Unit-I.pdf

Unit-I Introduction to Forensic Dermatoglyphics - Neha Badhwar Fingerprints have a better chance of solving a crime than DNA... not because fingerprints are better evidence than DNA, but because of the sheer volume of fingerprint records stored in government databases. Feature...

Unit-I Introduction to Forensic Dermatoglyphics - Neha Badhwar Fingerprints have a better chance of solving a crime than DNA... not because fingerprints are better evidence than DNA, but because of the sheer volume of fingerprint records stored in government databases. Features of Dermatoglyphics : Uniqueness Invariance Hereditary Pioneer of Fingerprints Harold Cummins (1893-1976) "Father of Dermatoglyphics" or the scientific study of skin ridge patterns found on the palms of human hands. Father of Fingerprinting- Francis Galton DR NEHEMIAH GREW(1641- 1712): 1684- forms and uses of pores of skin of hands and feet. He published the drawings of finger and palm ridge patterns. MARCELLO MALPHIGI (1628-1694): 1986- patterns on the fingerprints bulbs and functions of morphology of skin. mentioned about the loops and spiral patterns of the fingerprints. A layer of skin was named after him ‘malphigi layer’ which is approximately 1.8 mm thick. THOMAS BEWICK (1753- 1828): In 1770- engraved his fingerprints and used them to ornament three of his books  EVANGELIST PURKINJE(1787-1869) 1823- nine types of fingerprints. 1. Transverse curves 2. Central longitudinal stripe 3. Oblique stripe 4. Oblique loop 5. Almond whorl 6. Spiral whorl 7. Ellipse 8. Circle 9. Double whorl.  SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL (1833-1917) 1858- official transactions. first person to use fingerprints for identification purposes in India between 1858 and 1878.  DR. HENRY FAULDS (1843-1930) 1880- methods of taking fingerprints first person - identifying criminals from fingerprints found at crime scene wrote a textbook on fingerprint procedure.  SIR FRANCIS GALTON (1822- 1911) published a classic book on fingerprints- 1892. classified fingerprints into three groups that were arches, loops and whorls. 1893- he published a book again named ‘decipherment of blurred fingerprints’.  R JUAN VUCETICH (1858- 1925) 1891- maintained a file of fingerprint records, which was then the largest of its kind in the world.  SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY (1859-1931) 1897- first classification system of fingerprints published a textbook on ‘classification and uses of fingerprints. Two Bengali officers – Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque & Rai Bahadur Hemachandra Bose  HARRY BATTLEY fingerprint bureau - Scotland yard in the year 1901. chief inspector in charge of fingerprint bureau at Scotland yard. single fingerprint system Prehistoric Prehistoric picture writing of a hand with ridge patterns was discovered on a cliff in Nova Scotia. In ancient Babylon, fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business transactions. BC 200s - China Chinese records from the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) include details about using handprints as evidence during burglary investigations. Clay seals bearing friction ridge impressions were used during both the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC - 220 AD). In A.D. 1637- the joint forces of Shah Jahan and Adil Khan, under the command of Khan Zaman Bahadur, invaded the camp of Shahuji Bhosle, the ruler of Pona (in the present day Maharashtra). Mary Holland- a trainer of Navy* personnel and the first American female instructor of fingerprinting Francisca Roja’s murder case- first homicide case solved- 1892 1903, Argentina became the first country to rely solely on fingerprints as a method of identification. 1923 - US Department of Justice Fingerprint Repository Returns to Washington, DC 1924 - FBI's Identification Division is formed 1974 - The Fingerprint Society 1995- FBI established the Technical Working Group for Friction Ridge Analysis, Study, and Technology (TWGFAST)- 1999- SWGFAST 2014- SWGFAST was replaced by the Friction Ridge Subcommittee of the Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science (OSAC). 2021- Fingerprint Records versus DNA Records 2022- America's Largest Databases - FBI's Next Generation Identification (NGI) World's Largest Database - AADHAR- 28 January 2009 Anatomy of Friction Ridge Skin skin is composed of three principle layers: Epidermis-melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells Dermis- fibroblast, Immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dermal dendrocytes, and mast cells Hypodermis- subcutaneous fat Physiology: 1.Keratinization 2.Keratinocyte Proliferation 3.Persistence Embryology: Ectoderm- Epidermis, including friction ridge skin Mesoderm- connective tissue of the dermis, muscle and elements of the vascular system Endoderm- organs Development of Epidermis 8 weeks EGA- the basal cells between the epidermis and the dermis begin to consistently divide Development of Dermis Fibroblasts synthesize the structural components (collagen and elastic) 4–8 weeks EGA- dermal structures begin formation 5 weeks EGA - Elastic fibers first appear 6 weeks EGA - Nerve development occurs  9 weeks EGA- innervation (the appearance of nerve endings) of the epidermis In embryos older than 10 weeks EGA, Merkel cells are predominant in the developing epidermis 8 to 12 weeks EGA- vessels organize from dermal mesenchyme 12 weeks EGA - second vascular network forms deep in the reticular dermis friction ridges and major creases- 8-18 weeks  4 weeks EGA- Limbs rapidly develop End of week 8- the embryo has grown to about 25 millimeters in length and weighs about 1 gram 9–12 Weeks (3 months) embryo’s nervous system and sense organs develop, and the arms and legs begin to move. 10.5 weeks EGA - Friction ridges begin to form Second trimester 175 millimeters and about 225 grams 16 weeks EGA - Volar pads regress and friction ridges grow until about, when the minutiae become set Sweat glands mature, and the epidermal–dermal ridge system continues to mature and grow in size. Third trimester Neurological growth Limb Development- 1. Hand Development: 7 to 8 weeks EGA- the fingers begin to separate and the bone begins to “ossify” or harden. 8 weeks EGA- the joints begin to form between the bones of the hand 2. Volar Pad Development: 6 weeks EGA- interdigital pads appear , followed closely in time by the thenar and hypothenar pads 7–8 weeks EGA- the volar pads begin to develop on the fingertips 8 weeks EGA- the thenar crease and flexion crease 3. Volar Pad “Regression” 8 to 10 weeks EGA- thumb rotation is achieved 10 weeks EGA- the flexion creases of the toes begin formation 11 weeks EGA- distal transverse flexion crease in the palm  13 weeks EGA - proximal transverse flexion crease in the palm 16 weeks EGA- volar pads have completely merged with the contours of the fingers, palms, and soles of the feet Primary Ridge Formation 1. Initiation of Primary Ridge Formation At around 10–10.5 weeks EGA, basal cells of the epidermis begin to divide rapidly 2. Propagation of Primary Ridge Formation-proliferative compartment 3. Minutiae Formation Secondary Ridge Formation 1. Initiation of Secondary Ridge Formation 15 weeks EGA- the primary ridges are experiencing growth in two directions: Between 15 and 17 weeks EGA- secondary ridges appear between the primary ridges on the underside of the epidermis 2. Propagation of Secondary Ridge Formation 3. Formation of Dermal Papillae Formation of Fingerprint 1. Shape of the Volar Pad ridges tend to align perpendicularly to physical compression across a surface Ridges also form transversely to the lines of growth stress in friction skin volar pad height affects friction ridge patterns  growth and regression of the volar pads produce variable physical stresses (A)- Symmetrical Volar Pad-volar pad and other elements of finger growth are symmetrical-whorl or an arch (B)- Asymmetrical Volar Pad 2. Size of the Volar Pad (A)- Pattern size (B)- Timing Events (C) - Delta Placement (1)the apex of the volar pad - core of the fingerprint pattern (2)the distal periphery, or tip of the finger - near the nailbed (3)the distal interphalangeal flexion crease area - below the delta(s) in a fingerprint Fingerprints are unique patterns, made by friction ridges (raised) and furrows (recessed), which appear on the pads of the fingers and thumbs In arches, the ridges of the finger run continuous from one side of the finger to the other with no re-curving. A.Plain Arch---this pattern has a steady flow of ridges. It begins from the one side of the finger, and then the ridge flows upward marginally, almost like a wave. The plain arch then continues its trip along the finger to the other side. A.Tented Arch---this pattern is similar to the plain arch, it begins on one side of the finger and glides out in a similar manner to the other side. However, the dissimilarity lies in the ridges. In a plain arch, the ridges are continuous while in tented arch these are not. The ridges, which connect each other in the center, meet and thrust upward, giving the imprint the shape of a tent. A Loop is a type of pattern in which one or more ridges enter either side, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line between delta and core, and tend to exit from the same side as the ridge entry. Radial Loop---these are loops that drift towards the radius bone of the hand when the downward slope/ opening of the loop is from the direction of the little finger toward the thumb of the hand Ulnar Loop--- are loop pattern that stream towards the ulnar bone of the hand when the descending slope/ opening of the loop is from the direction of the thumb toward the little finger of the hand Requirements for Loop: A sufficient recurve One delta A ridge count across a recurving ridge In whorls, generally have more than two deltas (delta is the first ridge adjacent to the divergence point of two type lines) and there exists a recurve before reaching each delta. Plain Whorl--- A plain whorl pattern possesses type lines and at least two deltas. It also has at least one ridge that makes a complete trip. This ridge may be in the form of a spiral, oval, circle or variant of a circle. It must be composed of two deltas comprising of recurve in each front. Central Pocket Loop --- in these whorls, one or more of the simple recurves of the plain whorl recurves a second time. One delta appears to be significantly adjacent to the center of the pattern than the other delta. Double Loop--- A Double Loop pattern, as the name denotes, is made up of two loops joint into one fingerprint. It comprises of two separate loop developments with two individual and different groups of shoulders and two deltas. Accidental --- These are certain composite pattern inside the whorl group as they arise infrequently and their existence is purely by chance or by accident. Combination of the pattern is derived from two diverse kinds of forms with at least two deltas. Loop and a whorl Loop and a tented arch Loop and central pocket loop Double loop and central pocket loop whorls can be classified as inner (I), meet (M), or outer(O) If there are three or more ridges inside the right delta, the tracing is an—I—inner. If there are three or more ridges outside the right delta, the tracing is an—O—outer. If there are one or two ridges either inside or outside the right delta, or if the tracing stops on the right delta itself, the tracing is a—M— meet. Ridges palmar surface of the hands as well as the soles of the feet found both in men and monkeys are enclosed with minute ridges that possess a superficial resemblance to those made on sand by wind or flowing water. Ridge ending: This is a ridge, which abruptly ends its path. They occur very abundantly in a finger impression. Bifurcation: It is a ridge, which splits into two small ridges forming a Y shape. It is also known as diverging fork. They give an appearance of branch points between curved lines. Trifurcation: It is a ridge, which splits into three small ridges. It is rare in occurrence. Edgeoscopy Identification process where the characteristics of the edges of the ridges of friction skin would be compared and evaluated. Alignment and shape of the individual ridge unit. The edges of ridges are also unique and are persistent like ridges and pores. Chatterjee, 1962 classified the characteristics of the edges of the friction skin into seven classes:- a. Straight edge. b. Convex edge c. Peaked edge d. Table edge e. Pocket edge f. Concave edge g. Angular edge method of establishing identity by comparison of the sweat pores on palmer and planter surfaces are known as Poroscopy. Factors affecting- quantity and quality of the ink used, the degree of the pressure applied in taking an inked print or how an article is touched, the smoothness of the friction skin Sweat pores are situated on the ridges and vary in:- a)Shape of the pores b)Size of the pores c)Position of the pores d)Number of pores per unit area First level Overall pattern arrangement; This does not have sufficient uniqueness to individualize. The pattern formation Second level Specific flow of the ridges; Specific path of accidental features, such as scars, subsidiary ridges and flexion creases etc. and The location of ridge characteristics number and sequence of the ridge characteristics Third level Third level detail is small shapes on the ridge ( Edgeoscopy); Including ridge unit thickness, thinness and relative pore location (Poroscopy) Problems- Not frequently available Poor print quality Not reproduced by normal physical development methods Composition of Sweat Three primary glands: sudoriferous glands (eccrine and apocrine) and the sebaceous glands Eccrine sweat- inorganic and organic compounds including lipids, fatty acids, proteins, and amino acids. Average quantity of secretions produced during a typical 24-hour period varies between 700 and 900 grams A latent print can lose nearly 98% of its original weight within 72h of deposition. pH of sweat 7.2- extracted directly from the gland 5.0- recovered from the skin surface at a low sweat rate 6.5 and 7.0 - recovered from the skin surface at a high sweat rate Substrates- porous or nonporous, smooth or rough, flat or curved Variation in Composition with Age of the Donor Case Studies – First criminal cases solved by Fingerprints FRANCIS ROJAS MURDER (1882) in 1892, in the town of Necochea near Buenos Aires, Argentina Francisca Rojas was found wounded along with her two children attacked by a neighbor, Pedro Ramón Velázquez Inspector Eduardo Alvárez to investigate the scene another police official, Juan Vucetich INDIA’S FIRST CASE (1897) The manager of tea garden in Bengal was found murdered in his bedroom. The room was in great disarray. Two brown smudges of fingerprints were found on a Bengali almanac. Sir Edward Henry found that those fingerprints belong to a person named Kangali Charan, whose thumbprint has been recorded because of a prior theft conviction. He was presented after the court for both murder and theft. As the evidence was only the fingerprints and in face of defendant’s non guilty plea, the court seemed sufficiently convinced to find Charan guilty for theft charge and they was unwilling to accept the evidence for a capital charge. Therefore, he was acquitted of murder.