ملاحظات الحاسوب و أساسيات البرمجة PDF

‫داﺋﺮة اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻹﻋﻼم‬ Computer and Programming Principles 2024-2023 5055 Prepared By: Eng. Yousef Adnan Salah...

‫داﺋﺮة اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻹﻋﻼم‬ Computer and Programming Principles 2024-2023 5055 Prepared By: Eng. Yousef Adnan Salah This material developed under the objectives of FESTEM project funded by EU. www.festem.ps  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH 2024 Page 1 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS PREFACE: This chapter sheds some lights on the main concepts and terminologies related to computing and information technology. It addresses the basic functions of the computer systems, and how much important the computer can support and affect our life. In addition, we’ll cover the main types the computing machines are existing around the world, while differentiating among these types based on miscellaneous criteria. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1) Teach the fundamentals of computers and computer terminologies, particularly with respect to personal computer hardware and software. 2) Give students an in-depth understanding of how computers are essential in our daily practices. 3) Recognize the main functions of computing, and gain the awareness of trendy computing sciences. 4) Present the foremost types of computer machines, and give students enough knowledge about the traits of each one. FURTHER READING: 1) Discovering Computers ©2018: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices. 2) Computing Essentials 2017-McGraw-Hill (2017) Daniel O’Leary, Linda I. O’Leary, Timothy J O’Leary. Page 2 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH WHAT IS A COMPUTER? - A Computer is a digital machine that operates under a set of instructions and rules, so that it will be capable of inputting data, performing processing, producing results, and probably storing results for future use. - The computer can be viewed from two perspectives:  Hardware: the physical parts of the computer, which consist of electrical, electronic and mechanical parts that compose the computer machine.  Software: data and instructions at which when executed will operate and manage the computer hardware. ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN OUR LIFE: Computers are nowadays playing a vital role in every activity in our life. For instance, you may use computers and their applications in: ‫الكمبيوتر عبارة عن آلة رقمية تعمل وفق مجموعة من‬ ‫التعليمات والقواعد‬ 1) Education and Scientific Research ‫أنه سيكون قادًرا على إدخال البيانات وتنفيذ املعالجة‬ ‫و إنتاج النتائج‬ 2) Business, Shopping and Marketing Fields.‫ربما تخزين النتائج الستخدامها في املستقبل‬ :‫ يمكن النظر إلى الحاسوب من زاويتني‬- 3) Healthcare sector ‫ األجزاء املادية للكمبيوتر والتي تتكون من‬:‫األجهزة‬ ‫األجهزة الكهربائية‬، 4) Banking and Financial contracts ‫األجزاء اإللكترونية وامليكانيكية التي يتكون منها جهاز‬.‫الكمبيوتر‬ 5) Industries ‫ البيانات والتعليمات التي سيتم تشغيلها‬:‫البرمجيات‬ 6) Government offices ‫و إدارتها عند تنفيذها‬.‫أجهزة الكمبيوتر‬ 7) Entertainment 8) Home and Building Management Systems 9) Weather Forecasting 10) Social Communication Page 3 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Activity: Have you ever created a professional profile on LinkedIn Network! It is the time now to do so and to expose yourself to the world of professional networking on the Internet. Visit: https://www.linkedin.com and start creating your existence there. DATA, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGE: - A computer processes data to produce information: Data Information Processing  Data are raw facts and items that don’t convey any meaning. o Data may be: numbers, characters, symbols, texts, sounds, images,…. o Examples: 20, “Ahmad”, ‘A’, 986.35 ….  Information: processed data that arranged in a way that looks useful and conveys meaning in an understandable way. 20 20 is an EVEN number Processing - A level that comes after information called “Knowledge”. Knowledge is the understanding of information about a subject that you get by experience, study, perceiving, discovering, or learning. Page 4 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - Nowadays, computers make many decisions without human intervention. That is, they receive data as input and they process it in a manner that produces decisions and actions as output. This leads to the foremost field in computing which is called “Artificial Intelligence”. - Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to have intelligent machines that mimic human’s minds, based on the perception of its environment, and based on a set of rules that enable the machine to take decision properly, while it learns by experience. BASIC COMPUTING TERMINOLOGIES - Computer Science (CS): CS encompasses the study of computers, how they work, and how to make use of them. Computer scientists deal mostly with software and software systems; this includes their theory, design, development, and application. - Information Technology (IT): IT is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. - ICT is an acronym for “Information and Communication Technology” which revolves around the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, storage, and audiovisual systems, that enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. Activity: Visit: https://www.wikipedia.org and start searching for more details of the aforementioned definitions. Page 5 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH COMPUTER TYPES: Computers may be classified into: Personal Computers (PC) Smart Devices (Mobile Devices) Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded Computers - Before delving into the details of each type, we ought to ensure that any system capable of inputting data, processing or manipulating it, generates results, and storing these results is a Computing Machine. - We’ll classify computers based on different factors like:  Uses of the computer  Size  Number of users at the same time  Operating System (OS): The software responsible for the operation and management of the computer.  Price  Performance Page 6 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH 1 Personal Computers (PC)  A Personal Computer is a small computer designed to be used by one person at a time. A PC is available in variety of shapes and sizes like: Desktop Computers: designed to fit on your desk. Portable Computers: movable computers from place to place.  Suitable for every day computing, browsing the Internet, playing games, sending emails and the like.  Cheap price and suitable performance. 2 Smart Devices, Mobiles and Tablets  A small handheld (typically pocket-sized) device that has built-in computing or Internet capability.  Prices range from very cheap to expensive, depending on model.  Have special Operating Systems.  Mobile devices are commonly used to make voice and video calls, send text messages, view Web pages and other documents, take digital photos, play games, download and play music, watch TV shows, and access calendars, social media, and other tools.  Mobile devices include mobile phones, smartphones (mobile phones that access the Internet and run apps), and small tablet devices (such as iPads and Android tablets).  Other mobile computers include wearable devices like Apple’s watch. Page 7 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH 3 Servers  A Server is a computer used to host programs and data for a network.  It provides services for other computers called clients.  Usually have more processing power than Personal Computers.  These computers run 24/7.  Examples: Email Servers, Web Servers. 4 Mainframes  Mainframe computers are capable of great processing speeds and data storage.  Large size, like the size of a closet.  More expensive than servers.  Used by Banks, Hospitals, Universities, and research centers that need to manage large amounts of centralized data.  Can handle hundreds to thousands of users at the same time. 5 Supercomputers  A Supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer, and the most expensive.  Very large size (size of a room).  Supercomputers are typically used to process massive amounts of data.  For example, large-scale simulations and applications in medicine, aerospace, automotive design, online banking, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. Page 8 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH 6 Embedded Computers Yi  An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product.  Found today in most electronic devices like Cars, air planes, dishwashers, Game Consoles (Wii, PlayStation), Printers, Cameras, televisions, etc.. op't  Designed and programmed to do specific tasks in real time. Y Activity: What is IoT? Is there any relevance between IoT and embedded computer? belt IN zoo Ft m thx Jut rig Activity: In one sheet, and based on what discussed in the class, differentiate between the 6 general types of computers. IoT Internet of things Page 9 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH CHAPTER QUESTIONS: Q1) State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. TRUE / Statement FALSE Computers process information to create data. x Hardware consists of a series of instructions that tells the computer what actions to perform and how to perform them. x Because embedded computers are components in larger products, they usually are small and have limited hardware. Data conveys meaning to users, and information is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Embedded computers generally are special purpose computers. Q2) Choose the best answer: 1 LinkedIn is a: A. Type of Computer B. A Software C. A Server D. Professional Network 2 _____ is/are the steps that tell the computer how A. Data B. Information to perform a particular task. C. Instructions D. Documentation 3 Although not as powerful as a supercomputer, this A. Laptop type of computer is capable of great processing B. Mainframe speeds and data storage. C. Supercomputer D. Desktop Computer 4 The circuitry of the computer is part of: A. Software B. Hardware C. Data D. Firmware 5 A game console is a type of: A. Embedded Computer B. Server C. Mobile Device D. Mainframe Page 10 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Page 11 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH CHAPTER TWO COMPUTER HARDWARE E test PREFACE: This chapter aims at providing a general overview on the main physical parts of a computer system. It also introduces students to the various types and properties of computer processors, memories, storage, and input/output devices. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: After completing this chapter students will be able to: 1) Introduce students to the basic hardware parts of the computing machine. 2) Illustrate the main components the computer processor made of and their functionalities. 3) Differentiate between main types of computer memory and storage media. 4) Study the metrics used in identifying memory capacity. App 5) Present miscellaneous input and output devices. um t so i 5 execute HARDDeck Sturge FURTHER READING: 3) Discovering Computers ©2018: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices. 4) Computing Essentials 2017-McGraw-Hill (2017) Daniel O’Leary, Linda I. O’Leary, Timothy J O’Leary. S Nests c Apr.INt aw o d gamer apps 6 5 1 I k Y'T P Qbk gin Page 12 of 176  DVD Sturge PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE - As discussed in Chapter One, computer hardware is the physical and tangible parts of the computer, which include all electronic, electrical and mechanical items inside the computer machine. - The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the “brain” of a computer system, containing digital logic circuitry able to interpret and execute instructions. - Main Memory is where currently executing programs reside, which the CPU can directly and very quickly access. Main memory is volatile; that is, the contents are lost when the power is turned off. Hi JB - Secondary Memory is nonvolatile, and therefore provides long-term storage of Sturge J programs and data. This kind of storage, for example, can be magnetic (hard drive), sB f optical (CD or DVD), or nonvolatile flash memory (such as in a USB drive). y - Input/Output Devices (or Peripherals) include anything that allows for input (such as A the mouse and keyboard) or output (such as a monitor or printer). idiom't - Buses transfer data between components within a computer system, such as between i the CPU and main memory. circuitry I Wi I - The figure below shows the main hardware components of a computer system: l É 7 F J it got protected É s i t t U S ‫ الذاكرة الرئيسية هي املكان الذي‬-.‫ وتحتوي على دوائر املنطق الرقمية قادرة على تفسير وتنفيذ التعليمات‬،‫( هي "العقل" لنظام الكمبيوتر‬CPU) ‫وحدة املعالجة املركزية‬ ‫ أي أن املحتويات‬.‫ الذاكرة الرئيسية متقلبة‬.‫ وهو ما تستطيع وحدة املعالجة املركزية القيام به الوصول مباشرة وبسرعة كبيرة‬،‫توجد فيه البرامج التي يتم تنفيذها حاليًا‬ ‫ على سبيل‬،‫ هذا النوع من التخزين‬.‫ وبالتالي توفر تخزين ًا طويل األمد لألشياء البرامج والبيانات‬،‫ الذاكرة الثانوية غير متطايرة‬-.‫مفقودة عندما يتم إيقاف تشغيل الطاقة‬ ‫ أو ذاكرة فالش غير متطايرة )كما هو الحال في محرك أقراص‬،(DVD ‫ ذاكرة فالش ضوئية )قرص مضغوط أو قرص‬،(‫ يمكن أن يكون مغناطيسًيا )القرص الصلب‬،‫املثال‬ ‫ تقوم‬-.(‫اإلخراج )أو األجهزة الطرفية( على أي شيء يسمح باإلدخال )مثل املاوس ولوحة املفاتيح( أو اإلخراج )مثل الشاشة أو الطابعة‬/‫ تشتمل أجهزة اإلدخال‬-.(USB ‫ ويوضح الشكل أدناه املكونات املادية الرئيسية لنظام‬-.‫ مثل بني وحدة املعالجة املركزية والذاكرة الرئيسية‬،‫الحافالت بنقل البيانات بني املكونات داخل نظام الكمبيوتر‬ Page 13 of:‫تر‬176 ‫الكمبيو‬  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - Every computing machine mainly the following basic hardware components: wa  Processing Components a BI  Memory Units  Storage Components g S  Input/Output Devices H JN E i Processing Components: 04 town Within the processing components, data is processed and information is generated that will be displayed on the output components. Processing Units - The main component is the CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor. - The processor contains the following main subparts: s o Arithmetic and Logic Unit 7 75 e At (ALU) s an Performs Arithmetic and logical H operations, like Addition, Subtraction, Comparing, And, 294OR, etc … É ÉÉ devsin o Control Unit (CU) Register AW i Controls all operations on CPU, and communicates with both the ALU and memory. o Registers dRegisters are used by the CPU to store data and intermediary results temporarily i during processing. ‫ تتم معالجة البيانات ويتم إنشاء املعلومات التي سوف سيتم عرضها على مكونات‬،‫ ضمن مكونات املعالجة‬:‫مكونات املعالجة‬ j ‫ يحتوي املعالج‬-.‫ املكون الرئيسي هو وحدة املعالجة املركزية )وحدة املعالجة املركزية( أو املعالج‬- ‫ وحدات املعالجة‬.‫اإلخراج‬ II a ‫ مثل‬،‫ وحدة الحساب واملنطق )ألو( ينفذ العمليات الحسابية واملنطقية العمليات‬o :‫على األجزاء الفرعية الرئيسية التالية‬ ‫ ويتواصل‬،‫( يتحكم في جميع العمليات على وحدة املعالجة املركزية‬CU) ‫ وحدة التحكم‬o …‫ أو الخ‬،‫الطرح واملقارنة و‬41 ،‫الجمع‬ ‫ س السجالت يتم استخدام السجالت بواسطة وحدة املعالجة املركزية لتخزين البيانات‬.‫ والذاكرة‬ALU ‫مع كل من وحدة‬ To ‫ونتائج الوسيط بشكل مؤقت أثناء املعالجة‬ Page 14 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - The CPU and other important computer components fit onto the Motherboard, as shown in the figure on the side. - A Motherboard is an electronic circuit board which pg holds and interconnects the hardware together, mainly the CPU and Memory. It also provides connectors for other peripherals. - The Motherboard in a desktop computer is housed in a case (or chassis, or system unit) which collects main hardware components in one place. W I - The computer case collects in addition to motherboard: o Hard Drives o Optical Drives o Coolers and Fans I i  Dissipate the overheat generated by the electronic components, while keeping them operating at acceptable temperature level. ‫ كما‬،‫وحدة املعالجة املركزية وأجهزة الكمبيوتر الهامة األخرى مكونات تناسب على اللوحة األم‬ ‫ اللوحة األم عبارة عن دائرة إلكترونية اللوحة التي تحمل وتربط‬-.‫يظهر في الشكل على الجانب‬ ‫ كما يوفر موصالت ل األجهزة‬.‫ بشكل أساسي وحدة املعالجة املركزية والذاكرة‬،‫األجهزة مًعا‬ ‫ أو وحدة‬،‫ اللوحة األم في يوجد كمبيوتر سطح املكتب في حالة )أو الهيكل‬-.‫الطرفية األخرى‬ ‫ تتجمع علبة الكمبيوتر‬-.‫النظام( التي تجمع مكونات األجهزة الرئيسية في مكان واحد‬ o ‫ محركات األقراص الصلبة س محركات األقراص الضوئية‬o :‫باإلضافة إلى اللوحة األم‬ ‫املبردات واملراوح تبديد الحرارة الزائدة الناتجة عن املكونات اإللكترونية و إبقائها تعمل عند‬.‫مستوى درجة حرارة مقبول‬ Page 15 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH WIN o Power Supply:  Feeds computer hardware with electricity. It also converts Alternative go Current (AC) (around 220 Volts) from standard wall outlet to Direct Current (DC) (ranging from 5 to 12 Volts) which is the suitable level of current that computer hardware operates properly. µ DC p.‫يغذي أجهزة الكمبيوتر بالكهرباء‬ (AC) ‫كما أنه يحول البديل التيار‬ ‫ فولت( من منفذ‬220 ‫)حوالي‬ ‫الحائط القياسي إلى املباشر‬ ‫ إلى‬5 ‫( )يتراوح من‬DC) ‫التيار‬ ‫ فولت( وهو املستوى املناسب‬12 ‫الحالي أن أجهزة الكمبيوتر تعمل‬.‫بشكل صحيح‬ Uninterruptible power supply Activity: p Had you ever heard about UPS? What is it, and for what it is supposed to be used? ‫ وهي عبارة عن دائرة صغيرة‬،‫تحتوي اللوحة األم على ساعة النظام‬ Em.‫من كريستال الكوارتز للتحكم ومزامنة توقيت جميع عمليات الكمبيوتر‬ eat ‫ على الرغم من أن سرعة معالجة الكمبيوتر يتم تحديدها من خالل‬- awe 11 d ‫ كلما زادت ساعة وحدة املعالجة‬-.(‫ هيرتز‬.(‫تردد هذه البلورة )بوصة‬.‫املركزية يعني أنه يمكن معالجة املزيد من التعليمات لكل ثانية‬ it - The motherboard contains the System Clock, which is a small quartz crystal circuit to control and synchronize the timing of all computer operations. - Though, computer processing speed is identified by the frequency of this crystal (in Hertz). - The higher the CPU clock means that more instructions can be processed per second. Page 16 of 176  1 y system Hulk I PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY Ew y est wa COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 É ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH ITS joy y system it Activity: twist sp a of - What’s meant by a 2.4 GHz computer processor speed? How the clock speed influences a computer’s performance? I Frege if - What is a multi-core processor? of My ÉM_ 2.4GHz 2 YA 109 My all É - Expansion Slots: th 15.34 it If Qigy IN I T oparation in 1mi jut o Expansion slots are locations (or sockets) on the motherboard into which expansion cards (also called adapter cards) can be inserted to connect those cards 1 motherland to the motherboard. o An adapter card is a circuit board that gives computers additional capabilities, and expand the computer's functionality, like a video card, network card, or sound card. o An adapter card also provides extra connections to peripheral devices. Is've W 06 A at 4 sea i J S É Activity: Navigate the Internet to look for more information about the “M.2 Mini cards” and “M.2 Slots”. ‫فتحات التوسيع هي مواقع )أو مآخذ( على اللوحة األم يتم إدخالها يمكن إدراج بطاقات التوسعة )وتسمى‬ ‫ بطاقة املحول عبارة عن لوحة دائرة توفر‬o.‫ضا بطاقات املحول( لتوصيل تلك البطاقات إلى اللوحة األم‬ ً ‫أي‬ ‫ مثل بطاقة الفيديو أو بطاقة الشبكة أو الصوت‬،‫ وتوسيع وظائف الكمبيوتر‬،‫ألجهزة الكمبيوتر إمكانات إضافية‬.‫ضا اتصاالت إضافية لألجهزة الطرفية‬ ً ‫ توفر بطاقة املحول أي‬o.‫بطاقة‬ Page 17 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - Computer Ports: The motherboard also contains the Ports that are used to connect the computer to external devices (peripherals). e r 8 a is 7 - PS/2 port - Used to connect a mouse and a keyboard. - USB Port (universal serial bus) - Designed to be universally compatible with a wide variety of devices. - Parallel port - Used to connect an external device, such as a printer. - Serial port - Remote control of equipment, such as routers, switches and mouse. - HDMI port - Used to connect the video monitor or multimedia projector. - Game Port - Used to connect joysticks. - Audio input and output - Used to connect speakers and microphones. - Video Port - Used to connect a video monitor or multimedia projector. Activity: What is Type-C USB port? How it differs from its predecessor USB port? ‫ مصمم ليكون متوافًقا عاملًيا مع مجموعة واسعة مجموعة‬- (‫ )ناقل تسلسلي عاملي‬USB ‫ منفذ‬-.‫ يستخدم لتوصيل املاوس ولوحة املفاتيح‬- PS/2 ‫منفذ‬ ‫ مثل أجهزة‬،‫ التحكم عن بعد في املعدات‬- ‫ املنفذ التسلسلي‬-.‫ مثل الطابعة‬،‫ يستخدم لتوصيل جهاز خارجي‬- ‫ املنفذ املتوازي‬-.‫متنوعة من األجهزة‬ ‫ يستخدم لتوصيل‬- ‫ منفذ األلعاب‬-.‫ يستخدم لتوصيل شاشة الفيديو أو جهاز عرض الوسائط املتعددة‬- HDMI ‫ منفذ‬-.‫التوجيه واملحوالت واملاوس‬ ‫ يستخدم لتوصيل شاشة الفيديو أو جهاز‬- ‫ منفذ الفيديو‬-.‫ يستخدم لتوصيل مكبرات الصوت وامليكروفونات‬- ‫ إدخال و إخراج الصوت‬-.‫أذرع التحكم‬ Page 18 of 176 ‫عرض الوسائط املتعددة‬  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH MEMORY VS. STORAGE - Memory refers to locations, usually inside the system unit (typically random access memory or RAM) that a computer uses to store data on a temporary basis. Typically, Memory refers to chip-based storage. Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board in the computer. - Storage refers to the more permanent storage a computer uses usually in the form of the computer’s internal hard drive or removable storage media (such as DVDs and flash memory storage systems), but it can also be in the form of chip-based internal storage—especially in mobile devices..‫( التي يستخدمها الكمبيوتر لتخزين البيانات بشكل مؤقت‬RAM) ‫ عادة ما تكون داخل وحدة النظام )عادة الوصول العشوائي الذاكرة أو ذاكرة الوصول العشوائي‬،‫تشير الذاكرة إلى مواقع‬ ‫ يشير التخزين إلى مساحة التخزين األكث‬-.‫ تتكون الذاكرة عادة من شريحة واحدة أو أكثر على اللوحة األم أو أي لوحة دوائر أخرى في الكمبيوتر‬.‫الذاكرة إلى التخزين القائم على الشريحة‬ ً ‫ ولكن من املمكن أي‬،(‫ و أنظمة تخزين ذاكرة فالش‬DVD ‫يستخدمها الكمبيوتر عادة في شكل القرص الصلب الداخلي للكمبيوتر أو وسائط التخزين القابلة لإلزالة )مثل أقراص‬ ‫ض ا أ ن ت كو ن ع‬.‫ خاصة في األجهزة املحمولة‬- ‫داخلية قائمة على الرقاقة التخزين‬ MEMORY CAPACITY - A Byte is the basic storage unit in memory. - When running an application, data and instructions are loaded from storage devices into memory. - Instructions and data exist as bytes in memory.  A computer is a digital device where the internal physical and electronic construction (mainly the transistor which is used as an ON/OFF switch) leads to handle data and instructions as patterns of ZEROs and ONEs. The figure below shows a sample digital signal inside a computer. Page 19 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH -N ! Wins & - &  Integrated circuits (“chips”) (IC), are the building blocks of computer hardware, are comprised of millions or even billions of transistors. :8 -  The 0’s and 1’s are typically called bits (Binary Digit). / : 3) ( obs" Basic ex -d /  A Byte is a group of bits operated on as a single unit in a computer system, which d basicunit consists of eight bits. 18  The following table shows the measurements of memory sizes (capacity): 1 bit 0 or 1 bajek 1 I M 1024 3 1 Byte = 8 bits = 2 bits z IIIIIIIIII I I 8 bit 1 KiloByte (KB) = 1024 Bytes = 210 Bytes = 210 * 23 bits Accommodate = 213 bits 1 3 5 :5 Accommodation , 1 MegaByte (MB) = 1024 KB = 210 KB 220 Bytes , : = 210 * 210 Bytes · = 210 * 210 * 23 bits = 223 bits 1 GigaByte (GB) = 1024 MB = 210 MB = 210 * 210 KB = 210 * 210 * 210 Bytes 2Bytes = 233 bits 1 TeraByte (TB) = 1024 GB = 210 GB 1 PetaByte (PB) = 1024 TB = 210 TB Page 20 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Activity: A memory chip has a 32 KB capacity, answer the followings: a) How many bits can be stored in this memory? b) What is the capacity of this memory in GB? VOLATILE VS. NON-VOLATILE MEMORY - Volatile Memory: Loses its contents when the power is turned off. - Non-Volatile Memory: Keeps its contents when the power is turned off. TYPES OF MEMORY Registers (Volatile memory inside the processor) RAM (Random Access Memory):  RAM is part of the main memory.  It is Volatile.  Used to store the essential parts of the operating system while the computer is running, as well as the programs and data that the computer is currently using. ‫يستخدم لتخزين األجزاء األساسية من نظام التشغيل بينما يكون الكمبيوتر‬ ‫ باإلضافة إلى البرامج والبيانات التي يستخدمها الكمبيوتر حاليا‬،‫قيد التشغيل‬ Page 21 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Activity: - What is the RAM size of your computer? - Can you increase the RAM size in your mobile device? - How RAM size affects the computer performance? - Why when we open a program for the first time it takes longer time to start than the second time? ROM (Read-Only Memory):  Non-Volatile memory chips attached to the motherboard.  Contents of ROM cannot be changed or updated.  Mainly, ROM was used to store data and programs responsible for starting up the computer. ،‫ بشكل رئيسي‬.ROM ‫ ال يمكن تغيير أو تحديث محتويات‬.‫شرائح ذاكرة غير متطايرة متصلة باللوحة األم‬.‫ لتخزين البيانات والبرامج املسؤولة عن بدء تشغيل الجهاز حاسوب‬ROM ‫تم استخدام‬ Activity: What are the main differences between RAM and ROM in terms of capacity, volatility, and uses? Flash Memory:  Non-Volatile memory chips.  Replaced the ROM chips when storing system information required during the booting (starting up).  Unlike ROM, the contents of Flash Memory may be updated and changed.  Flash memory chips are also built into many types of devices (such as tablets, handheld gaming devices, and smartphones), as well as built into storage media and devices (such as flash memory cards and USB flash drives). ‫ عند تخزين معلومات النظام املطلوبة أثناء التمهيد )بدء‬ROM ‫ استبدال شرائح‬.‫رقائق الذاكرة غير املتطايرة‬ ‫ضا دمج شرائح‬ ً ‫ يتم أي‬.Flash Memory ‫ قد يتم تحديث وتغيير محتويات‬،ROM ‫ على عكس‬.(‫التشغيل‬ ،(‫ والهواتف الذكية‬،‫ أجهزة األلعاب املحمولة‬،‫ذاكرة الفالش في العديد من أنواع األجهزة )مثل األجهزة اللوحية‬ USB ‫باإلضافة إلى وسائط التخزين املدمجة و األجهزة )مثل بطاقات الذاكرة املحمولة ومحركات أقراص‬ Page 22 of 176.(‫املحمولة‬  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Activity: What is meant by the term POST (power on self-test), and what is meant by this term? Cache Memory:‫ يتم استخدام الذاكرة املؤقتة لتسريع املعالجة تخزين البيانات والتعليمات التي قد تكون تحتاجها وحدة املعالجة‬.‫رقائق الذاكرة املتطايرة‬ ‫ عادة ما يأتي كجزء من‬..(‫ سعة صغيرة )قليلة ميغابايت‬..‫ ذاكرة سريعة جدا ً مكلفة للغاية‬.‫املركزية بعد ذلك في مواقع سهلة االستخدام‬  Volatile memory chips. ‫وحدة املعالجة املركزية‬  Cache memory is used to speed up processing by storing the data and instructions that may be needed next by the CPU in handy locations.  Very fast memory  Very expensive  Small capacity (few MBytes)  Usually comes as part of the CPU Activity: If the Cache memory is faster than the RAM, why do not we replace the RAM with Cache? Page 23 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH TYPES OF STORAGE - Storage may also be known as Secondary Storage, or Auxiliary Storage. - - sig - A Storage Device is usually used to store data and programs permanently (Non- Volatile). - We need storage devices for information to be recorded. A computer has devices that store information so that it is not deleted when the computer is turned off. and Extern - Data stored on a storage device using any of the following techniques: · o Magnetically jeg iss & o Optically eg / , o Flash memory - We’ll study The following storage technologies: o Hard Disk Drive o Solid State Disk o Optical Disk o Magnetic Tape o Cloud Storage Page 24 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Hard Disk Drive (HDD)  Uses magnetic field to store data.  Electro-mechanical device.  Data is organized as tracks and sectors.  Huge capacity, ranging from GigaBytes to few TeraBytes.  Not expensive.  Relatively Slow. (HDD) ‫محرك القرص الصلب‬ ‫يستخدم املجال‬.‫املغناطيسي لتخزين البيانات‬.‫األجهزة الكهروميكانيكية‬ ‫يتم تنظيم البيانات‬ ‫سعة‬.‫كمسارات وقطاعات‬ ‫هائلة تتراوح من الجيجابايت‬ Solid State Disk (SSD) ‫غير‬.‫إلى تيرابايت قليلة‬ ً ‫بطيء نسبيا‬.‫مكلفة‬  Uses flash memory technology to store data.  New Technology which replaced HDD in some new computers.  Big capacity (100 GB – 16 TB).  Fast; faster than Hard Disk.  Expensive.  SD memory card and USB flash drive also use flash technology to store data..‫يستخدم تقنية ذاكرة الفالش للتخزين بيانات‬ (SSD) ‫قرص الحالة الصلبة‬ ‫التكنولوجيا الجديدة التي حلت محل األقراص الصلبة في بعض أجهزة‬ ‫سريع؛‬.(‫ تيرابايت‬16 – ‫ جيجابايت‬100) ‫سعة كبيرة‬.‫الكمبيوتر الجديدة‬ ‫ ومحرك أقراص‬SD ‫بطاقة ذاكرة‬.‫باهظة الثمن‬.‫أسرع من القرص الصلب‬.‫ضا تقنية الفالش لتخزين البيانات‬ً ‫ استخدم أي‬USB ‫فالش‬ Optical Disk  Slow  Not expensive  Capacity range from 700 MB – 100 GB  Use Laser Beam to write/read data from disk, this includes CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disks ‫تتراوح السعة‬ ‫غير مكلفة‬ ‫بطيء‬ ‫القرص البصري‬ ‫استخدام شعاع‬ ‫ جيجابايت‬100 – ‫ ميجابايت‬700 ‫من‬ ‫ وهذا يشمل األقراص‬،‫قراءة البيانات منها القرص‬/‫الليزر لكتابة‬ ‫ األقراص‬Blu-ray‫ و‬DVD ‫املضغوطة وأقراص‬ Page 25 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Types of Optical Drives: – CD (Compact Disk) Size (700 MB) Cheap All computers with CD drive can read it – DVD (Digital Versatile Video) Size (1.8 GB – 8 GB) Originally used to store movies Only optical drives with DVD label can read it – Blu-ray Capacity (25GB – 100GB) Developed by Sony Requires special Blue-ray drive to read Used to store 3D Movies and Big Video games Activity: What is meant by: - Optical Drive - Optical Disk Magnetic Tape – Very slow (Sequential Access) – Cheap – Good capacity (10 GBytes – 100 GBytes) – Usually used for back-up storage ‫ بطيء جًدا )وصول‬- ‫شريط مغناطيسي‬ ‫ جيجا بايت‬10) ‫ سعة جيدة‬- ‫ رخيص‬- (‫متسلسل‬ Page 26 of 176 ‫ تستخدم عادة للتخزين‬- (‫ جيجا بايت‬100 -  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Activity: Why do you think Magnetic Tapes are suitable for back-up storage? sir j · it's / ↳ pS Because of the good capacity are moveable y tapes is cheap also Magnetic * Magnetic are good choice for storing a large s Cloud Storage capacity data and into becaus of low price and cost , where a duplicate copy – Examples: Dropbox, Google Drive, iCloud, and Microsoft Sky drive. can be recorded – Instead of storing data locally, store it off-site on the Internet (Hosted by servers). ·.. -> - si / – Advantages include: Cost, Accessibility,> - sharing, security. of , – Disadvantages include: privacy, requires B 4 -Sjje - , Internet connection. - & i ss so · % S · , \ 'v. % ,E / Discussion: / ! ↑ How the use of Cloud Storage would make your data more accessible? s6x -- I I 24 & N sis -. : D~. - 51 accessible -Des and anywhere anytime Using the Cloud for storage raises some privacy concerns, explain? dat will be shown to clot of people your ~E. ~ 61s= ,.Microsoft Sky Drive ‫ و‬iCloud ‫ و‬Google Drive ‫ و‬Dropbox :‫ أمثلة‬- ‫التخزين السحابي‬ ‫ قم بتخزينها خارج املوقع على اإلنترنت )املستضافة بواسطة‬، ‫ال من تخزين البيانات محليًا‬ً ‫ بد‬- ، ‫ الخصوصية‬:‫ تشمل العيوب‬-.‫ التكلفة و إمكانية الوصول واملشاركة واألمن‬:‫ تشمل املزايا‬-.(‫الخوادم‬.‫يتطلب االتصال باإلنترنت‬ Page 27 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH MEMORY HIERARCHY Why do we need all these types of memory/storage devices? Because we need to balance between these three factors: – Cost – Speed – Capacity ‫التسلسل الهرمي للذاكرة ملاذا نحتاج إلى كل هذه‬ ‫ التخزين؟ ألننا بحاجة‬/ ‫األنواع من أجهزة الذاكرة‬ - ‫ التكلفة‬- :‫إلى التوازن بني هذه العوامل الثالثة‬ ‫ السعة‬- ‫السرعة‬ COMPUTER PERFORMANCE Depends on many factors: – CPU Speed (clock rate). – Number of CPU Cores. – Cache and RAM sizes. – Secondary Storage speed; HDD or SSD. ‫ عدد نوى وحدة‬-.(‫ سرعة وحدة املعالجة املركزية )معدل الساعة‬- :‫يعتمد أداء الكمبيوتر على العديد من العوامل‬ ‫ أو‬HDD ‫ سرعة التخزين الثانوية؛‬-.‫ أحجام ذاكرة التخزين املؤقت وذاكرة الوصول العشوائي‬-.‫املعالجة املركزية‬.SSD Page 28 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - Input Components:  Used to enter data and commands into a computer like Keyboard, Scanner, Microphone, Mouse, Webcam, Touch Screen, … - Keyboard: A device that has a series of buttons with letters, numbers and symbols, used to enter data. - Webcam: Video camera that captures either still pictures or motion video, and can transmit its video on the Internet in real-time. These days, it’s commonly used for videoconferencing. - Mouse: A pointing device that controls the cursor around ‫ ويمكنها نقل الفيديو الخاص بها على‬، ‫ كاميرا فيديو تلتقط صوًرا ثابتة أو فيديو متحرًكا‬:‫كاميرا ويب‬ the monitor. :‫ املاوس‬-.‫ يتم استخدامه بشكل شائع في مؤتمرات الفيديو‬، ‫ في هذه األيام‬.‫اإلنترنت في الوقت الفعلي‬.‫جهاز تأشير يتحكم في املؤشر حول الشاشة‬ Page 29 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - Microphone: Captures audio and human voice. - Magnetic strip reader - Barcode reader - Joystick: Mainly for Gaming - Scanner: Scans images, photos and text. Page 30 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - Output Components:  Responsible for providing the user with information from computer output (images, graphics, sounds, audio, videos, text and others … ) like Screen, Printer, Speaker, Projector, … ‫مسؤول عن تزويد املستخدم باملعلومات من مخرجات الكمبيوتر‬ ،‫ النص وغيرها…( مثل الشاشة‬،‫ الفيديو‬،‫ الصوت‬،‫ األصوات‬،‫ الرسومات‬،‫)الصور‬ ،‫ جهاز العرض‬،‫ مكبر الصوت‬،‫الطابعة‬ - Monitor: Displays system information visually. - Printer: Prints text, graphics and images on a paper. - Speaker: Propagates the sound and improves sound reproduction. MONITORS - A Monitor (or Screen, or Display device) is an output device that produces visual information to the user. The displayed information called soft copy information..‫املعلومات املعروضة تسمى معلومات النسخة اإللكترونية‬ - Display Technologies: o CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) o LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) o LED (Light-Emitting Diode) ‫الشاشة )أو الشاشة أو جهاز العرض( هي جهاز إخراج ينتج صوًرا مرئية‬.‫ املعلومات املعروضة تسمى معلومات النسخة اإللكترونية‬.‫املعلومات للمستخدم‬ :‫ تقنيات العرض‬- o CRT (‫)أنبوب أشعة الكاثود‬ o LCD (‫)شاشة الكريستال السائل‬ o LED (‫)الصمام الثنائي الباعث للضوء‬ Page 31 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - The basic element of an image being displayed is called a Pixel (short for Picture Element). Display Features: Resolution - Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display (rows × columns). For example, a monitor or screen that has a 1600×900 resolution displays up to 1600 pixels per horizontal row and 900 pixels per vertical row, for a total of 1,440,000 pixels to create a screen image. - The higher a monitor’s resolution (the more pixels), the clearer the image produced. - PPI stands for Pixels per Inch and is a metric typically used to describe the pixel density (sharpness) for all sorts of displays, including cameras, computers, mobile devices, etc….(‫ الدقة هي عدد البكسالت األفقية والرأسية في شاشة العرض )الصفوف × األعمدة‬- ‫[ القرار‬1] :‫ميزات العرض‬ ‫ بكسل لكل صف أفقي‬1600 ‫ تعرض ما يصل إلى‬900×1600 ‫ شاشة أو شاشة ذات دقة‬،‫على سبيل املثال‬ ‫ كلما زادت دقة‬-.‫ بكسل إلنشاء صورة الشاشة‬1,440,000 ‫ بإجمالي‬،‫ بكسل لكل صف عمودي صف‬900‫و‬ Pixels per ‫ إلى‬PPI ‫ يشير‬-.‫ كلما كانت الصورة أكثر وضوًحا‬،(‫ بكسل‬.(‫الشاشة )كلما زادت دقة الشاشة‬ ‫ بما في ذلك‬،‫ وهو مقياس يستخدم عادةً لوصف كثافة البكسل )الحدة( لجميع أنواع شاشات العرض‬Inch Page 32 of 176 ،‫الكاميرات وأجهزة الكمبيوتر واألجهزة املحمولة‬  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY ‫نقطة )بكسل( امللعب‬ COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH ‫ تم إنشاء النص باستخدام أ‬.‫ املسافة النقطية هي املسافة بامللليمتر بني وحدات البكسل على الشاشة‬-.‫من السهل قراءة درجة النقاط األصغر‬ Dot (Pixel) Pitch.‫ زادت وضوح الصورة‬،‫ كلما قل الرقم‬- - Dot pitch is the distance in millimeters between pixels on a display. Text created with a smaller dot pitch is easier to read. - The lower the number, the sharper the image. Size - The display size is measured by the diagonal length of a monitor’s viewing area. - Common sizes are 15", 17", 19", 21", and 24" inches. Aspect Ratio - The aspect ratio defines a display’s width relative to its height. - 2:1 aspect ratio, for example, means the display is twice as wide as it is tall. The aspect ratio for a widescreen monitor is 16:9 or 16:10. - 4:3 means that the ratio of the width of the display screen to the height is 4 to 3. Other display devices: 1) Projectors 2) Interactive Whiteboard 3) HDTV (high-definition Television) ‫ابعاد متزنة‬ ‫ تحدد نسبة العرض إلى االرتفاع عرض الشاشة‬-.‫نسبة إلى ارتفاعه‬ ‫ تعني‬،‫ على سبيل املثال‬،2:1 ‫ نسبة العرض إلى االرتفاع‬- ‫ ال‬.‫عرض العرض ضعف طوله‬ 16:9 ‫نسبة العرض إلى االرتفاع للشاشة العريضة هي‬.16:10 ‫أو‬ Page 33 of 176.3 ‫ إلى‬4 ‫ تعني أن نسبة عرض شاشة العرض إلى االرتفاع هي‬4:3 -  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH PRINTERS - A printer is an output device that translates information on paper. - Printer output is called hard copy information..‫يطلق على إخراج الطابعة اسم معلومات النسخة املطبوعة‬ ُ Printer Features: Resolution - Resolution: measured by dpi (dot per inch). - The higher the dpi, the better the quality of images produced. - Most printers designed for personal use average 1,200 by 4,800 dpi..(‫ )نقطة في البوصة‬dpi ‫ تقاس بـ‬:‫الدقة‬.‫ كانت جودة الصور املنتجة أفضل‬،‫ كلما زادت نسبة النقاط في البوصة‬- Speed.‫ نقطة في البوصة‬4800 × 1200 ‫ معظم الطابعات املصممة لالستخدام الشخصي يبلغ متوسطها‬- - Speed: measured by the number of pages printed per minute (ppm). Color - Black/White. - Colored. Printer Types:  Inkjet Printers - Spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. - Works with ink cartridges to print text, spreadsheets, photos and graphics. ‫الطابعات النافثة للحبر‬.‫ رش قطرات صغيرة من الحبر السائل على قطعة من الورق‬- ،‫ يعمل مع خراطيش الحبر لطباعة النصوص وجداول البيانات‬-.‫الصور والرسومات‬ Page 34 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH  Laser Printers - High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer. - Creates images using a laser beam and powdered ink, called toner. ‫الطابعات الحرارية‬ ‫ ونقاط البيع‬،‫ والصرافني‬،‫ تستخدم من قبل أجهزة الصراف اآللي‬- ‫( ل‬POS).‫طباعة اإليصاالت‬  Thermal Printers.‫ صغير وخفيف الوزن‬-.‫سا للحرارة‬ ً ‫ استخدم ورًقا خا‬- ً ‫صا حسا‬ - Used by ATMs, Cashiers, point-of-sale (POS) to print receipts. - Small and Light-weight. - Use special heat-sensitive paper.  Plotters - Plotters are sophisticated printers used to produce high-quality large- scale drawings, such as banners, blueprints, maps, and circuit diagrams. ‫ أجهزة التخطيط هي طابعات متطورة تستخدم‬- ‫إلنتاج عالية الجودة كبيرة رسومات بمقياس‬ ‫ املخططات والخرائط‬،‫ مثل الالفتات‬،‫الرسم‬.‫والدوائر الرسوم البيانية‬ Page 35 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH  All-in-One Printers - Also called a multifunction printer. - Integrates printing, copying and scanning functions into one machine. - It may also support fax service. - Some use color ink-jet printer technology, while others use laser technology. Activity: desig. un H! - 9. B :s of gig You are kindly requested to refer to the Internet to know more about a trendy printer called: 3D Printer. ‫طابعات الكل في واحد‬.‫ضا الطابعة متعددة الوظائف‬ ً ‫ وتسمى أي‬- ‫ يدمج الطباعة والنسخ واملسح الضوئي‬-.‫وظائف في جهاز واحد‬.‫ضا خدمة الفاكس‬ ً ‫ وقد يدعم أي‬- ،‫ يستخدم البعض تقنية الطابعة النافثة للحبر امللونة‬-.‫بينما يستخدم البعض اآلخر تقنية الليزر‬ Activity: - What is a QR code? - Scan the aside QR code by your mobile and see what you will get! Page 36 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH CHAPTER QUESTIONS: Q1) State whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE. TRUE / Statement FALSE The keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera are six commonly used output devices. During processing, the processor places instructions to be executed and data needed by these instructions into memory. Storage differs from memory in that it holds items only temporarily while the processor interprets and executes them. A storage medium is the physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions, and information. When a computer is started, the operating system loads onto the computer’s hard disk from memory. On a personal computer, the electronic components and most storage devices reside outside the system unit. A hertz is one cycle per second. A CPU with higher clock speed can process fewer instructions per second than a CPU with a lower clock speed. The higher the clock speed, the faster the processor, and the more expensive the computer. Nonvolatile memory loses its contents when power is removed from the computer. ‫وسيلة التخزين هي املادة املادية التي يعمل عليها الكمبيوتر‬ ‫يحتفظ بالبيانات والتعليمات واملعلومات‬ ‫ يتم تحميل نظام التشغيل على‬،‫عند بدء تشغيل جهاز الكمبيوتر‬ ‫القرص الصلب للكمبيوتر من الذاكرة‬ ‫ يقوم املعالج بوضع التعليمات املطلوب تنفيذها‬،‫أثناء املعالجة‬.‫والبيانات التي تحتاجها هذه التعليمات إلى الذاكرة‬ Page 37 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Q2) Choose the best answer: 1 Computer hardware includes all of the A. input and output devices B. storage and communications following except __________. devices C. a system unit D. application programs 2 Some computer components, such as A. keyboard and mouse B. monitor and microphone the __________, are internal and reside C. processor and memory inside the system unit. D. printer and scanner 3 The CPU contains __________. A. input devices and output devices B. the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit C. main memory and storage devices D. all of the above 4 Arithmetic operations __________. A. involve matching one data item to another to determine if the first item is greater than, equal to, or less than the other item B. include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division C. sort data items according to standard, predefined criteria in ascending order or descending order D. use conditions with operators such as AND, OR, and NOT 5 The data stored on ROM chips A. can be modified and is lost B. can be modified and is not lost __________ when power to the C. cannot be modified and is lost computer is turned off. D. cannot be modified and is not lost Page 38 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Q3) An image is presented on a screen containing 360 pixels width, and 180 pixels height, answer the followings: A) What is the total pixels being displayed on the screen? B) What is the aspect ratio that best views this image? C) If each pixel is represented as 8 bits,  What is the image size in KB?  What is the image size in MB? Page 39 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH Page 40 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH CHAPTER THREE COMPUTER SOFTWARE PREFACE: This chapter focuses on computer software and the capabilities of computer programs that turn computers to operate effectively to users. It differentiates between the two essential types of software: system software and application software, while giving thorough samples on each type. The chapter also covers the operating system as a key system software, and it covers its main functions. The chapter also looks at utility programs that perform maintenance operations on a computer. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: After completing this chapter students will be able to: 1) Describe the differences between system software and application software. 2) Understand what application software is, and provide examples about it. 3) Explain the basic functions, features, and categories of operating systems. 4) Name today’s most widely used operating systems. 5) Explain the purpose of utilities and utility suites. FURTHER READING: 1) Discovering Computers ©2018: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices. 2) Computing Essentials 2017-McGraw-Hill (2017) Daniel O’Leary, Linda I. O’Leary, Timothy J O’Leary. 3) Understanding Computers Today And Tomorrow Comprehensive, Deborah Morley, Charles S. Parker - Cengage Learning, (2016). Page 41 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH WHAT IS COMPUTER SOFTWARE - A computer software (or program, application) is the list of instructions that tell the computer what to do, and how to process data to get what the user wants. - Computer software drives the hardware to operate properly. - Types of Software: o Application Software ‫ وكيفية‬،‫ برنامج الكمبيوتر )أو البرنامج أو التطبيق( هو قائمة التعليمات التي تخبرنا الكمبيوتر ما يجب القيام به‬-.‫ تعمل برامج الكمبيوتر على تشغيل األجهزة بشكل صحيح‬-.‫معالجة البيانات للحصول على ما يريده املستخدم‬ o System Software ‫ برامج النظام‬o ‫ البرامج التطبيقية‬o :‫ أنواع البرمجيات‬- Application Software: - Performs a specific task, and provides a service to the end user. - The user interacts with the application software. - Examples of application software: o Google Chrome: Web browsing. o Notepad: Text editing. o Media Player: Audio playing. ‫ يتفاعل املستخدم مع‬-.‫ ويقدم خدمة للمستخدم النهائي‬،‫يؤدي مهمة محددة‬ o MS Excel: Spreadsheet application. ‫ تصفح‬:‫ جوجل كروم‬o :‫ أمثلة على البرامج التطبيقية‬-.‫البرنامج التطبيقي‬ o MS.‫ تشغيل الصوت‬:‫ مشغل الوسائط‬o.‫ تحرير النص‬:‫ املفكرة‬o.‫الويب‬ o MS PowerPoint: Presentation software. ‫ برنامج العروض‬:o MS PowerPoint.‫ تطبيق جداول البيانات‬:Excel ‫ يمكن تصنيف البرمجيات‬-.‫ برنامج رسومي‬:o Photoshop.‫التقديمية‬ o Photoshop: Graphic software. ‫ تطبيق الهاتف املحمول‬o ‫ تطبيق ويب‬o ‫ تطبيق سطح املكتب‬o :‫التطبيقية إلى‬ o ‫ اذكر اسم برنامج لكل فئة‬:‫نشاط‬ - Application software may be classified into: o Desktop Application o Web Application o Mobile Application Activity: List a name of a program for each category of the above application software. Page 42 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH - Desktop Application: - Runs as a stand-alone program on a PC or laptop. - It may require an installation process. - Examples: o Calculator, Photoshop, MS office, …..‫ قد يتطلب األمر عملية التثبيت‬-.‫يعمل كبرنامج مستقل على جهاز كمبيوتر شخصي أو كمبيوتر محمول‬ - Web Application (or web app): - Runs inside a web browser. - Examples: o Facebook, web-email, Google Classroom, …. - Mobile Application (or app): - Runs in a mobile device like smartphone or tablet. - Examples: o Instagram, Google Weather, Telegram, WhatsApp, Google Maps, … Page 43 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH System Software: - System software are programs that manage and control the operations of computer resources (software, hardware, users, connections, …). - These programs enable the computer to boot, launch application programs, configure your computer to work with the hardware connected to it, connect your computer to a network, manage files on hard drive, and protect your computer from unauthorized use. - Examples of system software: -.(... ،‫ االتصاالت‬،‫ املستخدمني‬،‫ األجهزة‬،‫برامج النظام هي البرامج التي تدير وتتحكم في عمليات الكمبيوتر املوارد )البرمجيات‬ o Operating Systems ‫تمكن هذه البرامج الكمبيوتر من التمهيد وتشغيل برامج التطبيقات والتكوين جهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بك للعمل مع األجهزة املتصلة‬ ‫برامج تشغيل األجهزة‬ ‫ وحماية جهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص‬،‫ و إدارة امللفات املوجودة على القرص الصلب‬،‫ قم بتوصيل جهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بك بـ الشبكة‬،‫به‬ o Device Drivers ‫ البرامج املساعدة مثل‬o ‫ برامج تشغيل األجهزة‬o ‫ أنظمة التشغيل‬o :‫ أمثلة على برامج النظام‬-.‫جدهازم غير املصرح به‬‫ستألخ‬ ‫ال ا‬ ‫برامبجك تمشنغايل‬.‫إلغاء تجزئة القرص والنسخ االحتياطي وما إلى ذلك‬ o Utility programs such as disk defragmentation, back-up, etc.. - Operating System: - An Operating System (OS) is a system software that installed to coordinate and manage all the operations and activities running on a computer. - OS also provides an interface between application software and computer hardware. - Examples of Desktop OS: o Windows o Linux o Unix o Mac OS - Examples of Mobile OS: o Android o iOS o Windows Phone Page 44 of 176  PALESTINE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES 2023/2024 ENG. YOUSEF A. SALAH so synxyge Main functions of an Operating System: - Booting the computer &.‫نظام التشغيل هو أول برنامج يتم تحميله للتشغيل عند تشغيل الكمبيوتر‬  The OS is the first program that is loaded to run when the computer is turned on. 3 x ,; o UP - Process Management:  The OS responsible for running computer programs..‫نظام التشغيل املسؤول عن تشغيل برامج الكمبيوتر‬ · si er  It also coordinates the execution of multiple programs simultaneously (Multitasking). S 5