Module 1.1 Plant Structure and Function PDF

Southern Luzon State University College of Teacher Education Laboratory School Lucban, Quezon MODULE 1.1: PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION At the end of the chapter, the learners are ab...

Southern Luzon State University College of Teacher Education Laboratory School Lucban, Quezon MODULE 1.1: PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION At the end of the chapter, the learners are able to: 1. Distinguish between gymnosperms and angiosperm plants; 2. Describe different modes of plant reproduction whether asexual or sexual; 3. Describe different modes of asexual and sexual reproduction in animals; 4. Determine the role of genes in the physical and chemical characteristics of organism. INTRODUCTION Reproduction is one of the important aspects and functions of an organism for the existence of its species. Organisms, plants, and animals reproduce by means of gametes or without the gametes. In this chapter, we will learn how organisms reproduce for the continuance of their species. PLANT REPRODUCTION Plants are eukaryotes are many celled and most contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Plants can be non-vascular and vascular. Non-vascular plants are plants that have no vessels or no internal system for conducting water and nutrients. These plants live either in water or within moist habitats. Examples of these plants are mosses which are bryophytes. These plants reproduce by means of at least a film of water because of the sperm needs to swim to reach the egg. Vascular plants are plants that have vessels or an internal system for conducting water and nutrients. Unlike non-vascular plants, vascular plants have roots, leaves, stems, and even flowers. They are called tracheophytes, trees, bushes, and flowers are examples of these plants. Vascular plants are divided into different divisions. Some are vascular seedless plants, and some are vascular seed plants. Vascular seed plants can be categorized into two: gymnosperms and angiosperms. 1. Gymnosperms a. Means naked seed; b. Produced seeds on the scales of female cones; c. Seeds are not protected by a fruit; d. With needle-like or scale-like leaves; e. Have no flowers and large plants; f. Adapted for reproduction on dry land; g. Reproduce by means of sperm develop within a pollen grains that dispersed by the wind; h. Examples are pine trees. 2. Angiosperms a. Means seeds in a container; b. Seed is enclosed inside a fruit; c. Produced flowers form true seed-bearing plants; d. Can be monocots and dicots. Basic Monocots Dicots Comparison (Monocotyledonous) (Dicotyledonae) Seed One cotyledon Two Cotyledons Stem Scattered vascular bundles Vascular bundles in rings Leaves Parallel veins in leaves Netlike veins in leaves  Flowers Flower parts in threes Flower parts in fours or five Secondary or Absent Present woody growth MODIFIED STEMS Types of Stem Characteristics Function Example - horizontal & above ground stem - spreading growth - creeping stems Stolons/ Runners - asexual Strawberry - new plants reproduction developed at the nodes touching the soil -enlarged Potato, Sweer Tubers -food storage underground stem Potato  - long and underground stem Rhizomes - fleshy and -food storage Ginger parallel to the ground -thickened bases -food storage in Bulbs Onion, Garlic of leaves leafy scale -vertical, thick, and Corms short underground -food storage Gabi or Taro stem -fleshy, often Succulent -water storage Cactus leafless stem  The flowers are the reproductive organs of the plants which contains the male part (stamen) and the female part (pistil). The gumamela is the best example of this flower having a complete gamete. PARTS OF A FLOWER (REPRODUCTION) PARTS OF THE DEFINITION IMAGE FLOWER Stamen -male part of the flower -small sac that produces pollen grains which are Anther immature. (Male gametophyte) -tube-like structure that supports the anther and Filament where pollen grains pass through the anther.  -female part of the Pistil flower. -sticky and feathery Stigma surface on which pollen grains land and grows. -slender tube which connects the stigma to Style or Stalk the ovary and where the pollen reaches down the ovary. -it holds the ovules and Ovary later becomes the fruit. -it fertilized will Ovules eventually become the seed. ACCESSORY PARTS OF A FLOWER ACCESSORY PARTS DEFINITION IMAGE OF THE FLOWER -make up the outermost portion of the flower and Sepals sometimes colored and resembled petals. -all the sepals together to form this part, serve as protective covering for the flower bud, helping Calyx to protect it from insect damage, and preventing it from drying out. -brightly colored and often have perfume or Petals nectar at their bases; it attracts pollinators by forming a tube or shape. -made up of the flower’s petals and provides a Corolla surface for insect pollinators to rest on while feeding. POLLINATION The process by which pollen grains are being transferred by pollinators from the anther of the stamen (male flower) to the stigma of the pistil (female flower) is known as pollination. It can happen in two ways: self-pollination and cross pollination. In self-pollination, pollen grains from the anther of the stamen transfers to the stigma of the pistil of the same flower or another flower of the same plant. In cross pollination, pollen grains from the anther of the stamen transfers to the stigma of the pistil of the flower from one plant to another. The sperm cell fertilized the egg to form zygote. This zygote will undergo a series of mitosis to form an embryo which is contained in the seed. The seed coat will then form as protective coating for the embryo that hardens. The enlarged varieties develop into fruit, contain one seed, which has an embryo and eventually develops into new plant. Click the link below and watched the video to fully understand how plants undergo double fertilization. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHPou1egDKA&t=2s&pp=ygUoZG91YmxlIG ZlcnRpbGl6YXRpb24gaW4gZmxvd2VyaW5nIHBsYW50cw%3D%3D