MLS-112-Lecture-Notes.docx

**Principles of Medical Laboratory Science (MLS 112) Lecture Notes** Medical Technology - Is an auxiliary branch of medicine - Helps in diagnosis Pathologist - Physician with specialization in Pathology and/or Medical Laboratory Science Medical Technologist - A graduate of BS Medi...

**Principles of Medical Laboratory Science (MLS 112) Lecture Notes** Medical Technology - Is an auxiliary branch of medicine - Helps in diagnosis Pathologist - Physician with specialization in Pathology and/or Medical Laboratory Science Medical Technologist - A graduate of BS Medical Technology or BS Medical Laboratory Science - Must be an MTLE passer - Responsible for conducting tests and is supervised by a pathologist while doing so. Medical Technician - Supervised and works alongside lab professionals and technologists to help prepare, examine, and analyze specimens. - Medical Technicians can perform like Medical Technologists however they cannot release test results - Typically non-passers of the board exam Medical Laboratory - Facility where specimens are tested - Must have a specific size in order to operate **I. History of Medical Technology** Stone Age - Characterized by a belief in the unknown (diseases are the work of evil) - No clear knowledge on disease causation Bronze Age - Mysticism, magic, and supernatural beliefs. - Diseases are the punishment of the Gods Iron Age - Improved practices in disease prevention - [Hippocrates] established the concept of disease - [Romans] believed in the existence of [microorganisms] (disease causing bacteria) - [Gaten] - Performed dissections to understand human and animal anatomy Middle Ages (450AD -- 1450 AD) - Prevalence of superstitions and astrology - Practices on U/A (Urinalysis) - Use of Herbal Medicine - School of Salermo -- first school that organized medical school - Acupuncture - Arabic Science (treatments on eye disease) Era of Industrial and Scientific Revolutions - Industrial Revolution -- era of inventions and innovations - Scientific Revolution -- changes in the method of scientific inquiry and explanation 18^th^ to 19^th^ Century 18^th^ Century - Improvement of Medical Education - Age of Enlightenment 19^th^ Century - Rapid Discoveries - Better understanding of disease causation - Science-based industries 20^th^ Century - Era of Sophistication - Discovery of powerful antibiotics -- pharmacologic application of microbial isolates - Treatment of diseases - CT Scan, Ultrasound, MRI - Electron Microscopy **II. Early Beginning and Development of Medical Technology** Hippocrates - Hippocratic Oath (Code of Ethics of Physicians) Sanguis - *Sanguine: courageous, hopeful, playful, carefree* Khole - *Choleric: ambitious, leader-like, restless, easily angered* Melainakhole - *Melancholic: despondent, quiet, analytical, serious* Phlegma - *Phlegmatic: calm, thoughtful, patient, peaceful* A triad of regimen -- tools in the treatment of diseases and infection: - Drugs - Surgery - Bloodletting -- removal of blood for medical treatment 600 BC -- Shushruta - Hindu physician who noted [polyuria (excessive urination)] and the sweet taste of urine (madhumeha) associated with diabetes - First cosmetic surgeon in india Anenzoa - Arabian physician - Scabies is caused by parasite Vivian Herrick - Intestinal parasites such as taenia (tapeworm) and ascaris (roundworm) were identified Papyrus - He studied the three stages of hookworm and the diseases they produced in men Ruth Williams - Author, "An Introduction to the Profession of Medical Technology" Anne Fagelson - Medical Technology started when a prominent Italian doctor at the University of Bologna employed Alessandra Gilliani to perform different tasks at the laboratory 15^th^ Century - Advancement of Microbiology - Produced analine dyes (synthetic dyes) 1632 -- Anton van Leeuwenhoek - First compound microscope - RBC, Protozoa, classified bacteria according to shape 1628-1694 -- Malphigi - Greatest of early microscopists - Embryology, Anatomy, Founder of Pathology Rudolf Virchow - Founder of archives of Pathology in Berlin - The first to study manifestation of disease - Visible infections (cellular level) through the use of microscope 1789 -- Antoine Fourcroy - The chemist who discovered cholesterol Joseph Lister - Bacteria can be killed by phenol - Inventor of dark field microscope 1836 -- James Marsh - Developed a test for Arsenic 1848 -- Herman Fehling - Performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar 1852 -- Karl Von Vierordt - Instrument to measure blood flow [(Hemocytometer)] 1854 -- John Snow - First colorimeter based on Beer's Law -- [Spectrophotometer] -- reads disturbances 1869 -- Herman Luer - Developed the glass syringe with a Luer Lock for needles 1886 -- Max Jaffe - Developed the [alkaline picrate method: used for creatinine determination] 1893 -- Theodore William Richards - Invented the nephelometer 1896 -- Ferdinand Widal - Widal test -- used to diagnose typhoid fever (Agglutination test) 1905 -- H.V. Bechtold - [Immunodiffusion] -- a technique for measuring antibodies and antigens by their precipitation when diffused together through a gel or other medium. 1928 -- George N. Papanicolau - [Pap smear] -- removal of cells from the surface of the cervix to be checked for cervical cancer 1929 -- R. Gabreus - [ESR] -- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: used to check the degree of inflammation 1937 -- Bernanrd Fantus - World's first hospital-based blood bank 1940 - Electric Colorimeters (replaced visual colorimeters) 1946 - Vacuum collection tubes - Vacutainer collection tubes developed by Beckton-Disckinson Co. 1959 -- Technicon Corp - Autoanalyzer to streamline chemistry testing of blood serum 1961 -- Beckton-Dickinson Co. - Disposable needles and syringes developed **III. History of Medical technology in the United States** 1878 -- Dr. William H. Helch - Established a lab at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College - First professor of Pathology at the John Hopkin's University in 1885 1896 -- Dr. William Osler - Opened the first Clinical Laboratory in John Hopkin's University - Opened William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine at the hospital of the University of Pennsylvania 1900 Census - 100 lab technicians (all male) employed - 1920: 3,500 lab technicians - 1922: 3,035 hospitals had clinical laboratories 1908 -- Dr. James Todd - Author, **"A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis"** (standard reference) - Retitled **"Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods"** for its 19^th^ edition World War I - Produced great demand for physicians - Physicians with knowledge in the laboratory trained assistants to perform lab tests World War II - Increased use of blood - Closed system for blood collection was adapted **III. Medical Technology in the Philippines** January 1945 - Medical facilities were made available in the Philippines - The first Clinical Laboratory in the Philippines is in Quiricada St., Santa Cruz, Manila -- build by the 26^th^ Medical laboratory of the 6^th^ US army February 1945 - Trained civilians / high school graduates to become members of the health team June 1945 - The 6^th^ US Army left the laboratory - The laboratory was endorsed to the DOH, but the government wasn't interested to pursue it. September 1945 -- World War II ended September / October 1945 -- Dr. Pio de Roda - Re-organized the Laboratory along with Dr. Mariano Icasiano - Re-named "Manila Public Health Laboratory" 1947 -- Dr. de Roda and Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana - Offered a training program for aspiring laboratory workers - Trainees: high school graduates and paramedical graduates - The training was not effective due to lack of motivation. It had no definite time frame or period, no certification. Dr. Sta. Ana was instructed to prepare a formal syllabus for the training program. 1954 -- Dr. de Roda, Dr. Sta. Ana, and Dr. Tirso Briones - Training based on a prepared syllabus - Lasted for only 6 months because of the beginning of formal education in the Philippines **FORMAL MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES** 1954 - The Philippine Union College and the Manila Sanitarium Hospital offered a course in Medical Technology - Dr. Jesse Umali was the first graduate in 1956. 1954 -- Development of the first Medical Technology School in the Philippines - **Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick** -- Physician in the US, founder of Medical Technology education in the PH - **Dr. Reuben Magsaysay** -- President of the Philippine Union College - **Rev. Warren** -- President of the North Philippine Mission of the Seventh Day Adventist, Director of the Bureau of Education - **Dr. Hedrick and Mrs. Antoinette Mckelvey** -- prepared formal / core syllabus for Medical Technology 1957 -- 1958 -- University of Santo Tomas - Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes -- offered Medical Technology as an elective for 4^th^ and 5^th^ year Pharmacy students. - Father Lorenzo Rodriguez -- proposed to make it a course due to its popularity University of Sto. Tomas Centro Escolar University - Mrs. Purificacion Sunico-Sauco undertook a feasibility study for offering the BSMT course - Carmen de Luna (President of CEU) granted Mrs. Sauco's request - First batch graduated in 1962 1961 -- Far Eastern University - Medical Technology started through the efforts of Dr. Horacio Ylagen and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano 1966 -- MedTech started in Saint Louis University 1970 - First batch of graduates, one of the laboratories were of offered to SLU interns (Imelda R. Marcos Clinical Laboratory July 6, 1971 - The course was recognized by the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECS)