Surveying Overview and Types

Surveying Overview

• Surveying is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements.
• It establishes the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas.
• This process uses applied mathematics and specialized equipment and techniques.
• Surveying can occur on Earth or other extraterrestrial bodies.

Types of Surveying

Plane Surveying

• Assumes the Earth's surface is flat.
• Applicable for limited areas where the Earth's curvature can be disregarded.
• Used in smaller-scale projects.
• Distances and areas are considered straight in this kind of survey.
• Considered as a basic survey
• Covers small areas less than 250 km²

Geodetic Surveying

• Accounts for the Earth's curved shape.
• Used in large-scale projects where the Earth's curvature is significant.
• Treats distances and areas as spherical rather than straight lines like plane survey
• Covers areas greater than 250 km²

Cadastral Surveying

• Used to determine and define property lines, corners, and areas.
• Typically conducted in urban and rural areas.
• Involves creating property boundaries and defining areas.
• Used for land ownership and property dealings.

City Surveys

• Focuses on areas within or near cities.
• Used for city planning and expansion.
• Determines physical features, configurations of land masses, and property line definitions.
• Also assists with fixing reference monuments and preparing land use maps.

Construction Surveys

• Executed on construction sites to specify grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configurations, and structure locations.
• Important for engineers, architects, and builders.
• Essential for ensuring accurate and safe construction.

Forestry Surveys

• Surveys conducted for managing and measuring forests.
• Used for forest conservation and production.
• Often includes land measurement, timber volume assessments, and environmental monitoring.

Hydrographic Surveys

• Studies water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.
• Includes mapping shorelines, charting water depths, and measuring stream flow.
• Important for navigation, water resource development, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and recreational activities.

Industrial Surveys

• Used in industries for accurate dimensional layouts in tasks such as shipbuilding, aircraft assembly, and machinery installation.
• Often referred to as optical tooling.

Mines Surveys

• Focuses on underground excavations and surface mine structures.
• Facilitates determining position of mines, fixing boundaries of mining claims, and carrying out related mining tasks.
• Used for determining formations of the geological area and calculating volumes.

Photogrammetric Surveys

• A type of surveying that uses photographs taken from airplanes or ground stations.
• Primarily utilizes specially designed photography cameras to establish points and measurements.
• Important for large-scale mapping projects.

Route Surveys

• Critical for highway, railroad, pipeline, canal, and other linear project development.
• Involves determining alignment, grade, earthwork quantities, and locating features that may affect these projects.

Topographic Surveys

• Defines terrain shape and height of features.
• Involves identifying the characteristics of natural and artificial features on the ground.
• Creating graphical representations of the elevation of the Earth's surface.

Surveyor Roles and Responsibilities

• Conducting measurements with high accuracy and precision.
• Determining land boundaries and unique contours.
• Assisting engineers and architects with construction and mapping projects.
• Preparing detailed reports, maps, and plans.
• Recording results and verifying their accuracy.
• Collecting data and performing calculations and adjustments.
• Identifying the location of features and property lines.
• Seeking out historical boundary information and records.
• Maintaining instruments in an accurate and reliable working condition.
• Presenting findings and established data of land and water boundaries to relevant clients and government agencies for various purposes.

Field work

• Includes reconnaissance, measuring distances, angles, and elevations, establishing control points, observing and recording field data, setting out or marking positions.
• Utilizing tools such as total station, theodolite, GPS, levels, and measuring tapes.

Office Work

• Involves processing and analyzing field data, performing calculations and adjustments, drafting maps, plans and profiles using software and tools like AutoCAD or GIS tools, preparing reports, drawings, and survey documentation, collaborating with engineers and other stakeholders, and ensuring quality control for data accuracy in compliance with established standards.

Instrument Care and Adjustments

• Involves maintaining surveying instruments for accurate measurements.
• Includes cleaning, inspecting, calibrating, repairing, verifying instrument accuracy, proper storage, and maintaining log books.

This quiz provides an overview of surveying, including its definition and purpose in determining measurements. It covers various types of surveying such as plane, geodetic, and cadastral surveying, explaining their applications based on the Earth's curvature and project scale.