Introduction To The Philosophy Of The Human Person PDF

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON MODULE I: PHILOSOPHIZING MODULE II: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING MODULE III: THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT MODULE IV: MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT MODULE V: MAN AND HIS FREEDOM MODULE VI: MAN AND OTHERS (Pakikipagkapwa-tao) MODULE...

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON MODULE I: PHILOSOPHIZING MODULE II: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING MODULE III: THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT MODULE IV: MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT MODULE V: MAN AND HIS FREEDOM MODULE VI: MAN AND OTHERS (Pakikipagkapwa-tao) MODULE VII: MAN AND HIS LABOR MODULE VIII: MAN AND HIS SOCIETY MODULE IX: THE HUMAN PERSON AS ORIENTED TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH MODULE X: MAN AND THE ABSOLUTE  MODULE 1: PHILOSOPHIZING  LEARNING COMPETENCIES: 1. To be familiar with the origin and definition of Philosophy. 2. To identify the branches of Philosophy and determine its methods of inquiry. 3. To realize the value of Philosophy and philosophizing. ACTIVITY 1 “WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?”  1. Make a group of 5. Identify a DIRECTIONS: leader, a scribe, and a presenter of the output. 2. Each group will think of a word that describes or defines philosophy. 3. Each group will present their output to the whole group.  WHAT IS PHILOSOPHIZING?  THINK IT THROUGH: Is the glass HALF FULL or HALF EMPTY?  When we engage We engage ourselves ourselves in asking in PHILOSOPHICAL difficult questions… REFLECTION When we wonder, We are doing think and seek philosophy. answers to our questions… Philosophizing ❖Cogito ergo sum – Rene Descartes ❖Esse est percipi – George Berkeley ❖Credo ut intellegam – Anselm of Canterbury ❖Tabula rasa – John Locke ❖Ex nihilo nihil fit – Parmenides ❖Nosce te ipsum – Socrates ❖Aurea mediocritas - Aristotle D EFINITION OF HILOSOPHY The word philosophy means different things to different people.  Most often, philosophy is associated with the Filipino word pilosopo which has a different connotation. Sometimes, pilosopo is equated with the Spanish word falta razon which would mean illogical or being out of reason. Even among philosophers, there is no single definition or notion that is universally accepted. On this note, some philosophers claim that the word philosophy cannot be defined since it is a way of life, a process, and thus cannot be defined.  Defining philosophy is in two ways: nominal and real. Nominal is derived from the Latin word nominalis which means with reference to a name. Hence, a nominal definition focuses on the name of a thing or concept without pointing out to the nature or essence of the thing that the term stands for.  On the other hand, the word real is taken from the Latin realis which means with reference to a reality. Real definition provides the nature or essence of the thing or concept that the term stands for.  The nominal definition of the word philosophy is taken from the two Greek words which were coined by Pythagoras: Philos and Sophia (other authors would use philia or philein instead of philos). Philos means love and sophia means wisdom, so nominally, philosophy means “love of wisdom”. Love is an urge, or drive of the will towards a particular object. As a drive, love seeks unity with its object; it desires to possess its object. On the other hand, wisdom is the good exercise or the application of knowledge (Babor, 2001). Wisdom is a matter of understanding of how facts are interrelated, knowing underlying causes and connections, even knowing consequences or implications of those facts (Boersema, 2009).  Real Definition: Philosophy is the science that investigates all things in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles through human reason alone.  Philosophy is the science that investigates all things in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles through human reason alone. Philosophy as a science means it is a body of knowledge that is organized, systematic, evidenced and certain. It is a science of beings. The term being can refer to any reality that exists. Beings, therefore, can be spiritual being, mental beings, and material beings.  Philosophy is the science that investigates all things in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles through human reason alone. This means that the field where philosophy covers and deals with is comprehensive and all-embracing as it considers all things as its subject matter. It is unlimited in its scope.  Philosophy is the science that investigates all things in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles through human reason alone. This means that philosophy provides an ultimate explanation in its search for truth. Because of this, philosophy is regarded as a universal science. As a universal science, it seeks to answer the fundamental questions about its object of study. PHILOSOPHY IS A UNIVERSAL SCIENCE… ❑Reason refers to terminal purpose of a thing. ❑Cause is anything that brings about a result or effect.  …ultimate causes, reasons, and principles.” 1. Principle of Identity – whatever is is; and whatever is not is not; everything is what it is 2. Principle of Non-contradiction – it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect. 3. Principle of Excluded Middle – a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and non-being, there is no middle ground possible 4. Principle of Sufficient Reason – nothings exists without sufficient reason for its being and existence.  Philosophy is the science that investigates all things in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles through human reason alone. This means that philosophy does not utilize faith or data from divine revelation to explicate certain phenomena under study. However, faith and reason do not conflict with each other because their objective is the attainment of one and the same truth. Faith and reason are just different tools or ways by which truth can be known. C hinese people also have their own definition of philosophy which is Zhe- Xue, where Zhe means wisdom, and Xue means study, so philosophy is the study of wisdom. The character Zhe also signifies mouth and hand which suggests inseparability of words and actions. With this, Chinese philosophy is the translation of words into actions. Briefly, a person ought to live what he says. For Hindus, philosophy is Darsana. Darsana means seeing, seeing not only through the eyes, but through the whole being of one who sees. This view of the Hindus means seeing the whole of reality through a total advertence and involvement of the looker. This definition of philosophy is looking at things objectively, removing biases and prejudices on certain realities. PHILOSOPHY AS A STUDY  THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY oMetaphysics oOntology oCosmology oEpistemology oTheodicy  PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY oLogic oEthics oAesthetics oSemantics oAxiology STUDIES IN THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY  METAPHYSICS is the study of reality. It answers the questions: What is there? What is man? What makes man rational? What is an individual thing? What is a substance?  ONTOLOGY The philosophical study of being in general, or of what applies neutrally to everything that is real. It was called “first philosophy” by Aristotle in Book IV of his Metaphysics. The Latin term ontologia (“science of being”) was felicitously invented by the German philosopher Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus) and first appeared in his work Ogdoas Scholastica (1st ed.) in 1606.  COSMOLOGY is the study of the “cosmos” or the universe. It answers the questions: What is time? What is space? What is man in relation to the universe? Is the world created?  EPISTEMOLOGY the study of the validity of human knowledge. It answers the questions, What is knowledge? “What can be known?” What is the process of knowing? How do we know that what we know is true?  THEODICY The philosophical study of God. It deals with the questions: Is there God? What are the proofs for God’s existence? What is evil? Can we reconcile the existence of God and the presence of evil in the world? STUDIES IN PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY  LOGIC Logic is the science and art of correct thinking. It raises the questions: “What is good reasoning?” “What is correct reasoning?” “How do we know if our thinking is correct?” Correct thinking leads to correct reasoning. This is a necessity that the human person needs to develop in order to avoid fallacies or erroneous judgment. Logic as used technology, or other similar aims is referred to as “formal logic”. It uses symbols to represent its arguments. In contemporary times, this is being developed for technological purposes, such as computer processes. Nonetheless, the basics of logic rests in developing correct thinking and finding the best strategies in decision making decisions so as to avoid error and be at ease in making arguments.  ETHICS Ethics is the science of the morality of human conduct. It answers the question, “How should a life be lived?” This branch is valuable since it deals on how human acts should be performed. How an act is done determines the culpability of the agent, whether he is worthy of praise or blame. To determine whether the human person is acting correctly, he is guided by some norms of morality. These norms are fundamental for man in order for him to live a moral life and to attain the ultimate goal: happiness.  AESTHETICS Aesthetics is the study of the nature of works of art and the aesthetic experience. It determines the bases of what make something beautiful. It answers the questions, “What is beauty?” What is a work of art?” ”Why are works of art considered to be valuable?”  SEMANTICS Semantics is the study of the relationship between words and meanings. This study can be dealt in two ways: in linguistic and in philosophy. In linguistic, it deals with word and sentence meaning in existing languages. On the other hand, in philosophy, it is the abstract study of meaning in relation to language or symbolic logic systems. It basically concerns with the formal relations of signs to one another.  AXIOLOGY Axiology is the study of value. This value can be treated in different studies such aesthetics and ethics. As it in investigates the nature of beauty and art, it extend its studies to social and political philosophy.  OTHER DISCIPLINES OF PHILOSOPHY ❑Philosophy of Science ❑Legal Philosophy ❑Political Philosophy ❑Philosophy of Religion ❑Historical Philosophy ❑Philosophy of the Mind ❑Philosophy of Language