History, Definition & Development of Clinical Laboratory Science PDF

PRINCIPLES OF MLS PRACTICE 1 HISTORY, PROFESSION, & DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFESSIONS 1550 BC analysis used in the diagnosis and  It is believed that the intestinal treatment of disease. infection dated back in 1550 BC and is cause...

PRINCIPLES OF MLS PRACTICE 1 HISTORY, PROFESSION, & DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROFESSIONS 1550 BC analysis used in the diagnosis and  It is believed that the intestinal treatment of disease. infection dated back in 1550 BC and is caused by Ascaris 17TH CENTURY ANTON VAN LEUWENHOEK lumbricoides and taenia species  Known as the “Father of (published in Ebers Payrus) Microbiology”.  Hindu doctors observed that the  Leeuwenhoek, despite having no urine of certain individuals scientific training, became the attracts ants first to observe protozoa, red  Record of intestinal parasites blood cells, the sperm cells of  Arabian physician proved that animals, and bacteria, which he parasites are the etiological agent described in numerous letters to of scabies. the Royal Society of London.  It also mentioned with urinalysis MARCELLO MALPIGHI being fad.  Known as the “Father of -Back then, crude urinalysis was Pathology”. used  He found the science of - Color, smell, taste, microscopic anatomy which consistency, etc contributed to advances in MEDIVAL PERIOD physiology and embryology.  Quack doctors used urine for  Was an Italian biologist and a diagnosis. physician who lived between 1628 and 1694. He discovered the 14TH CENTURY invisible world of the human body ALEXANDRA GILLANI and plants by studying tissues  Dates medical technology from the under a microscope. Those 14th century when a prominent discoveries of previously invisible Italian physician from the tissues turned a new light on the University of Bologna employed a human body. certain Alessandra Giliani to RUDOLPH VIRCHOW perform certain tasks which would  Known as the “Father of Modern now be considered those of the Pathology”. medical technologist.  A german pathologist reputed to  It is of interest that Giliani died advance pathology; founded the from a laboratory-acquired Archives of Pathology in Berlin infection. 1847  The branch of medicine concerned  Virchow's many discoveries include with the performance of the finding cells in bone and connective laboratory determinations and tissue and describing substances 1  such as myelin. He was the first  Welch established the first person to recognize leukemia. He clinical laboratory at John was also the first person to Hopkin’s. explain the mechanism of 1889 pulmonary thromboembolism.  Year when routine exams on 19th CENTURY clinical specimens from the  Aniline is a chemical compound hospital was performed. discovered in mid-nineteenth 1894 century Europe, which forms the  Simon Flexner as a resident basis for the modern synthetic pathologist at John Hopkins to dye industry. Aniline dyes are head the new Pathology known for their wide range of department. bright colours that do not fade NOTE (unlike many natural dyes).  The practice was not widely 1800 accepted in the United States. WILLIAM OCCAN  English professor philosopher who OBJECTIVES TO OPENING A LABORATORY used lab findings as a preliminary  Laboratories were considered are evidence in diagnosing and scientific luxuries evaluation of a patient’s disease.  It requires additional space.  Expensive. NOTE  Tests are too time-consuming.  The practice of diagnosing disease  Poisonous reagents. based on laboratory tests spread to Turkey and other European UNITED STATES 1908 countries. - James Todd and Sanford made a UNITED STATES manual “A Manual of Clinical 1884 Diagnosis” which is ow known as  1st chmecimal laboratory by Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Douglas. Methods  Established at the University of 1900 CENSUS Michigan by Dr. Douglas - Number of laboratory workers  Dr. Douglas pioneered laboratory were recorded. 1915 instruction in this well-equipped laboratory - Legislature of Pennyslvabia passed 1878 a law that all hospitals must have a  William Welch opened a lab at laboratory & full-time medical Bellevue Hospital Medical College technologist to be able to operate. with Pathology course. 1885 WORLD WAR 2 1922 2   Training of medical technicians Briones (with syllabus and training  University of Minnesota offered a certificate) formal education in medical technology. DEFINING THE PROFESSION CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PHILIPPINES  A profession concerned with  MT practice was introduced during providing information based on the World War 2 by the 26th Medical performance of analytical tests on Lab of the 6th US Army and human body substances to detect endorsed the laboratory to the evidence of or prevent disease or National Department of Health impairment and to promote and who did not take interest in it. monitor good health.  Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda asked the CLINICAL LABORATORY help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano (1st  Any facility that performs city health officer) to preserve laboratory testing of specimens and continue the laboratory in collected from humans to provide Manila. information used in the diagnosis, OCT 1, 1945 prevention, or treatment of  Public Health laboratory was set diseases or impairment, and for up under Dr. Pio de Roda the assessment of health such as 1947 in general physical examinations.  Training of lab workers by Dr. de (CLIA 88) Rosa & Prudencia Sta Ana. 1953 AREAS OF STUDY IN A CLINICAL  Wilma Hilgert – Hedrick started LABORATORY the first 4-year program und PUC- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY -The area in MAMC and later joined by the laboratory Antoniette Mckelvey who trained that performs under Dr. Papinicolaou quantitative  The program required 3 years at analytical Philippine Union College (now procedures on a Adventist University of the variety of body Philippines) and 18 months of fluids, but clinical training at Manila primarily on Sanitarium & Hospital – Manila serum or plasma  Jesse Umali, Avelino Olivia and that has been Adoracion Yutuc was the first processed from students who graduated. whole blood 1954 collected from  Formal 6 months training of the patient laboratory workers by Dr. Pio de determine Roda, Sta. Ana and Dr. Tirso- concentrations 3  of compounds diagnosis and such as blood monitoring of glucose and anemia and cholesterol leukemia. levels. Tests -Bone marrow are also done on examination is urine or, less done in special frequently, on hematology body fluids. divisions. URINALYSIS / The area in the HEMOSTASIS & -The area in CLINICAL COAGULATION MICROSCOPY laboratory that the laboratory performs that assesses routine urine bleeding and screening tests clothing to diagnose and problems. In monitor some metabolic laboratories, disease by this area is evaluating the under three Hematology. component parts of the IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY -The area in & TRANSFUSION urinalysis – MEDICINE the laboratory observation of responsible for the physical collecting, characteristics typing, and of the urine, preparing blood screening for and its chemical components for constituents transfusions. and microscopic Blood donated examination of for transfusion the urinary undergoes sediment. rigorous testing HEMATOLOGY -The area in to make certain the laboratory that it is safe that studies for transfusion. the formed elements of IMMUNOLOGY – -This area SEROLOGY blood used for includes the 4  examination of viruses, fungi elements of the and parasites human immune are identified system and its in a typical response to clinical foreign bodies, laboratory. and the Identification principles and and methodologies antimicrobial used in the (antibiotic) assessment of testing is done immunological to guide the related physician and disorders. pharmacist in -Molecular treatment. This diagnostic tools area also are used such includes as polymerase identification chain reaction, of bacteria and are used to viruses used as detect viruses, bioterrorism bacteria, agents. genetic disorders and HISTOTECHNOLOGY -The area of transplant the laboratory matches. It is where also used in preparing tissue evaluating DNA slides for evidence in microscopic forensic cases. examination MICROBIOLOGY -The area of using complex the laboratory processing and that identifies staining microorganisms techniques is that cause performed. disease (pathogens). CYTOTECHNOLOGY -In this area, Generally, the tissue slides common and body fluids bacteria, microscopically 5  examined to techniques either manual or distinguish automated. cancerous from 2. Blood banking procedures and normal cells. techniques. 3. Parasitologic, mycologic and microbiologic procedures and CLINICAL LABORATORY techniques. SCIENTIST/MEDICAL TECHNOLIOGIST 4. Hispathologuc and cytotechnology  A person who is trained to techniques and procedures. perform laboratory tests used in 5. Clinical research involving patients preventing, diagnosing, and or human beings requiring the use monitoring dieseases. Also known of end/or application of medical as medical laboratory scientist, technology knowledge and medical laboratory technologist. procedures.  A person who is responsible for 6. Preparations and standardization the development, performance, of reagents, standardization of evaluation of laboratory testing stains and others, provided such as that is needed in patient medical reagents, standards, stains and care & clinical research. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST others are exclusive for the use of  Is a term that was used to the lab. describe laboratory professionals 7. Clinical laboratory quality control. from the early 1900s. The term 8. Collection and preservation of “Clinical Laboratory Scientist” was specimens. coined in 1976 by National CHARACTERISTICS OF A CLINICAL Credentialing Agency. LABORATORY SCIENTIST PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT PHYSICAL INTELECTUAL OF 1969 (R.A 005527) REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS  A person who is paid to do render (NAACL) the following professional services  Good  Interest in for the purpose of aiding eyesight Science and physicians in the diagnosis, study or good Mathematics. and treatment of diseases and in corrected  Equipped the promotion of health in general: eyesight. mentally to pay  Normal attention to 1. Examination of tissues, secretions color detail. and excretions of the human body vision.  Should be able and body fluids by various  Ability to to work electronic, chemical, microscopic, sit or independently bacteriologic, hematologic, stand for and make serologic, immunologic, nuclear and long critical other laboratory procedures and 6  period of decisions. MAJOR MAJOR COURSES COURSE time.  Good working OFFERED  Overall knowledge of BY MLS physical computer DEPART health. systems. MENT  Clean & orderly. -Human -Principle  Responssible. Anatomy of MLS  Should be able & Practice to handle Physiology 1 stress. with -Principle Pathophys of MLS BECOMING A MEDICAL LABORATORY iology Practice SCIENTISTS -Inorganic 2 and Lecture 1. ENROLL IN A 4 YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM IN Organic and MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE Chemistry Laborato OR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY. A - ry TYPICAL BACHELOR’S PROGRAM Analytical -Human HA A CORE CURRICULUM OF BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, ANATOMY, Chemistry Histology AND PHYSIOLOGY - - GENERA RETENTION POLICY Biochemis Cytogene L  Students must try tics for EDUCAT ION/ maintain a GPA - MLS PRE- of not less than Biostatisti -MT CLINICA 3.2. cs & Laws & L  Students must DIVISIO Epidemiol Bioethics N be able to ogy - maintain grades Laborato not lower than C ry in major course Managem but no more than ent 2 Cs. -  Students must Communi be able to get C+ ty and in major Public subjects offered Health by the MLS for MLS department. CLINICA - admission in to  Major courses L the aup clinical DIVISIO can only be N division repeated once.  Qualifying Exam 7   Grade Point clinical division Average >3.2 subjects are  Number of units required to to left (no units take and pass left) the  Forum comprehensive REQUIREMENTS exams before  COG from RAO qualifying for  CD Application the internhip form with 2x2 program. The recent picture coverage of  Physchological which will include Exam all professional  April 17 & 24 subjects taken for June during the applicants clinical division  June 10 for Aug 2. TAKE A LICENSURE EXAMINATION applicants PHILIPPINE Clinical 20 NLE Qualifying exam Chemistry % GPA 30% Microbiolog 20 Pre-Clin 20% y % course Hematology 20 left % Qualifying 35% Serology & 20 Exam Blood Bank % Score Clinical 10 Forum 10% Microscopy % Grades Histopathol 10 An AUP MLS Clinical ogy & MTLB % Division applicant should get atleast 60% to be CRITERIA accepted. The relative  Should have weights are computed an overall based on how actual average of scores are ranked 75% INTERN  All students who  Should not SHIP have copleted have a score and passed all below 50% in pre-clinical and any major subject. 8   Should get a 5. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES CONVENTIONAL NON CONVENTIONAL relative 1.LABORATORY 1. MARKETING weight of at BENCH WORKERS -Initiate product least 60%. 2.SUPERVISORS 3. SPECIALIST conception, INTERNATIO AMT, ASCPI, NCA, NA 4.LABORATORY development, Institue of EXAMINATI MANAGER promotion, and sales. biochemical 5. PROGRAM ON -Assist staff Science-Health DIRECTOR 6. MOLECULAR members to achieve Professions Council PATHOLOGY marketing 7.CONSULTANTS objectives. 3. JOIN A PROFESSIONAL (INTERNAL/EXTER -Provide technical ORGANIZATION IN YOUR NAL) AREA/COUNTRY assistance in solving -Operations NATIONAL ORAGNIZATIONS problems and  Philippine Association of Medical management. evaluating results. Technologists Inc. (PAMET) -Education of -Interact with  Philippine Association of Schools healthcare buyers in an ethical of Medical Technology & Public professionals and and positive manner. Health (PASMETH) patients 2. RESEARCH &  ASEAN Association OF Clinical -Human resources PRODUCT Laboratory Scieans management DEVELOPMENT -Regulatory -Develop, test and  American Society for Clinical compliance evaluate new Laboratory Science -Financial laboratory methods, SPECIAL ORGANIZATION management products and -Philippine Society of Hematology -Information instruments. & Blood Transfusion systems -Utilize statistical -Quality tools for evaluation 4. SPECIALIZE IN A FIELD/AREA of data. improvement &  Graduate sudies (MSMLS, MSMT) Safety -Analyze data for  PhD 8.LABORATORY acceptability. VALUES INVOLVEMENT INFORMATION -Evaluate  Honesty  Collabor SYSTEMS effectiveness of new  Confident ation -Maintain and types of clinical iality  Researc troubleshoot treatment.  Timely h existing -Publish and/or deliver of  Health information present findings of results Promotio systems. studies.  Accuracy n -Develop LIS 3.SUPERVISION/AD and databases. MINISTRATION/MAN Precision -Develop, sell, AGEMENT select, install and -Maintaining 9  Conventional non-conventional conventional non-convensional support software compliance with -Perform analyzer goals. and hardware for regulatory agencies. installation -Develop laboratory -Customer service procedures, understanding of information -Interviewing, hiring corrective and products, pricing systems in a and evaluating preventative plans, competition, variety of settings personnel maintenance. marketing (e.g. hospitals, -Developing and -Maintain and objectives, and commercial clinical implementing policies acquire service customer service laboratories, and procedures contracts. objectives. multi-site health -Analyzing workflow 11. QUALITY -Develop ASSURANCE care institutions, output understanding of -Insure compliance research -Preparing budgets selling skills, with governmental facilities). -Evaluating administrative and other health 9. PUBLIC laboratory vendors procedures, and sales HEALTH/INFECTIO care regulatory and negotiating support organization N CONTROL agency quality contracts -Data collection assurance (QA) 4. EDUCATION and analysis. requirements. -Develop goals, -Develop, -Develop, validate, objectives, lectures, implement and implement and laboratory sessions, evaluate evaluate policies and evaluation items educational and procedures. for instruction. programs for -Identify QA -Perform research staff/patients/pu issues, monitor and for subsequent blic/other analyze QA data, presentation and/or contingents. review and analyze publication. -Plan, organize and problems, -Counsel students manage public recommend and and provide health prevention implement mentoring. programs. corrective action -Participate in -Applied research and educate school, university, or may be involved. laboratory and 10. TECHNICAL hospital committees. SUPPORT -Participate on other staff various credentialing members. -Maintain (e.g. accreditation or -Participate in laboratory certification) internal and equipment and activities external provide sales 6. SALES proficiency testing support and -Sell all products in programs. customer training the product line to 12. FORENSIC for laboratory BIOLOGICAL meet territory sales instrumentation. SCIENCE - 10 -Test and analyze as an expert physiological witness. evidence collected -Participate in in connection with internal and death and criminal external investigations proficiency testing -Attempt to programs. determine the identity of the questioned physiological material by identification of its biological nature using immunologic, biochemical and microscopic methods. -Attempt to further individualize the fluid utilizing electrophoretic methods to conduct genetic marker typing (including DNA analysis) on forensic samples for direct comparison with known samples and/or DNA databank searches. -Prepare written reports of all findings. -Testify in court 11 12