Module 1 Notes_Clary.docx

**MODULE 1 HISTORY: AROUND THE WORLD** Kejimkujik Lake (Nova Scotia) - Found on a slate of rock exists an outline of hand/fingers to include flexion creases and general patterns, such as the whorl on the thumb, that were made by an Aboriginal and are said to be the first documented d...

**MODULE 1 HISTORY: AROUND THE WORLD** Kejimkujik Lake (Nova Scotia) - Found on a slate of rock exists an outline of hand/fingers to include flexion creases and general patterns, such as the whorl on the thumb, that were made by an Aboriginal and are said to be the first documented depiction of friction ridge detail L'ille de Gavrinis (France) - A Neolithic burial chamber was discovered to have stone carvings resembling friction ridge patterns that could just as easily be identified as another shape due to lack of anatomical reference Clay Pottery (Middle East) - Many villages were made above previous ruins, leaving behind valuables that housed prints in distinct locations such as building materials that allowed archeologists to date pottery, identify artists/architecture, and reinforce the understanding/significance in trademarking to prevent forgery; similar trademarks have been identified on writings and document seals as early as 1855-1913 BC Royal Collections (Hammurabi and King Tutankhamen) - Hammurabi (1700s BC); collection of arrested prints by law officers... King Tutankhamen (3000+ years ago); prints found pressed into the King's tomb walls in Egypt Earthenware (China) - Over 6000+ years old, identifiable prints are said to be the oldest recovered Emperor Ts-In-She (China) - 1^st^ reported emperor to seal wooden tablets/bamboo slats using name and personal symbol carved on one side with an authenticating fingerprint on the other side (Clay Finger Seals) Wei and Jin Dynasties (China) - With the abandonment of clay for silk and paper, "Hand Prints" were taken to ensure contract legitimacy by tracing/stamping the right hand Deed of Hand Mark (China) - The act of marking major flexion crease location of the right hand along with signature for certification such as those used in army membership rosters (715 AD) Blood Stamping and Divorce (Japan) - The act of stamping the ring finger in Japan to sign documentation, to include rules guiding divorce with the use of simultaneous prints on divorce papers that expanded from China (Shaun-mu-Ying), especially in cases where the husband couldn't write and someone else had to write for them Americas - Systematic use (1882) - Decline of Anthropometry (Will/William West Case; 1903) - Henry Classification Expansion (1904 World's Fair) - Vucetich Classification (1891) +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **MODULE 1 HISTORY: | | | | PEOPLE** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Marcello Malpighi | 1628-1694 | - Anatomist and | | | | professor at the | | | | University of | | | | Bologna, Italy | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to use | | | | microscopes for | | | | medical studies | | | | | | | | - Published a paper | | | | regarding | | | | friction ridge | | | | function/structur | | | | e | | | | in increasing | | | | friction for | | | | traction between | | | | the skin and | | | | surfaces in | | | | walking/grasping | | | | (1680s) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Nehemiah Grew | 1641-1712 | - English M.D., | | | | botanist, | | | | physician, and | | | | microscopist | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to describe | | | | ridge detail | | | | | | | | - Published paper | | | | in *Philosophical | | | | Transactions* | | | | (London) | | | | describing | | | | "innumerable | | | | little ridges of | | | | equal bigness", | | | | sweat pores, and | | | | pattern | | | | arrangements (168 | | | | 4) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | J.C.A. Mayer | 1747-1801 | - German anatomist | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to | | | | recognize | | | | uniqueness of | | | | friction ridge | | | | arrangements; | | | | "may be similar | | | | but never | | | | duplicates" | | | | (1700s) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Thomas Bewick | 1753-1828 | - British author, | | | | naturalist, and | | | | engraver | | | | | | | | - Credited (by | | | | Galton) as the | | | | 1^st^ well-known | | | | person to study | | | | friction ridge | | | | detail | | | | | | | | - Known for | | | | woodcarvings of | | | | animals and | | | | published many | | | | books of which | | | | three | | | | detailed/defined | | | | fingerprint | | | | carvings along | | | | with his | | | | signature are | | | | embedded | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Johannes Purkinje | 1787-1869 | - German professor | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to name | | | | groupings for | | | | classification | | | | potential | | | | | | | | - Known for | | | | discoveries | | | | regarding vision, | | | | he published | | | | "Commentatio de | | | | Examine | | | | Physiologico | | | | Organi Visus et | | | | Systematis | | | | Cutanei" (1823) | | | | which included | | | | studies on | | | | fingerprints, | | | | drawing attention | | | | to nine principal | | | | groupings for | | | | individuality | | | | (precursing Sir | | | | Edward R. Henry's | | | | Classification | | | | System) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | William Herschel | 1833-1917 | - European British | | | | Administrator for | | | | the East India | | | | Company | | | | | | | | - Credited as the | | | | 1^st^ European to | | | | recognize | | | | friction ridge | | | | value due to the | | | | level of respect | | | | accompanied with | | | | signed documents | | | | containing | | | | friction ridge | | | | prints while in | | | | Bengal, India -- | | | | Hooghly District | | | | (1850s) | | | | | | | | - Wrote the | | | | "Hooghly Letter" | | | | to the Inspector | | | | of Jails and | | | | Registrar General | | | | describing the | | | | expansion | | | | friction ridge, | | | | claiming self as | | | | the 1^st^ to use | | | | prints for | | | | identification | | | | due to the Konai | | | | Contract (1858); | | | | this was | | | | immediately | | | | denied due to the | | | | previously dated | | | | use of Tip Sahib | | | | and other | | | | historical | | | | context over 100s | | | | of years old | | | | | | | | - Used friction | | | | ridge submissions | | | | of locals for | | | | identification | | | | and to limit | | | | fraudulent | | | | practices (1860s) | | | | | | | | - Returned to | | | | England in 1879 | | | | and continued | | | | research leading | | | | to the 1^st^ | | | | demonstration of | | | | persistency by | | | | logging prints at | | | | 20-, 30-, and 54- | | | | year intervals | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Henry Faulds | 1843-1930 | - Scottish doctor | | | | and medical | | | | missionary | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to publish | | | | on the value of | | | | friction ridge as | | | | evidence | | | | | | | | - Published a | | | | letter to the | | | | editor of | | | | *Nature* on | | | | October 28, 1880 | | | | titled "On the | | | | Skin -- Furrows | | | | of the Hand" | | | | which describes | | | | his one-year | | | | 'careful study' | | | | in print value | | | | due to | | | | understanding of | | | | Chinese/Japanese | | | | customs such as | | | | fingernail | | | | stamping, | | | | experimentation | | | | with friction | | | | ridge skin, and | | | | the ability to | | | | classify the | | | | unique ridge | | | | detail and | | | | criminal capture | | | | using prints, | | | | recommending the | | | | use of thin-film | | | | printer's ink as | | | | a transfer medium | | | | (see | | | | "Nature" 1880) | | | | | | | | - Forwarded his | | | | research to | | | | Charles Darwin, | | | | who forwarded it | | | | to his cousin | | | | Frances Galton | | | | | | | | \* 2012 publications | | | | suggest Robert Blake | | | | Overton described the | | | | use of prints in | | | | investigations long | | | | before Henry Faulds | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Gilbert Thompson | 1839-1909 | - American | | | | typographer | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to use | | | | prints for | | | | identification in | | | | the United | | | | States (1882) | | | | | | | | - Head of the | | | | surveying party | | | | in New Mexico, he | | | | used his own | | | | thumbprint on | | | | monetary exchange | | | | to prevent fraud | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Alphonse Bertillon | 1853-1914 | - Developed the | | | | 1^st^ and, at the | | | | time, most | | | | dominating | | | | scientific method | | | | for criminal | | | | identification in | | | | Paris, France; | | | | the Bertillonage | | | | or Anthropometric | | | | System | | | | | | | | - Not as scholarly | | | | as his family, | | | | Bertillon | | | | (French) worked | | | | as a clerk with | | | | the Prefecture of | | | | Police and was | | | | often avoided by | | | | his colleagues | | | | due to his | | | | behavior/temper | | | | | | | | - From hearing his | | | | relatives, and | | | | other scientists, | | | | Bertillon learned | | | | that no two | | | | individuals are | | | | the same and | | | | deduced that | | | | using anatomical | | | | measurements | | | | could be used for | | | | identification | | | | | | | | - Height, reach | | | | from | | | | middle-to-mid | | | | dle | | | | finger, | | | | trunk, head | | | | length/width, | | | | right ear | | | | length/width, | | | | left foot | | | | length, | | | | length of | | | | left/right | | | | middle | | | | finger, left | | | | forearm | | | | length | | | | (SOURCEBOOK, | | | | PG 12) | | | | | | | | - Initially | | | | receiving | | | | pushback, | | | | Bertillon was | | | | allowed to | | | | experiment on | | | | prisoners and | | | | made his 1^st^ | | | | identification on | | | | Feb. 20, 1883 to | | | | a man claiming | | | | false identity | | | | | | | | - Bertillonage | | | | dominated until | | | | | | | | - Francis | | | | Galton's work | | | | in 1888 | | | | | | | | - Weaking of | | | | reputation by | | | | false | | | | convictions | | | | during the | | | | Dreyfus | | | | Affair where | | | | he was expert | | | | witness on | | | | document | | | | analysis of a | | | | letter (1894) | | | | | | | | - The method | | | | was found to | | | | be flawed in | | | | individualizi | | | | ng | | | | during the | | | | Will/William | | | | West Case | | | | (See | | | | Will/William | | | | West | | | | Case 1903) | | | | | | | | - He | | | | died (1914) | | | | | | | | - Solved the 1^st^ | | | | latent print | | | | crime without a | | | | suspect by | | | | comparing prints | | | | from a piece of | | | | glass to prints | | | | within his | | | | files (1902) | | | | | | | | - | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Francis Galton | 1822-1911 | - British explorer | | | | and | | | | anthropologist | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to name | | | | specific minutiae | | | | (Galton's Points) | | | | | | | | - Received Henry | | | | Faulds' letter | | | | from Charles | | | | Darwin regarding | | | | fingerprinting | | | | and Chinese | | | | literature on | | | | fingerprint use | | | | | | | | - Instead, he | | | | pursued | | | | measurements of | | | | human | | | | strength/limitati | | | | ons | | | | (anthropometry), | | | | leading to his | | | | opportunity to | | | | lecture in | | | | support of | | | | Bertillonage | | | | system (1888) but | | | | determined | | | | fingerprinting to | | | | be superior and | | | | changed his | | | | lecture to | | | | "Personal | | | | Identification | | | | and Description" | | | | | | | | - Published | | | | "Fingerprints" in | | | | 1892 stating | | | | fingerprints are | | | | "unique and | | | | persistent", | | | | leading to | | | | general | | | | acceptance as a | | | | 'new science' by | | | | claiming the | | | | Orient | | | | "illiterate(ly) | | | | use(d)" the | | | | knowledge | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Edward R. Henry | 1850-1931 | - British | | | | Commissioner/Law | | | | enforcement | | | | leader in | | | | British-ruled | | | | India | | | | | | | | - Credited for | | | | producing the | | | | 1^st^ official | | | | classification | | | | system with the | | | | help of two | | | | Indian law | | | | enforcement | | | | personnel, | | | | sparking the | | | | modern era of | | | | fingerprinting | | | | | | | | - Occurring | | | | simultaneously as | | | | Juan Vucetich, | | | | Henry was in | | | | India developing | | | | the currently | | | | accepted | | | | classification | | | | system due to | | | | doubts on | | | | anthropometric | | | | accuracy | | | | | | | | - Visited with | | | | Galton then | | | | assigned Azizul | | | | Haque and Chandra | | | | Bose to study and | | | | solve the | | | | classification | | | | issue | | | | | | | | - The two Indians | | | | found success and | | | | Henry proposed | | | | the findings to | | | | the Indian | | | | government | | | | leading to | | | | replacement of | | | | anthropometry in | | | | British India | | | | (1890s); the | | | | Belper Committee | | | | met regarding | | | | this decision and | | | | agreed on Henry's | | | | classification as | | | | favorable due to | | | | simplicity, | | | | centralizing, | | | | rapidity, cost, | | | | and certainty | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Azizul Haque | 1872-1935 | - An Indian Officer | | | | partnered with | | | | Chandra Bose to | | | | produce a | | | | mathematical | | | | model to help | | | | sort 1024 | | | | fingerprint cards | | | | into pigeonholes | | | | based on | | | | patterns; leading | | | | to the Henry | | | | Classification | | | | system and the | | | | world's 1^st^ | | | | Fingerprint | | | | Bureau in | | | | Calcutta (1897) | | | | \[Scotland Yard | | | | was 1901\] | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Chandra Bose | 1867-1949 | - A mathematician | | | | partnered with | | | | Azizul Haque to | | | | produce a | | | | mathematical | | | | model to help | | | | sort 1024 | | | | fingerprint cards | | | | into pigeonholes | | | | based on | | | | patterns; leading | | | | to the Henry | | | | Classification | | | | system and the | | | | world's 1^st^ | | | | Fingerprint | | | | Bureau in | | | | Calcutta (1897) | | | | \[Scotland Yard | | | | was 1901\] | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Juan Vucetich | 1855-1925 | - A statistician | | | | with the Central | | | | Police Department | | | | (La Plata, | | | | Argentina) that | | | | set-up the | | | | Anthropometric | | | | Identification | | | | Bureau of | | | | Argentina (1891) | | | | | | | | - Researched prints | | | | following | | | | Galton's work and | | | | developed the | | | | Vucetich | | | | Classification | | | | (Sept. 1891) | | | | which is the most | | | | presently used | | | | system in | | | | Spanish-speaking | | | | countries | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to develop | | | | a system used by | | | | law enforcement | | | | leading to | | | | Argentina being | | | | the 1^st^ country | | | | to solve a | | | | homicide with | | | | fingerprints (see | | | | "Rojas" | | | | Murders 1892) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Henry DeForest | 1864-1948 | - American | | | | physician working | | | | for the NYPD | | | | | | | | - 1^st^ to | | | | establish a | | | | systematic use | | | | for fingerprints | | | | in the US by | | | | requiring civil | | | | service | | | | applicants to | | | | provide prints to | | | | prevent forgery | | | | in testing | | | | (NY, 1902) | | | | | | | | - Led to Captain | | | | James H. Parke | | | | establishing the | | | | American | | | | Classification | | | | System (1903) | | | | which never | | | | gained nationwide | | | | acceptance | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Inez Whipple | 1871-1929 | - American | | | | zoologist and | | | | educator | | | | | | | | - Authored "The | | | | Ventral Surface | | | | of the Mammalian | | | | Chiridium..." (19 | | | | 04) | | | | which discussed | | | | the evolutionary | | | | development of | | | | volar pads in | | | | mammals and the | | | | embryological | | | | development of | | | | friction ridge | | | | skin | | | | | | | | - Theorized that | | | | ridges formed due | | | | to hair loss on | | | | volar surfaces of | | | | scales, allowing | | | | for scale fusion | | | | to form rows that | | | | developed into | | | | ridges due to the | | | | increased need of | | | | friction in | | | | grasping/traction | | | | | | | | - Assistant and | | | | wife to Harris | | | | Hawthorn Wilder, | | | | Whipple formed an | | | | important pillar | | | | in scientific | | | | knowledge | | | | regarding | | | | genetics and | | | | ridgeology | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mary Holland | 1868-1947 | - American | | | | detective | | | | | | | | - Attended the 1904 | | | | World's Fair | | | | where she and | | | | eight others met | | | | John Kenneth | | | | Ferrier of the | | | | Scotland Yard | | | | Fingerprint | | | | Department and | | | | learned Henry | | | | Classification | | | | (see 1904 World's | | | | Fair) | | | | | | | | - Hired by the Navy | | | | in 1907 as the | | | | 1^st^ female | | | | instructor of | | | | fingerprinting | | | | and helped push | | | | Henry | | | | Classification | | | | throughout the US | | | | | | | | - One of four | | | | experts to | | | | testify on Thomas | | | | Jennings case, | | | | the 1^st^ | | | | American case | | | | regarding the | | | | admissibility of | | | | fingerprinting in | | | | court (1910) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Edmond Locard | 1877-1966 | - French forensic | | | | scientist and | | | | former student of | | | | Alphonse | | | | Bertillon | | | | | | | | - Published | | | | "Tripartite Rule" | | | | to establish the | | | | number of Galton | | | | Points needed for | | | | an identification | | | | and established | | | | the 1^st^ police | | | | crime lab in | | | | Lyon, Europe | | | | (1910s) | | | | | | | | - Coined | | | | poroscopy (1912) | | | | and published the | | | | "Legal Evidence | | | | of | | | | Fingerprints" (19 | | | | 14) | | | | which explained | | | | poroscopy | | | | | | | | - Articulated the | | | | Locard Exchange | | | | Principle | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Harris Hawthorne | 1864-1928 | - Recognized as the | | Wilder | | 1^st^ to | | | | acknowledge the | | | | 'center of | | | | disturbance' as | | | | the central | | | | region of the | | | | print pattern and | | | | considered to be | | | | a leading expert | | | | of his time | | | | | | | | - Ph. D. professor | | | | in | | | | biology/anatomy | | | | that noticed | | | | similarities | | | | between monkey | | | | and human volar | | | | pads (likely | | | | Henry Faulds' | | | | work), leading to | | | | publications in | | | | dermatoglyphics, | | | | morphology, | | | | genetics, and | | | | race | | | | (differential | | | | growth) and | | | | assignment of his | | | | assistant/wife, | | | | Inez Whipple, to | | | | perform research | | | | on the matter | | | | | | | | - Though he | | | | inaccurately | | | | described volar | | | | pad locating via | | | | ridge counts, he | | | | and Bert | | | | Wentworth | | | | published | | | | "Personal | | | | Identification" ( | | | | 1918) | | | | which discussed | | | | friction ridge | | | | growth/morphology | | | | /uniqueness | | | | based on his, | | | | Whipple's, and | | | | Locard's work | | | | | | | | - His publication | | | | demonstrated the | | | | importance in | | | | science and law | | | | enforcement | | | | working together | | | | and was the 1^st^ | | | | to support L3 | | | | ridge detail | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | John Dondero | 1900-1957 | - Chemical engineer | | | | graduate that | | | | contributed many | | | | inventions to aid | | | | in forensic | | | | investigations | | | | such as the 1^st^ | | | | clean, inkless | | | | system for taking | | | | fingerprints, the | | | | 1^st^ fingerprint | | | | ink, and the | | | | 1^st^ commercial | | | | fingerprint | | | | powder (1930s) | | | | | | | | - Technology was | | | | used to identify | | | | 168 bodies of the | | | | 1944 Hartford | | | | Circus Fire | | | | | | | | - Founded a school | | | | on | | | | classification, | | | | latents, and | | | | comparison | | | | following WWII | | | | | | | | - Established the | | | | Faurot Forensic | | | | Company, named | | | | after NY's Lt. | | | | Joseph Faurot | | | | | | | | - Faurot is | | | | best known | | | | for | | | | modernizing | | | | science-forwa | | | | rd | | | | investigation | | | | s | | | | leading to | | | | police reform | | | | and the | | | | capture of | | | | Priest Hans | | | | Schmidt | | | | | | | | - Faurot is | | | | also known | | | | for his role | | | | in the Caesar | | | | Cella | | | | (Charles | | | | Crispi) case | | | | (see | | | | People v. | | | | Crispi 1911) | | | | and the 1^st^ | | | | erroneous | | | | identificatio | | | | n | | | | of a still | | | | unsolved | | | | double | | | | homicide | | | | (1922; 1926) | | | | | | | | - Faurot | | | | Science | | | | Company is | | | | now owned by | | | | Sirchie | | | | Fingerprint | | | | Laboratories | | | | (Sirchie) | | | | | | | | \* IAI adopts the | | | | John A. Dondero | | | | Memorial Award, the | | | | highest honor in | | | | friction ridge | | | | contributions | | | | | | | | - The first | | | | recipient was J. | | | | Edgar Hoover | | | | (1^st^ Director | | | | of the FBI) | | | | | | | | - Honorable | | | | Mentions: Ron | | | | Smith (2001) and | | | | David | | | | Ashbaugh (2008) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Harold Cummins | 1893-1976 | - Professor at | | | | Tulane University | | | | who studied | | | | dermatoglyphics | | | | and coauthored | | | | "Fingerprints, | | | | Palms, and Soles" | | | | which was | | | | dedicated to | | | | Harris Hawthorne | | | | Wilder (1943) | | | | | | | | - Publication | | | | described the | | | | formation of | | | | volar pads in | | | | fetal | | | | development, | | | | their regression | | | | impact on | | | | friction ridge | | | | development/patte | | | | rns, | | | | and how | | | | disease/birth | | | | defects can | | | | impact friction | | | | ridge development | | | | | | | | - Credited with the | | | | discovery of down | | | | syndrome's | | | | genetic link to | | | | Simian crease | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Roy Huber | 1921-2005 | - Retired Canadian | | | | Commissioner that | | | | is responsible | | | | for the | | | | introduction of | | | | ACE-V for | | | | identification | | | | (all) in the | | | | 1950s | | | | | | | | - Published "Expert | | | | Witness" (1959), | | | | "The Philosophy | | | | of | | | | Identification" | | | | (1972), and | | | | "Handwriting | | | | Identification: | | | | Facts and | | | | Fundamentals" | | | | with Alfred | | | | Headrick (1999) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | David Ashbaugh | 1946-Present | - Authored | | | | "Quantitative -- | | | | Qualitative | | | | Friction Ridge | | | | Analysis..." in | | | | 1999, one of the | | | | most fundamental | | | | (and recently | | | | challenged) | | | | textbooks in | | | | friction ridge | | | | | | | | - Director of | | | | Ridgeology | | | | Consulting | | | | Services in | | | | Canada and staff | | | | sergeant for RCMP | | | | that spent 27+ | | | | years researching | | | | the field of | | | | friction ridge, | | | | coining the term | | | | ridgeology in | | | | 1982 along with | | | | defining terms | | | | for L1, L2, and | | | | L3 detail | | | | | | | | - Further | | | | introduced ACE-V | | | | in | | | | fingerprinting (1 | | | | 980) | | | | | | | | - Key witness in | | | | Daubert Hearing | | | | which evaluated | | | | the | | | | admissibility/rel | | | | iability | | | | of expert witness | | | | testimony based | | | | on five | | | | factors (1993) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **MODULE 1 HISTORY: | | | | EVENTS** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | \"Nature\" | 1880 | - Henry Faulds | | | | published a | | | | letter to the | | | | editor of | | | | *Nature* on | | | | October 28, 1880 | | | | titled "On the | | | | Skin -- Furrows | | | | of the Hand" | | | | which | | | | | | | | - describes | | | | research on | | | | prints and | | | | the | | | | characteristi | | | | c | | | | comparisons | | | | of friction | | | | ridge skin on | | | | monkeys and | | | | humans | | | | | | | | - details two | | | | examples | | | | supporting | | | | friction | | | | ridge | | | | individualiza | | | | tion | | | | in crimes | | | | | | | | - to | | | | identify | | | | who had | | | | drank an | | | | alcoholic | | | | beverage | | | | | | | | - to free a | | | | wrongfull | | | | y | | | | accused | | | | individua | | | | l | | | | | | | | - Made Faulds the | | | | 1^st^ to publish | | | | on the value of | | | | friction ridge as | | | | evidence | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mark Twain Novels | 1883 | - Likely after | | | | reading "Nature" | | | | 1880 article, | | | | Samuel L. Clemens | | | | authored | | | | | | | | - Life on the | | | | Mississippi | | | | (1883): about | | | | his life and | | | | included the | | | | permanence | | | | and | | | | uniqueness of | | | | the print on | | | | the ball of | | | | the thumb | | | | | | | | - The Tragedy | | | | of Pudd'nhead | | | | Wilson | | | | (1884): about | | | | a lawyer who | | | | took local | | | | prints of the | | | | community to | | | | solve a | | | | murder | | | | including | | | | four | | | | courtroom | | | | demonstration | | | | s | | | | that showed | | | | | | | | - Prints | | | | are | | | | different | | | | on each | | | | finger | | | | and from | | | | person to | | | | person (2 | | | | ) | | | | | | | | - Prints an | | | | be | | | | individua | | | | lized | | | | and | | | | identifie | | | | d | | | | to a | | | | specific | | | | person (2 | | | | ) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | \"Rojas\" Murders | 1892 | - 1^st^ homicide | | | | solved with | | | | fingerprint | | | | evidence, making | | | | Argentina the | | | | 1^st^ country to | | | | rely solely on | | | | prints for | | | | individualization | | | | which led to the | | | | exit of | | | | anthropometry in | | | | favor of Vucetich | | | | Classification (1 | | | | 894) | | | | | | | | - In Buenos Aires, | | | | Argentina, | | | | Francesca Rojas, | | | | ran to a | | | | neighboring hut | | | | to report that | | | | another neighbor, | | | | Velasquez, killed | | | | her two sons and | | | | attempted to slit | | | | her throat | | | | following a | | | | decline in her | | | | wanting to be | | | | with him over | | | | someone else who | | | | wouldn't be with | | | | her because of | | | | her kids | | | | | | | | - Inspector Eduardo | | | | Alvarez was sent | | | | from La Plata | | | | with knowledge of | | | | Vucetich's work, | | | | discovered bloody | | | | thumbprints on | | | | the doorstop, and | | | | matched the print | | | | to Francesca | | | | leading to her | | | | confession | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Troup Committee | 1893 | - In a compromise | | | | between | | | | anthropometry and | | | | Galton's points, | | | | a committee led | | | | by Charles Troup | | | | decided to add | | | | fingerprints to | | | | Scotland Yard's | | | | Anthropometry | | | | Cards due to | | | | practicality and | | | | success...indicat | | | | ing | | | | the value in | | | | prints | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Belper Committee | 1894 | - Led by Lord Henry | | | | Belper, this | | | | committee met to | | | | initialize the | | | | abandonment of | | | | Bertillonage in | | | | favor for Henry | | | | Classification (1 | | | | 901) | | | | leading to the | | | | publication of | | | | Henry's book | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Will/William West | 1903 | - Further weakened | | Case | | anthropometry | | | | when an arrestee, | | | | Will West, was | | | | brought to | | | | Leavenworth, | | | | Kansas to receive | | | | Bertillon | | | | measurements | | | | which closely | | | | resembled that of | | | | William West, a | | | | current | | | | inmate...the two | | | | records were | | | | virtually | | | | indistinguishable | | | | | | | | - Fingerprinting | | | | provided clear | | | | discernment | | | | demonstrating the | | | | fallibility in | | | | naming, | | | | photography, and | | | | anthropometry | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1904 World\'s Fair | 1904 | - Three booths | | | | regarding | | | | identification | | | | were present | | | | | | | | - Emerson E. | | | | Davis (NY) | | | | for | | | | anthropometry | | | | | | | | - Captain | | | | James J. | | | | Parke (NY) | | | | for | | | | fingerprintin | | | | g | | | | | | | | - Inspector | | | | John K. | | | | Ferrier | | | | (Scotland | | | | Yard) for | | | | fingerprintin | | | | g, | | | | more | | | | specifically | | | | Henry | | | | Classificatio | | | | n | | | | | | | | - Demonstra | | | | ted | | | | the | | | | favorabil | | | | ity | | | | of | | | | fingerpri | | | | nts | | | | over | | | | anthropom | | | | etry | | | | to | | | | various | | | | US law | | | | enforceme | | | | nt | | | | personnel | | | | (to | | | | include | | | | Mary | | | | Holland) | | | | and | | | | remained | | | | in the US | | | | after the | | | | fair to | | | | teach | | | | Henry | | | | Classific | | | | ation | | | | and | | | | powdering | | | | technique | | | | s, | | | | allowing | | | | for US | | | | expansion | | | | of | | | | fingerpri | | | | nting | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | People v. Crispi | 1911 | - 1^st^ conviction | | | | with fingerprints | | | | in the US | | | | | | | | - Lieutenant Joseph | | | | Faurot testified | | | | on | | | | individualization | | | | of Caesar Cella | | | | case (Charles | | | | Crispi) in a | | | | burglary case | | | | using a print | | | | found on a glass | | | | pane compared to | | | | submitted prints | | | | | | | | - His testimony | | | | increased | | | | general | | | | acceptance | | | | due to juror | | | | participation | | | | and education | | | | on the | | | | science of | | | | fingerprintin | | | | g | | | | and | | | | comparison | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | FBI Identification | 1924 | - Following | | Division | | acceptance in | | | | Kansas (1904), | | | | the military | | | | branches adopted | | | | their own | | | | Identification | | | | Divisions | | | | (Army-1905, | | | | Navy-1907, | | | | Marines-1908), | | | | leading to the | | | | establishment of | | | | the Bureau of | | | | Investigations' | | | | Identification | | | | Division (July | | | | 1, 1924) | | | | | | | | - Involved the | | | | consolidation of | | | | the Leavenworth | | | | Identification | | | | and National | | | | Police Bureau | | | | databases | | |