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Healthcare is involved, directly or indirectly, with the provision of health services to individuals These services can occur in a variety of work settings, including hospitals, clinics, dental offices, out-patient surgery centers, birthing centers, emergency medical care, home healthcare, and n...

Healthcare is involved, directly or indirectly, with the provision of health services to individuals These services can occur in a variety of work settings, including hospitals, clinics, dental offices, out-patient surgery centers, birthing centers, emergency medical care, home healthcare, and nursing homes. What is Safety?  Safety is not being in danger. Safety is being free from harm or risk of harm. Safety is about keeping safe at home, at work and in the community.  Facilities safety focuses on workplace hazards and improvements to safety measures within the workplace. What types of hazards ‫ مخاطر‬do workers face? Healthcare workers face several serious safety and health hazards. They include:  Bloodborne pathogens and biological hazards. ‫مسببات األمراض المنقولة بالدم والمخاطر البيولوجية‬  Potential chemical and drug exposures. ‫التعرض المحتمل للمواد الكيميائية والعقاقير‬  Waste anesthetic gas exposures. ‫نفايات التعرض لغاز التخدير‬  Respiratory hazards. ‫مخاطر الجهاز التنفسي‬  Ergonomic hazards from lifting and repetitive tasks. ‫المخاطر المتعلقة ببيئة العمل وتكرار المهام‬  Laser hazards, workplace violence. ‫ والعنف في مكان العمل‬، ‫مخاطر الليزر‬  Hazards associated with laboratories, and radioactive material and x-ray hazards. ‫المخاطر‬ ‫المرتبطة بالمختبرات والمواد المشعة ومخاطر األشعة السينية‬  Some of the potential chemical exposures include formaldehyde, used for preservation of specimens for pathology; ethylene oxide, glutaraldehyde, and other chemicals used in healthcare laboratories. ‫ الفورمالديهايد المستخدم لحفظ عينات األمراض‬، ‫بعض التعرضات الكيميائية المحتملة‬ ‫أكسيد اإليثيلين و الجلوتارالدهيد‬  Terminology HCWs : Healthcare workers OSH : Occupational Safety and Health OSHA : The Occupational Safety and Health Administration WHO : World Health Organization NIOSH : National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health CDC : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PPE : Personal Protective Equipment SHARP: Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program How Does OSHA Developing and updating Protect Health Specific health and safety guidelines care Workers? on a regular basis. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) protects healthcare workers through a variety of standards, regulations, and guidelines aimed at minimizing the risks and hazards they face in the workplace. These include:  Bloodborne Pathogens Standard: OSHA requires employers to have measures in place to protect healthcare workers from exposure to Bloodborne pathogens (e.g., HIV, hepatitis B and C). This includes proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), vaccination programs, and the implementation of control plans to prevent sharps injuries.  Respiratory Protection: Healthcare workers dealing with airborne diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, COVID-19) must be provided with appropriate respiratory protection, such as N95 masks. OSHA sets guidelines for their use and mandates fit testing and training for workers.  Hazard Communication Standard: OSHA ensures healthcare workers are informed about chemical hazards in their workplace (e.g., cleaning agents, disinfectants). Workers must receive training on how to handle these materials safely.  Safe Patient Handling: OSHA advocates for ergonomics programs that aim to reduce musculoskeletal injuries related to lifting and moving patients. This includes the use of mechanical lifting devices and proper training on body mechanics.  Injury and Illness Prevention Programs: OSHA encourages healthcare employers to establish comprehensive programs that focus on identifying and mitigating risks in the workplace.  Workplace Violence Prevention: OSHA provides guidelines and recommendations to minimize the risk of workplace violence, which can be a significant issue in healthcare settings. While there is no specific OSHA standard, healthcare employers are expected to implement measures to reduce this risk.  COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standards: During the pandemic, OSHA implemented temporary standards to protect healthcare workers, including requirements for ventilation, physical distancing, and the provision of adequate PPE.  Health and Safety Policy  Is a written document of a company’s goals and commitment to workplace health and safety.  A good policy suggests how the company protects those who may be affected by hazards.  A written Occupational Health and Safety Policy helps to promote an effective workplace OHS Program. A health and safety policy ‫تشريع‬ ‫سياسات‬ ‫يتم التعرف على تدابير الطوارئ أثناء حوادث مكان العمل والحرائق وحاالت‬ ‫الطوارئ األخرى‪.‬‬  Policy elements ‫عناصر‬ There are two aspects to consider when establishing an Occupational / Workplace Health and Safety Program: Preventative Action and Emergency Management. ‫العمل الوقائي وإدارة الطوارئ‬ Preventative action ‫العمل الوقائي‬  Preventative action is any action we take to avoid injuries or illness related to workplace conditions.  Performing tasks on heights, scaffolds ‫السقاالت‬, ladders ‫الساللم‬, and other unsteady structures Potential Chemical substances (toxic, flammable etc.) threats and dangerous Operating dangerous equipment situations include but Slippery or uneven surfaces ‫األسطح الزلقة أو غير‬ are not ‫المستوية‬ limited to: Electrical infrastructure Noise/temperature Quality of air  Preventative measures ‫تدابير وقائية‬ When employees work Provide protective Employee training in dangerous contexts gear like gloves, Inspectors and quality sessions should be or locations, safety protective uniforms, control employees will hold regarding health precautions like safety goggles etc. Using inspect equipment and & safety standards nets and ropes should safety equipment is infrastructure regularly. and procedures. be available. ‫شبكات وحبال‬ obligatory. ‫األمان يجب توافرها‬  Preventative measures ‫تدابير وقائية‬ All highly dangerous job tasks require at least two employees to be present Exposure to chemicals and radiation will not exceed a certain time limit Employees who do repairs or cleaning need to put up caution signs Prohibition ‫ منع‬smoking indoors Fully stocked first-aid kits at convenient locations ‫أدوات إسعافات أولية مجهزة بالكامل‬  Update its policy according to changes in occupational health Additional measures and safety legislation. Use incentive actions for health & safety ‫استخدام اإلجراءات التحفيزية للصحة والسالمة‬ (e.g. presenting safe employee awards.) Each company will also keep up to date of changes and try to Analyze past incidents to discover what went wrong. promote health & safety actively. Establish clear procedures for accident reporting. Through:.‫وضع إجراءات واضحة لإلبالغ عن الحوادث‬ Revise work procedures to make them safer. Emergency Management  Emergency management refers to plan ‫المنع‬ to deal with sudden catastrophes ‫ الكوارث‬like fire, flood, earthquake, or explosion. ‫التعافى‬ ‫التأهب‬  These depend on human error or natural forces. ‫االستجاية‬  Emergency management involves the following provisions:  Functional smoke alarms and sprinklers ‫ أجهزة إنذار الدخان والرشاشات الوظيفية‬that are regularly inspected by maintenance supervisor.  Technicians (external or internal) available to repair leakages, damages, and blackouts quickly.  Fire extinguishers and other fire protection equipment that are easily accessible.  An evacuation plan posted on the walls of each floor and online.  Fire escapes and safety exits that are clearly indicated and safe. 1. Risk assessment and Emergency planning  Determine which hazards are most likely in your local area.  Consider the likelihood of interruption to communications, including cyberattacks.  Does your healthcare disaster preparedness plan address the potential loss of communication, facilities, or supplies?  Center for Medicare &Medicaid service (CMS) recommends you review and update your plan at least once a year. 2. Communication plan  Establish a system to connect with staff, providers, and other key contacts.  You should coordinate within your practice, as well as with state and local public health departments and emergency management agencies. 3. Training and testing  Your practice should create a training program for employees and be prepared to update it at least once a year. In addition, you can reach out to groups and agencies in the community and tap into their disaster planning resources. You can also coordinate educational efforts with local organizations.  Through dedicated pages, CMS offers emergency preparedness guidance for earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, flooding, other severe weather conditions, and more. 4. Policies and procedures  In general, policies are a set of overarching guidelines to organize your plan, while the procedures outline your approach step by step.  As with your communication plan, your policies and procedures should comply with federal and state laws.  Introduction Employers ‫ أصحاب العمل‬have a responsibility to ensure the health and safety of employees ‫ الموظفين‬in the workplace. They set the protocols and make sure the workplace is following standards. Regardless of how many risks and hazards employers minimize, accidents will continue to happen if workers don’t take responsibility for their actions. Safety is a team effort. One employee acting irresponsibly can not only hurt themself, but other employees as well.  A successful system will be part of your overall business What makes a operation, as important as the successful system? other things you do to succeed in business.  1. Managers committed ‫ ملتزم‬to make the program work. Successful safety 2. Employees involved ‫ متضمن‬in the and health program. systems have the following in 3. A system to identify and control hazards ‫تحديد المخاطر والسيطرة عليها‬ place: 4. Compliance ‫ امتثال‬with OSHA regulations. Successful safety and health systems have the following in place: 5. Training on safe work practices. 6.Mutual respect, caring and open communication ‫االحترام المتبادل والرعاية والتواصل المفتوح‬ in a climate encouraging to safety. 7.Continuous improvement  Encourage employee participation in 1. Make a commitment Encourage safety and health. Let employees know they will be expected to follow safe work practices if Let they work for your business. And follow them yourself. Respond to all reports of unsafe or Respond unhealthy conditions or work practices. If injuries or illnesses occur, make it Make your business to find out why. 2. Involve employees 1 2 3 Establish an active Make daily safety Keep employees workplace safety and inspections ‫تفتيش‬ informed about safety health safety ‫ السالمة‬part of some inspections, injury committee ‫لجنة‬. employees' jobs. and illness statistics, and other safety- related problems. 3. Identify and Review records of accidents, injuries, control hazards illnesses. Review OSHA logs, first aid logs ‫سجالت‬ ‫اإلسعافات األولية‬, and complaints ‫الشكاوى‬ Assessment of employees ‫تقييم الموظفين‬ Learn the OSHA regulations that have to do with your workplace. 3. Identify and Use checklists to locate dangerous control hazards conditions. Watch employees work to identify unsafe work practices. Perform Job Hazard Analysis ‫تحليل مخاطر العمل‬. Conduct air and noise sampling where exposures exist. ‫قم بأخذ عينات من الهواء والضوضاء عند وجود حاالت التعرض‬  Once you know the hazards, you can decide how to control them. Prioritize ‫تحديد‬ Make a plan for Evaluate the changes to make sure they have corrected the problem and ‫ األولويات‬the hazards correcting the not created other hazards ‫تقييم‬ you found hazards ‫التغييرات للتأكد من تصحيح المشكلة وعدم خلق‬ ‫مخاطر أخرى‬ 4. Comply with regulations Employers must identify the OSHA regulations that apply in their workplaces and comply with them. Safety Works! classes and consultations can help with this. Develop required programs Maintain the OSHA log if required for your business.  General safety orientation for new employees and employees starting new jobs, including company safety regulations and emergency 5. Train procedures. Employees Specific training on the hazards of their jobs and how to do their jobs safely. Retraining 6.Support a culture of safety 1 2 3 Establish effective Make sure Encourage workers to two-way management goes go "beyond the call of communication. beyond the duty" ‫ما وراء نداء الواجب‬ Respond to the needs regulations to ensure to ensure a safe and concerns of a safe workplace. workplace. workers. Support a culture of safety Celebrate your Support a work success with Safety environment that and Health promotes trust, Achievement creativity, and Recognition Program general well- (SHARP) or other being. recognition programs. 7. Continually improve your system 2 5 1 3 4 Evaluate Review Examine Conduct frequent your injury Use OSHA's (daily, weekly as Safety and annually and accidents, and illness needed) Health Program as needed injuries, inspections of statistics Assessment illnesses, specific Worksheet to as they equipment and find out how occur. processes. you're doing.. 7 Continually improve your system Change analysis: Review Ensure hazard Document all new and changed correction systems your safety processes, materials, facilities, and are in place and efforts. equipment for hazards working Listen to your staff: Do employees know the hazards of Evaluate their jobs and how to work safely? Are managers effectiveness of enforcing safe work practices and praising safe behavior? training ‫هل يطبق المديرون ممارسات العمل اآلمنة ويمدحون السلوك اآلمن؟‬  Introduction Human error is the number one cause of accidents in the workplace. In fact, it’s been estimated that up to 90% of all accidents are due to human error. Therefore, it’s so important for businesses to focus on human factors and their influence on safety performance. Definition of human factors:  The study of human factors examines the relationship between human beings and the systems with which they interact, and focuses on improving efficiency, productivity, creativity, and job satisfaction, with the goal of minimizing errors.  Human factors are any characteristics of a person that can affect their ability to safely perform a task. This includes things like cognitive abilities, physical abilities, and emotional states.  Human factors can have a For example, employees may be more likely big impact when it comes to to make a mistake if they feel stressed or workplace safety. fatigued. This could lead to an accident. Human factors are classified as; ‘Organizational, job factors, and human and individual characteristics which influence behavior at work to affect health and safety.’ 1. Organizational factors It arises from how an organization is structured and managed. The systems, processes, and practices in place can influence behavior and, as a result, health, and safety. For example, a company that has a high rate of accidents may be caused by several different factors such as: Poor Inadequate Poorly Lack of Inadequate housekeeping staffing levels designed jobs training supervision standards  Checklist may be used to check any organizational health and safety management structure. Does the structure have: An effective health and safety management system? A positive health and safety culture? Arrangements for the setting and monitoring of standards? Adequate supervision? Effective incident reporting and analysis? Learning from experience? Clearly visible health and safety leadership? Suitable team structures? Efficient communication systems and practices? Adequate staffing levels? Suitable work patterns? 2. Job factors  Jobs may be highly dangerous or present only a negligible risk of injury.  Health and safety are important elements during the design stage of the job and any equipment, machinery, or procedures associated with the job.  Method study helps design the job most cost-effectively, and ergonomics ‫بيئة العمل‬ helps design the job with health and safety. Ergonomics )‫(بيئة العمل‬  Is the science of matching equipment, machines, and processes to people rather than the other way round.  Similarly, an ergonomically designed workstation will be designed for the comfort and health of the operator. Chairs, for example, will be designed to support the back properly throughout the working day. Causes for failures in job health and safety  Illogical design of equipment and instruments. ‫تصميم غير منطقي للمعدات واألدوات‬  Constant disturbances and interruptions. ‫االضطرابات واالنقطاعات المستمرة‬  Missing or unclear instructions.  Poorly maintained equipment.  High workload.  Noisy and unpleasant working conditions.  It is important that health and safety monitoring of the job is a continuous process. Some problems do not become clear until the job is started. Other problems do not surface until there is a change of operator or a change in some aspect of the job.  It is very important to gain feedback from the operator on any difficulties experienced because there could be a health and safety issue requiring further investigation. 3. Human and individual characteristics factors Human and individual factors, which affect health and safety, may be defined as any condition or characteristic of an individual that could cause or influence him/her to act unsafely. They may be physical, mental, or psychological. Personal factors, therefore, include issues such as attitude, motivation, training, and human error and their interaction with the individual’s physical, mental, and perceptual capability. ‫الموقف والتحفيز والتدريب والخطأ البشري وتفاعلهم مع قدرة الفرد الجسدية والعقلية واإلدراكية‬ Factors that can lead to human error include:  Fatigue  Stress  Lack of experience  Inadequate training  Poor supervision  Organizational problems  Personal problems  It is important to note that human error is not always the cause of an accident. For example, if a machine malfunctions, this would not be classified as human error. However, if the machine had not been maintained properly, this would be classified as a human organizational factor. When investigating an accident, it is important to consider all related factors, not just those immediately visible. For example, if a worker slips on a wet floor, it may be tempting to blame the accident on the worker for not being more careful. However, if the floor was wet because of a leaky pipe that had not been repaired, this would be classified as a human organizational factor.  The following checklist may be used to check that the relevant personal factors have been covered:  Has the job specification been drawn up and included age, physique, skill, qualifications, experience, aptitude, knowledge, intelligence, and personality?  Have the skills and aptitudes been matched to the job requirements?  Have the personnel selection policies and procedures been set up to select appropriate individuals?  Has an effective training system been implemented?  Have the needs of special groups of employees been considered?  Have the monitoring procedures been developed for the personal safety performance of safety-critical staff?  Has fitness for work and health surveillance been provided where it is needed?  Have counseling and support for ill health and stress been provided?  Methods used in human factors may include: Checklists: These allow a comparison of certain attributes of existing or planned systems with acceptable values. They are useful for quick evaluations of a wide range of attributes. Questionnaires and surveys: These are a good option for gathering information from a wide range of people. Observation: The analyst simply observes people doing various tasks. As the observer is often not an expert in the work that they are observing, they may need to ask people what they’re doing (and why they’re doing it).  Usability testing ‫اختبار قابلية االستخدام‬: A user is given a set of tasks to accomplish, or a product to evaluate and the facilitator observes the user, records issue and asks for feedback. This approach is often used to test the usability of websites and other interfaces. Care must be taken not to influence or prime the user. Incident investigation ‫التحقيق في الحادث‬: When injuries or property damage occurs, investigations aim to identify and classify the various causes that combined to lead to an incident. Task analysis ‫تحليل المهمة‬: A range of methods that identify and structure the important elements of a task. These approaches describe what people do, what they need to know, and what people or equipment they interact with. Ideally, information is gathered from the people who perform the tasks, gained from observation at the place of work, or in an interview.  Why Human Factors Are Important in Safety: 1.Error Prevention and Mitigation: Many accidents or incidents are caused by human error. Recognizing how fatigue, stress, or cognitive overload affect decision-making can lead to systems that reduce errors. 2.System Design: Considering human capabilities and limitations during the design of tools, machines, and systems ensures they are user-friendly, reducing the chance of misuse or accidents. 3.Workplace Environment: Factors like lighting, noise, temperature, and ergonomics directly influence performance and safety. Properly designed environments can prevent injuries and improve focus. 4. Communication and Teamwork: Poor communication is a leading cause of errors in safety-critical industries. Training and systems that enhance communication can improve outcomes. 5.Training and Competence: Proper training that considers human learning and retention capabilities ensures individuals are prepared to operate systems safely. 6.Stress and Fatigue Management: Human performance declines under stress or fatigue. Policies that manage work hours and provide stress management tools enhance safety. 7.Accident Investigation: Understanding the role of human factors in accidents helps organizations identify root causes and implement preventive measures. Answer the following: True and False Questions No Questions T/F Healthcare is involved, directly or indirectly, with the provision of health services to T 1. individuals. 2. Safety is not being in danger. T 3. All highly dangerous job tasks require one employees to be present F Preventative action is any action we take to avoid injuries or illness related to T 4. workplace conditions. 5. Emergency management refers to plan to deal with sudden catastrophes. T 6. Facilities safety focuses on workplace hazards. T 7. Healthcare workers face several serious safety and health hazards. They include waste T anesthetic gas exposures. 8. There are one aspect to consider when establishing an Occupational Workplace Health and F Safety Program. 9. Each company is committed to follow legal standards and create a hazard-free workplace. T 10. Safety is about keeping safe at home, at work and in the community. T 11. A good policy suggests how the company protects those who may be affected by hazards T 12. Occupational / Workplace Health and Safety Policy help us preserve the best possible work T conditions for our employees. 13. Emergency management involves Fire escapes and safety exits that are clearly indicated and T safe. 14. Safety is being in danger. F 15. Each company is committed to follow legal standards and create a hazard-free workplace. T Multiple Choice Questions 16. Occupational Health and Safety is a ---------- field. A. Similar B. Multidisciplinary C. Specific D. Particular 17. Personal protective equipment abbreviated as A- WHO B- CDC C- PPE D- OSH 18. Occupational health and safety is a branch of public health aimed at -------------- workplace health and safety standards. A- improving B- worsen C- deteriorate D- decreasing 19. Occupational Health and Safety Policy is a ----------- document of a company goals and commitment to workplace health and safety. A-recorded B- written C- drawing D- voice 20. Every employee has a right to feel ------- at work. A- unsafe B- hazard C- harm D- safe 21. Employee ----------- should be hold regarding health & safety standards and procedures. A-workshops B- training sessions C- lectures D- courses 22. --------------- refers to plan to deal with sudden catastrophes. A- legislation B- policies C- incentive actions D- Emergency management 23. An ------------ posted on the walls of each floor and online. A- evacuation plan B- Fire extinguishers C- safety nets D- scaffolds 24. There are ---------- aspects to consider when establishing an Occupational / Workplace Health and Safety Program. A- one B- two C- three D- four 25. --------- and quality control employees will inspect equipment and infrastructure regularly. A- Inspectors B- Supervisors C- Specialist D- Leader Matching Questions Match the correct answer from column (A) with column (B): A Correct B answer 26. Healthcare services can occur in a 27 Bloodborne pathogens variety of work settings, including: 27. Healthcare workers face several 30 OSHA serious safety and health hazards, including 28. Is responsible for health and safety 29 Slippery 29. Potential threats and dangerous 26 Hospitals situations include: 30. The Occupational Safety and Health 28 Manager Administration 31. Be careful with tools that may cause 33 Safety nets and ropes 32. Clean the area before and after using it 34 Signs to maintain 33. When employees work in dangerous 35 Fire extinguishers contexts or locations, safety precautions should be available like: 34. Employees who do repairs or cleaning 32 Sanitation need to put up caution 35. Emergency management involves: 31 Short circuit 36. Emergency management refers to plan 36 Flood to deal with sudden catastrophes like: Errors Simple definition Formal definition Doing the wrong thing Planned sequences of when meaning to do the mental or physical activities right thing.” that fail to achieve their intended outcomes, when these failures cannot be attributed to the intervention of some chance agency.” Situations associated with an increased risk of error Inexperience Time pressures Inadequate checking Poor procedures Inadequate information  What is the Risk/Error Management process? The Risk Management Process consists of a series of steps that, when undertaken in sequence, enable continual improvement in decision-making. 5  Error Prevention Error Reduction Error Management Error Detection Strategies Error Recovery Error Tolerance  Safety risk management involves the assessment and mitigation ‫ التخفيفات‬of safety risks. Safety risk management Safety risk management is therefore a key component of the safety Management process at both the State and product/service provider level.  1.Identify Identify hazards/Risks Steps needed 2.Assess/ Assess/Analyze the risks to manage risk Analyze 3.Control Control the risks 4.Record Record your findings 5.Review Review the controls  Different types of risks: 1. Identify Legal risks hazards Environmental risks Market risks Regulatory risks etc.   Look around your workplace and think about what may cause harm (these are called hazards). Think about:  How people work and how plant and equipment are used? ‫كيف يتم استخدام‬ ‫اآلالت والمعدات‬  What chemicals and substances are used?  What safe or unsafe work practices exist?  The general state of your premises?  Think about hazards to health, such as manual handling, use of chemicals and causes of work-related stress.  For each hazard, think about how employees, workers, visitors, or members of the public might be harmed. The aim of risk identification is to identify possible risks that may affect, either negatively or positively, the objectives of the business and the activity under analysis. Answering the following questions identifies the risk: Tips for effective risk identification Select a risk identification methodology appropriate to the type of risk and the nature of the activity Involve the right people in risk identification activities Take a life cycle approach to risk identification and determine how risks change and evolve throughout this cycle. 12 2. Assess the risks Once you have identified the hazards, decide how likely it is that someone could be harmed and how serious it could be. This is assessing the level of risk. Decide:  Who might be harmed and How?  What you're already doing to control the risks?  What further action you need to take to control the risks?  Who needs to carry out the action?  When the action is needed? 3.Control the risks  4.Record your findings If you employ 5 or more people, you must record your significant findings, including:  The hazards (things that may cause harm)  Who might be harmed and How?  What you are doing to control the risks?  You must review the controls you have put in place to make sure they are working. You should also review them if:  They may no longer be effective There are changes in the workplace that could lead to 5.Review the  new risks such as changes to: controls o staff measures o a process o the substances or equipment used Also consider a review if your workers have identified any problems or there have been any accidents or near misses. Update your risk assessment record with any changes you make.  Tips for implementing risk treatments The key to managing risk is in implementing effective treatment options. When implementing the risk treatment plan, ensure that adequate resources are available, and define a timeframe, responsibilities and a method for monitoring progress against the plan. Physically check that the treatment implemented reduces the residual risk level. In order of priority, undertake remedial measures to reduce the risk. 18 Safety Measures in Healthcare Facilities As all healthcare workers will know, hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and other healthcare facilities can be busy, many places are packed full of potential hazards. From infection to accidental injury and harassment ‫ مضايقة‬to chemical spills, these working environments are often dangerous places to work, with more reported accidents, injuries, and work-related illnesses than any other industry. Minimizing the risk to those working within the industry is a priority for all stakeholders ‫المصلحة‬ ‫أصحاب‬, from healthcare providers to caregivers and medical professionals, and even to some degree, patients. However, achieving this in any given medical facility is no easy task.  Healthcare has one of the highest rates of Why is workplace injury in the US. In fact, in 2017, the health care and social assistance industry Health and reported more injury and illness cases than Safety any other private industry sector. Important Introducing comprehensive safety measures is in Healthcare the best way to protect staff and patients, Facilities? minimize worker compensation claims ‫مطالبات‬ ‫التعويض‬, and help to create a safer environment for everyone.  Culture of Safety Explores safety culture within healthcare facilities and links patient to worker safety. OSHA understands Infectious Diseases Discusses how occupational exposure to infectious that hospitals can be diseases can be managed. dangerous places to work, and it aims to Safe Patient Handling Lists information and resources on musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. offer comprehensive guidance on a range Workplace Violence ‫ العنف في مكان العمل‬Explores workplace violence in of areas, including: the healthcare industry and how to evaluate hazards and determine solutions and risk factors. Other Hazards Explores other hazards in the healthcare industry, including; chemicals, hazardous drugs, and materials that cause allergic reactions. Standards Highlights best-practice standards and other enforcement information within to the healthcare industry.  a. Chemicals Hazards In b. Hazardous drugs Healthcare c. Radiation a. Chemicals When using chemicals to clean, disinfect, sterilize, or otherwise sanitize spaces in healthcare settings, staff should: Label Wear Dispose Report Learn Properly label Wear the Dispose of Immediately Learn the signs chemicals appropriate hazardous agents report any and symptoms of personal in the chemical leaks or illness related to protective appropriate spills exposure to equipment (PPE) containers hazardous chemicals Immediately report any exposure incidents  b. Hazardous Drugs Drugs are considered hazardous if they have any of the following descriptive criteria: Genotoxicity ‫السمية الجينية‬ Carcinogenicity ‫السرطنة‬ Reproductive toxicity ‫سمية اإلنجابية‬ Organ toxicity at low doses ‫سمية األعضاء بجرعات منخفضة‬ Since exposure to hazardous drugs can cause serious, irreversible effects, employees are required to follow OSHA's procedures for controlling exposure to hazardous drugs C. Radiation Through the frequent use of portable and fixed x-ray machines and other Acute radiation exposure can lead to diagnostic equipment, hospital staff can nausea, vomiting, weakness, and be subject to radiation exposure. The diarrhea, while, chronic exposure can level of exposure will largely depend on cause severe mutagenic, and how far away the employee is from the carcinogenic effects ‫التأثيرات المسببة‬ device and how long he or she was ‫ والمسرطنة‬، ‫للطفرات‬. directly exposed to the radiation without wearing protective gear. To protect your employees from radiation exposure while caring for patients, you should always follow OSHA's recommendations around radiation. Equipping x- Requiring Supplying proper Storing any Maintaining ray rooms with workers and personnel radioactive sources records of any barrier walls patients to wear monitoring in a separate, radiation and lead-plated lead aprons, lead equipment such shielded storage gloves, and as pocket area exposure glass. opaque goggles. chambers, film ‫تجهيز غرف أشعة‬ ‫مطالبة العمال‬ badges, and ‫إكس بجدران عازلة‬ ‫والمرضى بارتداء مآزر‬ pocket ‫وزجاج مطلي‬ ‫الرصاص وقفازات‬ dosimeters. ‫بالرصاص‬. ‫الرصاص والنظارات‬ ‫توريد معدات مراقبة‬ ‫الواقية غير الشفافة‬ ‫الموظفين المناسبة مثل‬ ‫غرف الجيب وشارات‬ ‫األفالم وأجهزة قياس‬ ‫الجرعات في الجيب‬  Safety Tips to Remember on the Job Be Be Aware of Chemical Hazards Avoid Avoid Overexertion Provide Provide PPE Keep Up Keep Up to Date on Patient Handling Guidelines Be Be Aware of Bloodborne Pathogens Use Use Official Hospital IDs Implement Implement Panic Button Systems ‫تنفيذ أنظمة زر الذعر‬ Report Report Workplace Violence ‫ابالغ عن العنف في مكان العمل‬