MIS 1-5 PDF Management Information System

Management Information System 1-3 performance and customer satisfaction Key points about BPR: MIS: systematic organization and...

Management Information System 1-3 performance and customer satisfaction Key points about BPR: MIS: systematic organization and Radical redesign: complete overhaul presentation of info used for taking better Strategic Information Technology of processes decisions for the org Technology has become the actual Focus on customer value: deliver cause and driver in forming business maximum value to customers *MIS is built for management and not for strategy Technology as an enabler: IT is a operational staff IT can change the way businesses critical tool for BPR changes compete The Source of MIS Data Benefits of BPR: Summarized from the day-to-day Fundamental Competitive Strategy Cost reduction: by eliminating non- operational data of the org Concepts value-added activities and Data is collected from subsystems of Competitive Advantage: ability to automating processes the org outperform its competitors Improved quality: reducing errors o Human Resource System Strategic Information Architecture: Increased speed: streamlining o Production Management “ collection of strategic IS that shape Enhanced customer satisfaction: o Finance “ the competitive position of a meeting customer needs more o Sales Management “ company effectively and efficiently o Project Management System Strategic IS: IT systems that directly contribute to a company’s The Role of Information Technology in BPR Management of Information System: competitive advantage Automation same as IS Management Integration System of managing information; can Competitive Forces and Strategies Communication be for any purpose Competitive Fores (Porter) Decision Support Intensity of Rivalry Among Existing Innovation Components of MIS: input, output, data, Competitors: level of competition processing among existing firms Becoming an Agile Company Threat id New Entrants: likelihood of Agility: ability to adapt quickly to Transaction Processing Systems: deals with new competitors changing market conditions computerization of any type of transactions Bargaining power of Suppliers: Virtual companies: orgs that utilize Tracks routine activities and automate Bargaining power of buyers information tech to connect day-to-day operations of specific Threat of Substitute geographically dispersed resources activities (sales, prod, payroll); MIS Products/Services: potential are meant for medium term planning alternatives that can replace existing Building a Knowledge-Creating Company Deals with high volume of data; MIS offerings Capturing Tacit Knowledge deal with less Converting Tacit to Explicit Knowledge 5 Competitive Strategies Leveraging Explicit Knowledge Decision Support Systems: meant to assist Cost Leadership decision makers in taking non-standard and Differentiation complex decisions Explicit knowledge: the data, docs, and Innovation things written down or stored on computer Uses intelligence; similar to expert Growth systems Alliance Tacit Knowledge: the how-tos of knowledge, Uses data from TPS and MIS resides in workers Based on highly unstructured data Additional Considerations Technology Knowledge Management Systems Executive Support Systems: intended to Resource-based View The technological backbone for provide necessary information to executives Dynamic Capabilities capturing, storing, etc organizational and senior mgt knowledge Ayoko n Office Automation Systems: used to Crucial in: automate any workflow of an org’ The Value Chain and Strategic IS: network Organizational learning: facilitating of basic activities that add value to its acquisition and sharing of knowledge Levels of Management and MIS products and services Knowledge creation Lowe level mgt: takes control of day- Primary processes: business Performance improvement to-day activities; follow org activities that are directly related to procedures and guidelines (TPS) the manufacture of products Key Components of KMS: Middle level mgt: takes tactical Support processes: business Document management decisions with medium term activities that help support day-to-day Enterprise intelligence perspective ( 6 mos – 2 yrs); makes operation and indirect contribute to Communication and collaboration decisions for their dept/proj only (MIS) the products of the org tools Top level mgt: takes strategic decisions for long term (5 yrs +) (DSS) Performance support Key Components of Strategic IT Alignment with Business Goals Benefits of KMS: Benefits of MIS Competitive Differentiation Improved decision making Facilitate easy access of Innovation Enhanced innovation critical/regularly used data Customer Focus Increased efficiency Quick availability of up-to-date information Operational Efficiency Reduced knowledge loss Helps standardization Business Process Reengineering: a Knowledge Management Techniques: Improves mgt efficiency, operational strategic approach to fundamentally methods and tools used to implement KM efficiency, employee productivity, proj rethinking and redesigning business strategies processes  Enterprise intelligence Focus: deriving insights and Categories of Computer Systems Optical Scanning knowledge from data Microcomputer systems Device reads text or graphics and Involves: data mining, analytics o Personal computer convert them into digital input Goal: transforming raw data into o Exceeds computing power of actionable information mainframes of previous gen Optical Character Recognition: software o Inexpensive that reads characters and codes Information Creation, Sharing, and Management Microcomputer uses: Other Input technologies: Focus: generating, distributing, and Workstations Magnetic Stripe: reads magnetic controlling information Network servers stripe on credit cards Involves: content creation, Smart cards: microprocessor chip collaboration tools, and knowledge Information Appliances and memory on CC repositories Hand-held microcomputer devices Digital cameras: shoot, store, and dl Goal: make information accessible known as Personal Digital Assistants photos and usable Magnetic Ink Character Recognition: Midrange Systems used by banks to magnetically read Document Management High-end; handles large-scale checks and deposit slips Focus: organize and store documents processing Video displays Involves: document capture, Not as powerful as mainframes Printed output indexing, and retrieval systems Goal: efficiently manage and access Mainframe Computer Systems Bit and Byte documents o Large, fast, powerful Bit: short for binary digit; smallest o Super servers element of data (0 or 1) Computer Hardware Byte: group of 8 bits, operates as a All computers are systems of input, Computer Processing Speeds single unit; represents one character processing, output, storage, and Early computers or number control components o Milliseconds o Microseconds Storage Capacity Measurement: Early Computing Current computers Kilobyte: 1k bytes 19th Century o Nanoseconds Megabyte: 1M bytes o Charles Babbage: Analytical o Picoseconds Gigabyte: 1B bytes Engine: could calculate, store Terabyte: 1T bytes values in memory and perform Program instruction processing speeds Petabyte: 1Q bytes logical comparisons (never Megahertz built) Gigahertz Direct and Sequential Access 1880s Direct or Random Access o Hollerith: punched cards: Computer Processing Speeds o Directly store and retrieve data; records census data using Throughput: ability to perform useful magnetic disks on/off patterns; foundation for computation or data processing Sequential Access IBM during a given period o Data is stored and retrieved Electronic Computers sequentially; magnetic tape o 1946: first generation computer Moore’s Law o ENIAC Doubling in the number of transistors Types of Semiconductor Memory o 5K calculations per second per integrated circuit every 18-24 Random Access Memory (RAM): o Programmable; uses vacuum months (1965) widely used primary storage medium; tubes volatile; read/write memory 1950s Peripherals: generic name for all input, Permanent storage: can be read, but o ENIAC to UNIVAC 1, then IBM output and secondary storage devices not overwritten; called firmware 704 o Part of the computer system but o 100k per second not the CPU; all online Flash drives: jump drive Online devices: electronically Uses a small chip; stores data for Waves of Computing connected to the CPU virtually unlimited periods without Late 1950s: second gen Offline devices: not under control of power o Transistors replaced vacuum the CPU tubes Magnetic disks: used for secondary storage; o 200k-250k per second Input Technologies fast access and high capacity Mid 1960s: third gen Keyboard Types: o Integrated circuitry Graphical User Interface o Floppy disk (diskettes): 1971: fourth gen Electronic mouse magnetic disk inside a plastic o Further miniaturization Trackball jacket o Multiprogramming and virtual Pointing stick o Hard Disk Drives (hard drives): storage Touchpad magnetic disk in sealed 1980s: fifth gen Touchscreen module; fixed or removable o Million calculations per second Pen-based Computing RAID Storage Microcomputers Software digitalizes handwriting, hand Redundant Arrays of Independent 1975: ALTAIR printing, and hand drawing Disks 1977: commodore and radio shack produced personal computers Speech Recognition Systems Magnetic Tape: tape reels and cartridges; 1979: apple computer Digitalize, analyze, and classify archival and back up storage 1982: IBM introduced the PC speech and sound patterns Optical Disks: Presentation graphics: converts numeric Middleware: helps diverse software CD-ROM: provides low-cost way to data into graphics display applications exchange data and work read data files together CD-RW: allows creation of custom Personal Information Managers: software data CDs for data backup for end-user productivity and collab; stores Programming Languages CD-RW/DVD: brings all the info about clients Machine Languages: binary coded advantages of CD_RW, CD_ROM and Assembler Languages: symbolic DVD_ROM to a single drive Groupware: software that helps workgroups coded (mnemonics) DVD ROM: allows crystal clear color, collaborate on group assignments High-level languages: brief picture and sound clarity of videos statements/arithmetic notations DVD-RW/-R with CD-RW: all in one Software alternatives: outsourcing Fourth-generation Languages: drive development and maintenance of software natural and nonprocedural AS statements Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): one Object-Oriented Languages: of the newest and fastest-growing storage Software licensing: involves intellectual combines data elements and techs property rights, copyright, trademark, trade procedures (VBA, Java) Used to tag and identify mobile secret (you buy a license to use the software) Web Languages: objects o HTML: page description Categories of Group Software language; creates hypertext Chapter 4: Computer Software System Management Programs: documents manages the hardware, software, o XML: describes webpage Computer Software: network, and data resources content by applying identifying Application software System Development Programs: tags/contextual labels System software help users develop IS programs and o Java: simple, secure, and procedures and prepare them for platform-independent Application Software processing General purpose: perform common Web Services: software components that information processing jobs Operating Systems: an integrated system are based on the framework of Web; used to that manages operations of the CPU; link applications of diff. users and computing Custom software: software apps provides support services platforms via the Web How Web Services developed within an org for org use Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS): Work Operating System Basic Functions copies are sold; product vendor User Interface: part of the OS that Language Translator Programs: translate retains intellectual property rights allows you to communicate with it programming language to machine language Open-source software: developers o Types: Common-driven, Menu- Assembler: translate assembler collab on the development of an driven, Graphical User Interface language application (anyone can contribute to Resource Management: manages Compiler: translate high-level the software) the hardware and networking language resources Interpreter: translate and executes Business Application Software File Management: controls the each statement in a program, one at a Function-Specific Application creation, deletion, and access of files time Software: thousands of these and programs packages support specific applications of end users Task Management: manages the Programming Tools: help programmers accomplishment of end-user identify and minimize errors while they are Software Suites: bundled productivity computing tasks programming packages Graphical programming interfaces Popular Operating Systems Programming editors Integrated packages: functions of several Windows Debuggers programs are combined into one package Unix Linux CASE Tools: combination of many Web browser: software application that MAC OS X programming tools into a single application support navigation through the point-and- click hyper-linked resources of the web Open-Source Licensing Characteristics Chapter 5: Data Resource Management The Program: must include source Source engines: used to find info code that allow distribution in source Logical Data Elements code Character: single, alphabetic, E-mail: software to communicate by The License: shall not restrict any numeric, etc sending/receiving messages party from selling or giving away the Field or data item: represents an software; allow modifications; must attribute of some entity Instant messaging (IM): receive electronic not discriminate; must not be specific Record: grouping of all the fields used messages instantly to a product File or table: group of related records Database: integrated collection of Weblog or blog: personal website in dated Other System Software logically related data elements log format Utilities: misc housekeeping functions Database Structures Word processing: create, edit, revise, and Performance monitors: monitors Hierarchical Structure print docs and adjust systems to keep them o early DBMS structure running efficiently o tree-like structure Desktop publishing: produce printed Security monitors: monitor and o relationships are one to many materials that look professionally published control the use of a system; prevents unauthorized use Network Structure Electronic Spreadsheets  o Used in some mainframe DBMS Data Resource Management Nonprocedural access packages A managerial activity that uses data Language and graphical tools to o Many to many relationships management, data warehousing, and access data without complicated Relational Structure other IS tech coding o Most widely used Data stewards: dedicated to Application development o Elements are stored in tables establishing and maintaining the Graphical tools to develop menus, o Row: record; column: field quality of data data entry forms, and reports ▪ Select: create a subset of Procedural Language Interface records Types of Databases Language that combines ▪ Join: combine tables Operational Databases: stores nonprocedural access with full temporarily detailed data; also called Subject capabilities of a programming ▪ Project: create a subset of Area Databases (SADB), language columns transaction/production database Transaction processing Object-oriented Structure Control mechanism prevents o Object: consists of data values Distributed Databases: copies or interface from simultaneous users describing the attributes of an parts of databases stores on servers and recovers data after failure entity; operations at multiple locations Database tuning o Encapsulation: combine data Tools to monitor, and improve and operations External Databases: databases database performance o Inheritance: new objects are available for a fee from commercial created by replicating some or online services; or free from Web (e.g. DBMS all of the characteristics of Google and Yahoo) Database development: defining and parent objects organizing the content, relationships, Multi-dimensional Structure Hypermedia Databases: contains and structure of data o Uses multidimensional hyperlinked pages of multimedia Database Application Development: structures using DBMS to create prototypes of o Data are viewed in cubes queries, forms, reports o Popular for analytical database Components of Web-based System Database Maintenance: using TPS Web browsers and other tools to add, delete, update, Database Development Servers ad correct data Database Administrator (DBA) Hypermedia databases In charge of enterprise database DBMS Major Functions development Data Warehouses Create: Database and Application Stores static data that has been Development Data Dictionary: contains data about data extracted from other databases Maintain: Database Maintenance (metadata) Can be divided into data marts Use: Database Interrogation o Data marts: subsets of data Database Development that focus on specific aspects Database Interrogation 1. Data Planning: develop a model of of a company Query feature or report generator business processes Query language: immediate response 2. Requirements Specification: defines Data Mining to ad hoc data requests information needs of end users Data in data warehouses are analyzed Report generator: format for the info 3. Conceptual design: expresses all o Reason: to reveal hidden to be presented as a report information requirements in high-level patterns and trends SQL Queries: structured, international model 4. Logical Design: translate the standard query language Traditional File Processing o Query form: conceptual models into the data Data are organized, stored, and SELECT…FROM…WHERE… model of DBMS processed in independent files Boolean Logic: developed by George 5. Physical Design: determines the data o Problems: Boole (mid 1800s); used to refine storage structures and access ▪ Data redundancy searches to specific info methods ▪ Lack of data integration o Logical operators: AND, OR, ▪ Data dependence NOT Data Planning Process ▪ Lack of data integrity Graphical and Natural Queries: Database development is a top-down Database management Approach translates queries into SQL process The foundation of modern methods of commands; similar to conversational o Develop an enterprise model managing organizational data English o Define information needs Consolidates data records from o Identify key data elements separate files into databases Database Maintenance needed Accomplished by TPS and other Database Management System (DBMS) applications w/ the support of DBMS Database Design Process A software package used to: Done to reflect new business Logical design o Create new databases transactions o Schema: overall logical view of o Maintain the quality of data relationships o Use the database to provide Application Development o Subschema: logical view for information needed Use DBMS software development specific end users Physical design tools to develop custom application Common DBMS Software Components programs o Ho data are to be physically Database definition Not necessary to develop detailed stored and accessed Language and graphical tools to data-handling procedures define entities, relationships, integrity Can include data manipulation constraints and authorization rights language