of the eye PREVIOUS 37 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check DRAG AND DROP THE EYE STRUCTURE WITH THE APPROPRIATE DESCRIPTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Match the correct eye structure with its correct function. A. The colored part of eye that regulates amount of light that enters the pupil by contracting and relaxing its muscles Answers B. Focuses light rays into retina to allow for Pupil: Answer is D clearer vision Sclera: Answer is C C. The white visible portion of the eyeball that protects Iris: Answer is A the inner parts of the eye Lens: Answer is B D. Opening in the middle of the iris through which light passes to the back of the eye SUBMIT PREVIOUS 38 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Visual development is complete at gestation. True or false? o A. True o B. False Answer: False Visual development begins during gestation and continues to mature throughout childhood. The part of the brain that governs vision has matured at approximately 4 years of age. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 39 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 3 Immune System PREVIOUS 40 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Overview of the immune system The immune system consists of a complex network of cells, organs, and tissues, connected by blood and lymphatic vessels, that work together to protect the body from environmental infectious agents, such as bacteria or viruses.14 A key property of the immune system is its ability to recognize these agents as “foreign,” enabling the body to mount a defense, called an immune response, to neutralize or destroy them.15 CLICK EACH BOX TO LEARN MORE ABOUT INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY. Innate immune Adaptive immune response response PREVIOUS 41 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Overview of the immune system The immune system consists of a complex network of cells, organs, and tissues, connected by blood and lymphatic vessels, that work together to protect the body from environmental infectious agents, such as bacteria or viruses.14 A key property of the immune system is its ability to recognize these agents as “foreign,” enabling the body to mount a defense, called an immune response, to neutralize or destroy them.15 CLICK EACH BOX TO LEARN MORE ABOUT INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY. Innate immunity16 Adaptive immunity17 Immediate response Slower response Recognizes general classes Recognizes highly specific of pathogens antigens Reacts with equal potency when Retains memory of specific re-exposed to same pathogen pathogen, so reacts with greater potency upon re-exposure PREVIOUS 42 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the immune system CLICK EACH OF THE KEY STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LEARN MORE. Bone marrow Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Lymph nodes PREVIOUS 43 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the immune system CLICK EACH OF THE KEY STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LEARN MORE. Bone marrow Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Lymph nodes The bone marrow contains stem cells that can develop into a variety of cell types, including white blood cells responsible for mounting responses against infectious agents.1 PREVIOUS 44 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the immune system CLICK EACH OF THE KEY STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LEARN MORE. The thymus is the glandular organ Bone marrow Spleen in the upper chest where specific immune cells, called T cells, mature.4 Thymus Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Lymph nodes PREVIOUS 45 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the immune system CLICK EACH OF THE KEY STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LEARN MORE. Bone marrow Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Lymph nodes The bloodstream enables immune cells to travel around the body.18 PREVIOUS 46 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the immune system CLICK EACH OF THE KEY STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LEARN MORE. Bone marrow Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Lymph nodes The spleen serves as a filter for the blood by removing old and damaged red blood cells as well as infectious agents.1 PREVIOUS 47 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the immune system CLICK EACH OF THE KEY STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LEARN MORE. Bone marrow Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels, composed of lymph, an extracellular fluid, collect fluid that has leaked out from blood into tissues and returns it to circulation.1 PREVIOUS 48 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the immune system CLICK EACH OF THE KEY STRUCTURES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO LEARN MORE. Bone marrow Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Bloodstream Lymph nodes Lymph nodes are small organs that filter out dead cells and antigens to present to lymphocytes.1 PREVIOUS 49 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Immunity in infants and children At birth, a newborn’s immune system is not fully developed or trained to distinguish between harmless and potentially pathogenic bacteria.15 Instead, the immune system grows and strengthens over time as the infant is exposed to the pathogens in the environment.19 Fortunately, newborns are protected against many infectious diseases by passive immunity inherited from the mother transplacentally and through breast milk. Immunity is passive because the infant is not creating their own immune cells. As such, the immunity is only temporary and begins to decrease once the infant is weaned from breast milk.19 By that time (at about 2–3 months of age), the infant will have started producing their own immune cells. Throughout childhood, the child’s immune system will develop significantly.19 PREVIOUS 50 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following is a key feature of the immune system? o A. Recognizes infectious agents as “foreign,” enabling the body to mount a defense Answer: A o B. Processes pain responses The immune system consists of a complex network of cells, organs, and tissues, o C. Digests and absorbs nutrients connected by blood and lymphatic vessels, that work together o D. Eliminates waste to protect the body from environmental infectious agents, such as bacteria or viruses. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 51 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response? o A. Slower response than the innate immune response Answer: D o B. Recognizes highly specific antigens The adaptive immune system response has the following characteristics: o C. Retains memory of specific pathogen, so reacts Slower response with greater potency upon re-exposure Recognizes highly specific antigens o D. All of the above Retains memory of specific pathogen, so reacts with greater potency upon re- exposure SUBMIT PREVIOUS 52 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Newborns are protected against many infectious diseases by passive immunity inherited from the mother transplacentally and through breast milk. True or false? o A. True Answer: True o B. False Fortunately, newborns are protected against many infectious diseases by passive immunity inherited from the mother transplacentally and through breast milk. Immunity is passive because the infant is not creating their own immune cells. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 53 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 4 Digestive System PREVIOUS 54 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Overview of the digestive system The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, primarily a long, twisting tube that runs from the mouth to the anus, as well as the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.20 The digestive process involves20: Mixing food with digestive juices Moving food through the GI tract Breaking down food into smaller molecules of nutrients Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream to deliver to the rest of the body The body can then use the nutrients for energy, growth, and cell repair.20 PREVIOUS 55 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH FOOD TRAVELS. Digestion begins in the mouth, where saliva is used to break down starches. Saliva, produced by salivary glands, also moistens food to allow passage through the esophagus into the stomach.20 Salivary glands also produce an enzyme, amylase, which helps the body digest glycogen and starch.21 PREVIOUS 56 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH FOOD TRAVELS. Swallowed food is pushed into the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach.20 PREVIOUS 57 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH FOOD TRAVELS. The stomach then20: Stores the swallowed food and liquid Mixes the food and liquid with the digestive juice Slowly empties its partially-digested contents, called chyme, into the small intestine PREVIOUS 58 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH FOOD TRAVELS. The liver produces a digestive juice called bile, which mixes with the fat in food in the intestine to dissolve fat.20 The pancreas produces a juice, containing several enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food.20 The gallbladder stores bile between meals and secretes bile through bile ducts, which connect the gallbladder and liver to the small intestine.20 PREVIOUS 59 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH FOOD TRAVELS. Most food is digested and absorbed in the small intestine20: Muscles mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine Intestinal walls absorb the digested nutrients into the bloodstream PREVIOUS 60 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system USE THE SLIDER TO LEARN ABOUT THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND THE PATHWAY THROUGH WHICH FOOD TRAVELS. The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining nutrients and converts the waste from liquid to stool.20 PREVIOUS 61 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Digestive system development in infants and children A newborn’s GI tract is relatively developed at birth compared to other organs. At term, essentially all mechanisms for digestion are present. However, many aspects of the digestive system, including ongoing development of the gut microbiome and improved nutrient absorption, continue after birth.22,23 CLICK EACH BOX TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN INFANT’S GI TRACT VERSUS AN ADULT’S. Limited starch and fat Liquid diet Higher frequency Greater occurrence digestion required of regurgitation of dehydration PREVIOUS 62 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Overview of Key Systems Impacted by Infant and Child Nutrition 1 Central Nervous System 2 Visual System 3 Immune System 4 Digestive System Digestive system development in infants and children A newborn’s GI tract is relatively developed at birth compared to other organs. At term, essentially all mechanisms for digestion are present. However, many aspects of the digestive system, including ongoing development of the gut microbiome and improved nutrient absorption, continue after birth.22,23 CLICK EACH BOX TO LEARN ABOUT THE KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN INFANT’S GI TRACT VERSUS AN ADULT’S. Liquid diet Higher frequency Greater occurrence Limited starch and fat required of regurgitation of dehydration digestion Infants are born with Regurgitation after feeding The large intestine transit sucking, swallowing, and Lower concentrations of is common in early infancy, time is much faster in extrusion reflexes that digestive enzymes, such as as the lower esophageal infants, which can put prevent them from eating amylase and pancreatic sphincter (LES), which an infant at an increased risk solid foods before they are lipase, resulting in limited normally works to prevent of dehydration if resorption ready. Therefore, a liquid digestion of starch and fat, the backward flow of of water diet is required respectively.24 stomach content, is not fully and electrolytes is until the extrusion reflex developed.25 compromised.25 disappears.25,26 PREVIOUS 63 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERI