Module 1 Patho Electrolyte Imbalances PDF

1. Identify causes of abnormally low or elevated levels of significant electrolytes within the bloodstream. a. Hypovolemic hyponatremia i. Renal causes: adrenal insufficiency, osmotic diuresis, diuretic use ii. Non-renal causes: diaphoresis, V/D b. Hyp...

1. Identify causes of abnormally low or elevated levels of significant electrolytes within the bloodstream. a. Hypovolemic hyponatremia i. Renal causes: adrenal insufficiency, osmotic diuresis, diuretic use ii. Non-renal causes: diaphoresis, V/D b. Hypervolemic hyponatremia iii. Caused when Na is diluted in excess of water c. Hypernatremia iv. Occurs when there is excess Na in bloodstream or when there is a decrease in body water (most common), can also be from water retention d. Hypokalemia v. Caused by diuretic therapy (most common), renal stress, metabolic alkalosis, increased levels of aldosterone, skin and GI losses through burns, V/D e. Hyperkalemia vi. RENAL FAILURE is a major cause f. Hypocalcemia vii. Caused by lack of Ca in diet, vitamin D deficiency, renal disease, hypoparathyroidism g. Hypercalcemia viii. Elevated PTH (removes Ca from bone and puts in blood) ix. Cancer (causes bone destruction) h. Hypophosphatemia x. Decreased intestinal absorption of phosphorus xi. Increased excretion of phosphorus by kidneys xii. Intracellular shift of phosphate i. Hyperphosphatemia xiii. Most common cause is kidney failure j. Hypomagnesia xiv. Caused by sepsis, burns, laxative abuse, diarrhea, increased renal excretion of magnesium, wounds k. Hypermagnesia xv. Caused by renal dysfunction 2. Recognize complications that can occur due to abnormally low or elevated levels of electrolytes within the bloodstream. l. Hypovolemic hyponatremia xvi. can result in confusion, behavioral changes, common in elderly, increased risk of falling m. Hypervolemic hyponatremia xvii. Results in water moving from ECF to ICF causing cell swelling, can swell brain leading to seizure or coma n. Hypernatremia xviii. Cells become dehydrated and shrink causing neuron shrinkage, membrane imbalances like potentials, and cell responsiveness to signals o. Hypokalemia xix. Prolonged hypokalemia can cause dysrhythmias, cardiac issues, muscle weakness/cramps/twitching, paralysis p. Hyperkalemia xx. Bradycardia, dysrhythmia, and CARDIAC ARREST q. Hypocalcemia xxi. Bone pain and fragility long-term r. Hypercalcemia xxii. Kidney failure, kidney stones, nervous system issues, bone issues, irregular HR s. Hypophosphatemia xxiii. Bone pain/fragility, impaired respiratory function due to weakened diaphragm, AMS, cardiovascular issues t. Hyperphosphatemia xxiv. Similar to hypocalcemia, bone disease, but also cardiovascular disease u. Hypomagnesia xxv. Long-term can cause cardiovascular disease, DM, osteoporosis v. Hypermagnesia xxvi. Cardiovascular disease, hypotension, arrythmias, confusion, lethargy xxvii. Used to treat pregnancy related eclampsia 3. Identify signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances. Ex what causes hypercalcemia? How would that patient present? w. Hypovolemic hyponatremia (\