SCPHLMN_CM3.pptx

UNVEILING TRUTHS THROUGH METHODS Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? 0 Recognize 1 scope and A. Hermeneutical methods in Role search of 0 wisdom and Demonstrate truth 3 logical B...

UNVEILING TRUTHS THROUGH METHODS Introduction to Philosophy of Human Person WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? 0 Recognize 1 scope and A. Hermeneutical methods in Role search of 0 wisdom and Demonstrate truth 3 logical B. Philosophical 0 reasoning in an explanatory Analysis Apply methods 2 in answering research about a particular questions in search for truth topic using the methods C. Phenomenological – Existential Method Critical Dialogu es Critical Dialogu es Phenomenon Phenomenon is investigated by philosophical reflection which the world is constituted as lived, experienced, thought of, and understood. It is studied by examining it in relation of other phenomenon Scientific Definition and Philosophical Reflection*** Immanuel Kant: Empiricism & Ourtruth is based on how Rationalism we perceived something through our five basic senses. Empiricism – phenomenon ‘as-they-appear- to-us’ Rationalism – phenomenon as how we process it in our mind  Doxa & Episteme ❖ Doxa – opinion ❖ Episteme – knowledge ❖ Epistemology – a branch of philosophy dedicated in to the study of knowledge and the problems that revolves around it. Doxa or Episteme? The Philippines is made up of 7,641 islands. Philippines is the best country in the world. Batanes is closer to Taiwan than to the northern tip of Luzon. Andres Bonifacio was a better hero than Jose Rizal. Doctrina Christiana is the first book published in the Philippines. Pres. Duterte is the best president. The eight rays of the sun on the Philippine flag symbolizes the eight provinces—Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas—”  I. Ancient Roots SYLLOGISM -- a deductive argument of a certain form where a conclusion is inferred from two premises**. ** serve as an explanation as to why the conclusion is valid or acceptable. Example: “Socrates is mortal” (claim); ARISTOTLE All men are mortal and Socrates is a man (premise). 384–322 BC  I. Ancient Roots #ChallengeAccepted: Try to make your own syllogism. Example: “Socrates is mortal” (claim); ARISTOTLE All men are mortal and Socrates is a man (premise). 384–322 BC  II. MODERN LEGACY “Some years ago, I was struck by the large number of falsehoods that I had accepted as true in my childhood, and by the highly doubtful nature of the whole edifice that I had subsequently based on them. I realized that it was necessary, once in the course of my life, to demolish everything completely and start again right from the foundations if I wanted to establish anything at all” - Rene Descartes, First Meditation (1641) II. MODERN LEGACY: Rene Descartes’ He scrutinized every belief... DOUBT “statements that are false, doubtful or uncertain, cannot be used as Doubt the basis for knowledge” This left him with ideas that are clear and certain, that no one can rationally doubt or reject it. (Image source: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/89/9c/63/899c63ef36b595322054b54c84c01b12.jpg)  III. Contemporary Period: Post- ∙ There are many truths… Modernism there is no absolute truth. Postmodernism deny any of ∙ Reason, logic and science the prominent viewpoints has come to oppress truth held by their predecessors ∙ Truth is dictated by power. regarding reality, truth, ∙ Human nature is socially determined knowledge, human nature, and language. Objective reality is nothing but a conceptual construct.  III. Contemporary Period: Jacques Derrida: Deconstructionism Deconstructionism challenges traditional views in philosophy by looking at structures of language to open up to limitless interpretation. Post-modernism envisions a more democratic society where knowledge is not held by those in power and authority. Image Source: https://www.jewage.org/wiki/en/Profile:P1094074998  III. Contemporary Period ‘Dangers’ of post-modernism (Image Source: http://www.taazatadka.com ) What number is written on the floor?  Question of Truth and Opinion All claims must be verified.  I. Correspondence Theory Correspondence theory believed that true propositions are those that correspond with reality. (Image Source: https://appadvice.com/app/the-solar-system- solar-view/1456528733 )  II. Linguistic Turn He Introduced context principle which imposed that the meaning of a word heavily relies upon the context. Sense – understood as meaning. Connotation or intention of logic. Derived in the context that the itself provides. Reference – what is referred to or the denotation. The things we point to by BERTRAND name. RUSSEL  II. Linguistic Turn: Logical Positivist Verification Principle. Meaningful claims are only those that can be verified as true or false. #ChallengeAccepted: Is there something that can’t be verified as true or false?  II. Linguistic Turn Language-Games - aside from the usual meaning we attached to words, there are also various ways we use them and so to understand meaning people must be playing the same “game”. Example: “He is a man, but he is not a LUDWIG man” WITTGENSTEIN  III. Phenomenological Existentialism “Consciousness is consciousness of Are yousomething” a conscious man? …if you are thinking of something you are involved in it. Phenomenology: a philosophical theory which believes that the essence of every object can be thought of, investigated, and understood more than the usual way of understanding it.  Phenomenology - “Back to the things themselves” As we become to be accustomed of the things around us, we do not investigate any more its essence. - we should learn to reflect upon ourselves and ask – - “What am I witnessing?” – - “What am I experiencing?” -  Phenomenology Natural Attitude Transcendental Attitude – when we are – when we direct our comfortable with the consciousness to things that we already investigate the essence of know. a phenomenon Which should we use more?  Existentialism ❖ “existence precedes essence” ❖ In finding truth, engage with the truth ourselves ❖ Only the person could actually create meaning which he/she is responsible of. JEAN-PAUL SARTRE  Existentialism ❖ Sartre’s Dilemma “a student whose brother had been killed in the German offensive of 1940. The student wanted to avenge his brother and to fight forces that he regarded as evil. But the student’s mother was living with him, and he was her one consolation in life.” (Source: https://plato.stanford.edu/) What should the student do? JEAN-PAUL SARTRE  III. Phenomenological Existentialism Phenomenology + Existentialism Truth entails subjectivity** based on ones experience (phenomenology) and how we create meaning ourselves (existentialism) This approach in philosophy makes us appreciate the myriad of meanings that most people attribute to their experience daily.  Among the three approaches of verifying truth, which do you agree the most? One-liner challenge: Truth is …  Schools of Thought as Useful Ladders There are two kinds of people in the world: Those who manage what they don’t know, and don’t know what they manage. – Putt’s Law Can you recommend some tips on how to navigate a maze puzzle like this? do we proceed in looking for the true answer? PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION... … Thought and language are intrinsically connected The Class Analysis 1.Class will be divided into 3 groups 2.Group 1 will talk about Hermeneutical Role, Group 2 will be Philosophical Analysis, and 3 will be phenomenological- existential method 3.Each one is expected to unlock meaning, proponents, how’s and why’s? of the concept/ 4.I will randomly select from the group to share to our class the concepts. 01 HERMENEUTI CAL ROLE  HERMENEUTICS Hermeneutics is the study of interpretation. Hermeneutics is primarily a Its Greek roots are the verb philosophical discipline hermeneuein (to interpret) which deals with and the noun hermeneia questions of what (interpretation). enables interpretation and understanding (Smits, 2001).  The philosopher plays the role of hermeneute Someone who performs hermeneutics Its etymology is traced to the mythical god Hermes, whose role is to deliver messages, and so an exact meaning of the message is expected to be conveyed. HERMENEUTICS Hermeneutics at work!!! DID YOU KNOW THAT HERMENEUTICS WAS ORIGINALLY USED FOR BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION? Litera The Rules of Biblical l Hermeneutics Each word is given the same exact basic meaning. Parables are Historic incorporated with symbolism. al Each passage is put into its proper historical setting. For example: Context: In seeking the Messiah Grammatic King David Vs Jesus Christ Words are given meanings consistent with their al common understanding in the original language at the time of writing Example: For example, the Gospel of John begins with: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the Contextual Involves always taking with beginning the surrounding God.” (John context 1:1-2) of a verse/passage into consideration when trying to determine its meaning. For example, in 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 the apostle Paul compares our life to that of an athlete, training and competing for crowns. 1. Hermeneutics is about one’s capability for making linguistic communication understandable; 2. Hermeneutics is at work more in the trying to make a decision on practical questions; and 3. Philosophical hermeneutics is a hermeneutical reflection which is in the service of: skillful understanding and explication; and convincing and persuading. Principles of Hermeneutical Interpretation of Jürgen Habermas Understanding Hermeneutics using Theory of Communicative Action The combination of rationality and communicative action will able the hermeneute to look at how the actors participated in the discourse of text who: a. activate their rational/knowledge potentials; b. employ ordinary language that can democratize deliberation; c. work for the common goals that they share about; and d. in turn create a lifeworld (his term) as a result of hermeneutic meditation Let us watch this video! Habermas: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1K46oK3xTU  Hermeneutics help philosophers philosophize and interpret their life in society better, especially during times of conflict, crisis, and disagreement. REMEMBER! LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 Create an interpretation to the following verse (Genesis 1:26a) using the rules for biblical interpretation. (10 points)  PHILOSOPHI 02 CAL ANALYSIS  Philosophical Analysis Philosophical analysis Logical structures are used to analyses statements or uncover meaning and truth propositions using logic. in statements. Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore are considered to be founders of this analytic tradition.  Bertrand Arthur George Edward William Russell Moore (1872–1970) (1873-1958) Russell wanted His contribution to philosophy to speak to philosophy, other than ordinary people. He was his writings, was his a social activist, a superior ability to pacifist, an identify phenomena educationalist, an that are philosophical. advocate of atheism, and a campaigner against nuclear arms, as well as the author of numerous popular works of philosophy. He died of influenza in February, 1970.  Example: Claim: This material you are reading is an e-copy of your course material reference. This is considered true when it is a fact that: (1)you are presently reading this material and (2)this is actually an e-copy This would only be false if these two provided conditions that are implied by the given true statement are not met. Such as, the material is actually read aloud to you or this is not an e- copy.  Example: Claim: Men are cheaters. If at any case you are pointing to all men, this statement can be easily falsified as all is a universal quantifier that means no exception. It is safe to claim that: Some men are cheaters. The truth of this claim can be easily supported by just citing one man who is a cheater. The goal then of philosophical analysis is clarity to avoid misunderstanding. We do not assume at all if the meaning of an idea is expressed clearly. REMEMBER!  Share a particular experience when you had misunderstanding with another person because of wrong interpretation. Do you have a story to tell? ☺  PHENOMENOLOGIC AL – 03 EXISTENTIAL METHOD Combination of phenomenology and existentialism  PHENOMENOLOGY Phenomenology rests on Husserl’s refusal to go beyond the only evidence available to consciousness – namely, phenomena – which is derived from appearances. Thus, phenomena are ultimately contained in the very subjective act of experiencing something (Stumpf & Fieser, 2008). Let us examine our “moments”  Phenomenological bracketing: 1. Epoche (bracket or suspend the usual ideas that you know about the thing or object); and 2. Do the reduction proper (look for the essences or ideas that remain in your consciousness in relation to the object you are conscious of) Ex. ALARM  EXISTENTIALISM existentialism - investigates every phenomenon as meaningful to the subject who is involved in the situation. Aside from looking at essences of objects and ideas, it now looks to the meaning of objects or ideas to the subject who cannot be an isolated Let us examine our spectator. “EMOTIONS” by Jean-Paul Sartre Existential phenomenology has taught us to experience and see our world in a much profoud way. What are emotion s?  SITUATION 1: How SITUATION 2: How strong was the feeling strong was the feeling when you try to when you decided to confront a friend who ignore her? wronged you? Some situations create emotions While existential that are phenomenological deterministic leads emotions to a and conscious decision to physiological. relate to the world. If you are doing existential phenomenology, you have to really try to fit in this dictionary meaning to your original experience of how it is to feel a strong feeling. THERE IS SOMETHING MORE TO IT WHEN A LIVED- EXPERIENCE IS BROUGHT. I LEARNED TODAY THAT… (10 POINTS) 1.Each one must think of a word that will supply the statement “I learned today that…” 2.The last person in the group must be assigned with “.” 3.Avoid using a lot of conjunctions and articles. 4.The goal of the activity is to create a generalization from one another… 5.Good Luck!  We are all naturally seekers of answers and truth in our questions that relates to our situations or phenomena. We have dilemmas in accepting truth from different claims we encounter every day. Above this concern, there are methods or approaches that were made available to us not to be victims of deception. We encountered here hermeneutical role in our study of interpretation, philosophical analysis, and phenomenological existential method that will guide us into our journey of arriving at wisdom and truth. Thus, we can be rest assured that there are possible means to help us reveal essence and meaning of —SUMMARY phenomena. Learning Output: Explanatory Research For this learning output, your task it to create or state a claim out of your research about the topic below. Choose one particular method that we discussed that you think will best reveal the truth of your claim. Explore the parallelism of Socrates and Pilosopo Tasyo. Although the latter is fictional, do extensive historical research from which the character by Rizal is based, and connect it to his character and intellectual bent. The character can help showcase our philosophical side of the Filipino race. Learning Output: Explanatory Research Format: One page short bond paper (Size: Letter) Margin: Narrow Paragraph: Justified Font Style: Times New Roman Font Size: 11 Spacing: Multiple – 1.15 Criteria for Grading: Logical Consistency (10 points)  Is the text consistent? Are the arguments relevant? Brevity (10 points)  Was the explanation excessive? Was there a shorter way to argue for the position? Persuasive Appeal (10 points)  Was it convincing? Or was it overall, weak? REFERENCES: Buckingham, W. et.al (2011). The Philosophy Book. DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street New York, New York Camiloza, L.G. et.al (2016). Philosophy of the Human Person. An Introductory Text for Senior High School. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. George, Theodore, "Hermeneutics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =. Irvine, Andrew David, "Bertrand Russell", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/russell/. Missing People Truth.Org. (n.a.). Part 16: Rules of Biblical Interpretation. Retrieved from missingpeopletruth.org/EN/Part-16#:~:text=The %20Rules%20of%20Biblical%20Hermeneutics,in %20writing%2C%20Speaking%20%20thinking. The Berean Christian Bible Study Resources. (July, 2015). Biblical Hermeneutics. Retrieved from http://www.bcbsr.com/topics/hermeneutics.html Universal Journal of Educational Research. (Oct., 2020). Philosophical Hermeneutics: A Tradition With Promise. Asia-Pacific International University, Muak Lek, Saraburi, Thailand. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1053909.pdf. THANK S CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik Please, keep this slide for the attribution