Medical Terminology Lecture Notes PDF

Lecture 1 Medical terminology is the specialized language used by healthcare professionals to describe the human body, GREEK Most medical terms are derived from Greek, Latin Roman, and Arabic Word Root Meaning card/i/o heart derm/o/ato skin hem/a/ato...

Lecture 1 Medical terminology is the specialized language used by healthcare professionals to describe the human body, GREEK Most medical terms are derived from Greek, Latin Roman, and Arabic Word Root Meaning card/i/o heart derm/o/ato skin hem/a/ato blood muscul/o muscle neur/o nerve path/o disease psych/o mind skelet/o skeleton The root is the fundamental unit of each medical word. suffix is a short word part or series of parts added at the end of a root prefix is a short word part added before a root to modify its meaning. Lecture 2 logy - is composed of the root log (study) and the final suffix -y (process or condition). Ex. Biology - cardiology myeloma (my-eh-LOH-mah) is a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow itis - means inflammation. Ex. dermatitis - dermatitis ectomy - means excision or removal. Ex. gastrectomy  Anesthesia: loss of sensation. Stenosis: narrowing of a canal. Physician:practitioner of medicine. pediatrics: care and treatment of children. Orthopedics: study and treatment of the skeleton and joints. podiatrist: one who studies and treats the foot. Cardiology: Study of the heart. cardiologist: specialist in the study and treatment of the heart. Neurology: study of the nervous system. Dermatology: study and treatment of the skin, or derma. Dermatologist: Specialist in the study (diagnosis and Psychology: study of the mind. Radiology: use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment. Urologis: urologist is a surgeon who operates on the urinary tract and the organs of the male reproductive system. Ophthalmologist: is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating (surgically and medically) disorders of the eye. Lecture 3 mon/o- one Ex. monocular having one eyepiece or affecting one eye bi- two, twice Ex. bipolar disorder A form of depression with episodes of mania di- two, twice Ex. diatomic Tri- three Ex. tricuspid quadr/i- four Ex. quadruplet poly- many, much Ex. polymorphous having many forms  Cyan/o- Blue cyanosis bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen Erythr/o- Red leuk/o- white, colorless leukemia cancer of white blood cells melan/o- black melanin the dark pigment that colors the hair and skin amnesia : Loss of memory anemia:Deficiency in erythrocytes or antiseptic: agent used to prevent infection equilibrium: a state of balance, state in which conditions remain the same pseudo false Ex. pseudoreaction Ectopic pregnancy: Pregnancy that is out of place (not in the uterus). A fallopian tube is the most common ectopic site. macro : macrophage (MACK-roh-fayj) is a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells micro-: microorganism is a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope Give the meanings of the following prefixes: 1. hyper- 1. excessive, above, more than normal 2. sub- 2. under, below 3. dys- 3. abnormal, bad, difficult, painful 4. trans- 4. across, through 5. retro- 5. behind, back 6. dia- 6. complete, through 7. exo- 7. out, outside 8. aut- 8. self 9. hypo- 9. below, deficient, less than normal 10. endo- 10. within, in, inner 11. peri- 11. surrounding Lecture 4 All organisms are built from simple to more complex levels. Chemicals form the materials that make up cells, which are the body’s basic structural and functional units. Groups of cells working together make up tissues, which in turn make up the organs, which have specialized functions. Organs become components of the various systems, which together comprise the whole organism. Cellular : Cytology is the study of cells. Cells in the body perform various functions, like reproduction, energy production, and excretion. Every cell has a nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Types of Cells: muscle cells, nerve cells, etc. Tissue Level: Histology is the study of tissues. There are four main types of tissues: Muscle Tissue: Contract to produce movement. Types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Epithelial Tissue: Covers and protects surfaces. Found in skin, internal organs, and glands. Connective Tissue: Provides support and structure. Examples: adipose, bone, cartilage, and tendons. Nervous Tissue: Conducts electrical impulses and is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Organ Level: Organs are structures made up of multiple tissue types working together. For example, the stomach contains muscle, nervous, and epithelial tissues. System Level: Body systems consist of several organs working together to perform complex functions. Examples of major body systems include: Integumentary System (skin, hair, nails): Protects the body and regulates temperature. Musculoskeletal System (bones, muscles): Supports the body and allows movement. Cardiovascular System (heart, arteries, veins): Pumps blood to transport nutrients and oxygen. Respiratory System (lungs, airways): Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Digestive System (stomach, intestines): Breaks down and absorbs food. Urinary System (kidneys, bladder): Filters and excretes waste products. Reproductive System: Produces gametes and supports reproduction. Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves): Processes information and coordinates responses. Endocrine System (glands): Regulates metabolic activities through hormones. No system is independent of the others. They work together to maintain the body’s state of internal stability, termed homeostasis Body Cavities Dorsal Cavities: Cranial Cavity (KRAY-nee-uhl KAV-i-tee) – Contains the brain. Spinal Cavity (SPY-nuhl KAV-i-tee) – Contains the spinal cord. Ventral Cavities Thoracic Cavity (thoh-RASS-ik KAV-i-tee) – Contains the lungs and the mediastinum (mee-dee-uh-STY-num), which houses the heart, aorta, esophagus (ee-SOF-uh-gus), and trachea (TRAY-kee-uh). Abdominopelvic Cavity (ab-DOM-uh-noh-PEL-vik KAV-i-tee) – Separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm (DY-uh-fram), this cavity consists of: Abdominal Cavity (ab-DOM-uh-nuhl KAV-i-tee) – Contains digestive organs like the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. Pelvic Cavity (PEL-vik KAV-i-tee) – Contains reproductive and excretory organs like the bladder and rectum. Membranes Pleura (PLUR-uh) – Surrounds the lungs in the thoracic cavity. Peritoneum (pair-uh-tuh-NEE-um) – Surrounds the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. Subdivisions of the Ventral Cavities Pleural Cavity (PLUR-uhl KAV-i-tee) – Surrounds the lungs. Pericardial Cavity (pair-uh-KAR-dee-uhl KAV-i-tee) – Surrounds the heart  Supine : lying face up Prone : lying face down Fowler position: on back, head of bed raised about 18 inches, knees elevated; used to ease breathing and for drainage Trendelenburg position: on back with head lowered by tilting bed back at 45-degree angle; used for pelvic and abdominal surgery, treatment of shock knee–chest position: on knees, head and upper chest on table, arms crossed above head; used in gynecology and obstetrics and for flushing the intestine Lithotomy position : on back, legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart; used for gynecologic and urologic surgery Megacephaly: abnormal largeness of the head Cervicofacial: pertaining to the neck and face Thoracotomy: incision (-tomy) into the chest laparoscope: instrument (-scope) for viewing the peritoneal cavity through the abdominal wall peritoneal: pertaining to the peritoneum thoracolumbar: pertaining to the chest and lumbar region Lecture 5 The Eye's Function Eye is an optical system that focuses light on photoreceptors, converting light energy into nerve impulses for vision. Location Human eyes are located in the bony orbits of the skull Muscles: Six extrinsic muscles attached by small tendons control eye 1. Sclera The tough, white outer layer that protects the eye a transparent The front part of the sclera forms the cornea dome with a curved surface that focuses light. 2.Uvea The vascular layer under the sclera that supplies blood to the eye It includes: 1.Choroid 2.Ciliary body 3.Iris (which gives the eye its color) 3.Choroid This pigmented layer absorbs light to prevent blurring and contains many blood vessels. Ciliary Body: An extension of the choroid that helps focus on objects at different distances. Iris: Another extension of the choroid, which gives eye color. The **pupil**, at the center of the iris, adjusts to.regulate light entering the eye. 4. Retina which are light-sensitive cells Located on the inner surface of the choroid, it contains **rods and cones** responsible for detecting color and light stimuli. These signals are sent to the brain for visual. 5. Optic Nerve: Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. 6. Eyelids and Eyelashes: Though not directly involved in vision, they protect the eyes from physical trauma. The **conjunctiva ** is a thin membrane lining the inside of the eyelids. 7. Lacrimal Glands: These glands produce tears, which keep the eye moist and lubricated. equilibrium: The sense of balance gustation: The sense of taste (Latin geusis means "taste") hearing: The sense or perception of sound olfaction: The sense of smell (root osm/o means "smell") proprioception: The awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium; receptors are located in muscles, tendons, and joints sensory receptor: A sensory nerve ending or a specialized structure associated with a sensory nerve that responds to a stimulus tactile: Pertaining to the sense of touch vision: The sense by which the shape, size, and color of objects are perceived by means of the light theygive off Amblyopia: Undeveloped central vision in one eye that leads to the use of the other eye as the dominant eye. Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids Cataract: Condition of aging; opaque (not clear) lens of the eye blocks light from focusing on the retina causing blurred vision. Chalazion: A small eyelid mass resulting from chronic inflammation of a meibomian gland Color Blindness: A common term for any deviation from normal color perception. Types of Color Blindness: The most common type is red-green color blindness, followed by blue-yellow color blindness. Conjunctivitis/pink eye  Corneal Ulcer: A Local inflammation of the cornea caused by injury or inflammation Dacryoadenitis: Inflammation of a lacrimal gland Diabetic Retinopathy: Scarring of the capillaries of the retina as a consequence of diabetes diplopia: double vision dry eye: caused by aging, certain medications, and health conditions; inadequate tears to keep the eye surface adequately lubricated; symptoms are scratchy, stinging or burning of the eyes, and blurred vision Exopthalmos: protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit; caused by injury or a tumor; if bilateral, may be caused by hyperthyroidism foreign body in the eye: Any object not belonging to the eye; hazards depending on circumstances Subconjunctival: blood escaping from the vessels and bleeding from beneath the conjunctiva intraocular pressure (IOP): pressure of fluid within the eye; with aging, causing an increase in the intraocular pressure or glaucoma Iritis: inflammation of the iris Hyperopia: difficulty with vision at a close range; if severe, can cause blurring at any distance Keratitis inflammation of the cornea; can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or excessive exposure to sunlight meibomian cyst a small localized swelling of the eyelid resulting from obstruction and retained secretions of the meibomian gland  Nystagmus involuntary rapid movement (horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed, i.e., of two types) of the eyeball Ptosis: drooping of upper eyelid Retinitis-inflammation of the retina Uveitis-inflammation of the uvea (iris and blood vessels) Myopia able to see close objects clearly, The Ear 1. The ear has three parts: outer, middle, and inner ear. 2. Middle ear: Located in the skull's temporal bones, contains three small bones (auditory ossicles): - Malleus (hammer): Connected to the eardrum. - Incus (anvil) - Stapes (stirrup) 3. Eustachian tube: Connects the middle ear to the pharynx, helping balance ear pressure. 4. Inner ear: A maze-like structure with two sensory organs: - Cochlea: A snail-shaped structure for hearing. - Vestibular apparatus: Helps with balance. 5. Cochlea canals: Contains three fluid-filled canals—vestibular, cochlear, and tympanic. 1. Outer Ear: The auricle (pinna) gathers sound waves and directs them into the external auditory canal, hitting the tympanic membrane (eardrum), causing it to vibrate. 2. Middle Ear: The eardrum's vibrations move the three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes), which transmit these vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea in the inner ear. 3. Inner Ear (Cochlea): The fluid inside the cochlea moves in response to the vibrations, and the cochlea converts these fluid movements into nerve impulses. 4. Auditory Nerve: Nerve fibers connected to hair cells in the cochlea pick up these impulses and send them to the brain for interpretation, allowing us to hear. 5. Balance: The semicircular canals, sacculi, and utricle in the inner ear Deafness lacking the sense of hearing; hearing impairment Audiometrist: person who performs hearing tests Audiologist: healthcare professional who specializes in the evaluation and rehabilitation of patients with communication disorders related to hearing impairment  hearing aid a device used to increase the intensity of sound Decibel a unit of measure of the intensity of sound Otoscope an instrument used for visual inspection of the eardrum and auditory canal, typically having a light and a set of lenses audiometer a device to test hearing implant cochlear electronic device surgically placed as treatment for severe to profound hearing loss; cochlear implant sends sound signals directly to the hearing nerve otoplasty plastic surgery of the ear (pinna)