MIL Midterms PDF

MIL Midterms Donamarielle P. Panaligan Introduction to Media and Definition of Terms Information Media Literacy Ability to develop lifelong learning s...

MIL Midterms Donamarielle P. Panaligan Introduction to Media and Definition of Terms Information Media Literacy Ability to develop lifelong learning skills such as accessing, analyzing, evaluating, and creating media. Importance of Media Literacy Media literacy is the ability to exercise critical thinking when analyzing different forms of media. It is an effective and engaging way for students to apply critical thinking skills to a wide range of issues. It enables a person to become competent in processing and assessing the form of media one uses. A media literate person can think independently and form his own opinion instead of relying on what the media dictates. It can help students become well informed using the different forms of mass media simultaneously. These skills allow students to develop an intellectual and artistic sense of how they can create useful and effective forms of media by themselves. Information Literacy Allows a person to recognize when information is needed and how he will be able to access, locate, evaluate, and use it effectively in various formats. Importance of Information Information literacy lets you distinguish which among the sources Literacy of information are relevant. An individual will be able to organize and classify the different forms of media that can be used to secure relevant and substantial information. It can aid students in developing effective research skills essential to enriching their knowledge and enhancing their comprehension. A learner can gather essential information to interpret and resolve issues to foster a more participatory environment. The ability to understand and use digital technology, Digital Literacy communication tools, or networks to locate, evaluate, use, create, and share content. Includes the ability to transform date and images through digital manipulation Technology is associated with machines, equipment, devices, or Importance of Digital Literacy any invention advancement in scientific knowledge. With technological discoveries and breakthroughs, people nowadays are even hoping to find cures for dreaded incurable illnesses, like COVID-19. Understanding better the values and perceptions of a society, Cultural Literacy including knowing its historical references, heritage, and communal languages, and decoding interwoven threads of contexts behind and beyond the political and economic aspects. Summary Information Literacy - Ability to develop lifelong learning skills such as accessing, analyzing, evaluating, and creating media. Media Literacy - Ability to develop lifelong learning skills such as accessing, analyzing, evaluating, and creating media. Digital Literacy - Ability to develop lifelong learning skills such as accessing, analyzing, evaluating, and creating media. Introduction to Media and Ecology of MIL Information Information Literacy It has something to do with anything you access on different platforms. FOE (Freedom of Expression) Ability to convey information or answers FOI (Freedom of Information) Ability to access information Digital Literacy Seamlessly integrated media and information Computer Literacy Focused on knowledge on hardware and basic computer skills Internet Literacy Anything that has something to do with the internet AI Literacy Involves both technical and ethical dimensions and enables individuals to effectively use AI tools Summary Ecology of MIL refers to the interconnected system of media, technology, people, and information. Under media literacy: cinema literacy, games literacy, television literacy, news literacy, advertising literacy. FOE VS FOI FOE - symposium (platform to express), answering q & a in research defense FOI - you know what part of the library to get the specific information or reference material you are looking for; know the differences between different catalogs Digital literacy: Computer literacy - knowing the parts of a computer Internet literacy - searching the internet; protecting accounts using different settings AI literacy - Digital literacy since we can’t use it without internet Introduction to Media and Characteristics (Core Concepts) of Media Information 1 - Authorship Media contents are carefully crafted and created with an intended message in mind All messages are ‘constructed’ 2 - Format Various media use various aesthetics Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules 3 - Audience Audiences negotiate the meaning of media tests Different people experience the same media message differently 4 - Content Media are social and political Media have embedded values and points of view 5 - Purpose The media industry is mostly a business Most media messages are there to gain profit or power Summary 1) Authorship: - Creator has their intention in mind - If you create content, you have an intention in mind - All messages are ‘constructed’ 2) Format - There is always a standard that is normally parallel with aesthetics - Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules - Different media forms have different content and aesthetic - You consider certain aesthetic values and standards in media 3) Audience - Audience negotiate the meaning of media texts - Different people interpret the same media message differently 4) Content - Whatever you see in media is a reflection of our society and what is happening around us - Messages that may serve as obseratiin, reflection, or criticism of what is happening in the society where it was created 5) Purpose - The majority of media organizatios exist primarily as business entities to turn profit from their outputs Introduction to Media and Media Models and Theories Information Agenda-Setting Theory Media can shape public opinion by determining what issues are given the most attention and has been widely studied and applied to various forms of media Uses and Gratification Theory Audiences choose to consume a media product based on specific needs (Personal Identity, Social Integration, Entertainment, Information, etc.) Personal Identity Audiences look for media aligned with their personal values and ideological beliefs  We consume media because we identify in terms of beliefs, standpoints, and ideas Information Audiences want to learn or seek advice from a medium You consume media to know about something, like one’s culture Entertainment Consume media to escape reality and stress-reliever Audiences are looking for a diversion Social Integration Consuming media for wanting to be connected with people They want to connect with family, friends, and other parts of their social circle Cultivation Theory Media, particularly television, cultivates in its audiences a way of sensing and seeing the world, thereby shaping their opinions, views, and behavior Three Modes of Reading Not just about print media—also applicable in debate, seminars, social media, or music Dominant (Prefered Reading) Audience members will take this position if the messages are clear and if the audience member is the same age and culture If it has an easy-to-follow narrative and if it deals with themes that are relevant to the audience Oppositional Reading When the audience rejects the preferred reading and creates their own meaning for the text Negotiated Reading A compromise between the dominant and oppositional readings, where the audience accepts parts of the producer’s views, but has their own views on parts as well Propaganda Model How propaganda works in mass media Population is manipulated, and the social, economic, and political attitudes are fashioned in the minds of people through propaganda Advertising, Ownership, News Sources, Flak and Enforcers, Fear-Mongering Symbolic Interactionism The meaning we ascribe to objects, processes, ideas, concepts and systems is subjective Constructed through language, words, and communication, and differ from context to context and culture to culture McLuhan’s Technological Society is driven by changes in media and communication Determinism technology; hence, medium is the message Spiral of Silence Theory Individual will often base their opinion and willingness to share it based on perceived climate of opinion and more likely to speak if they are aligned with majority Public Sphere A mass media model which promotes the protection of public  interest as its primary goal Audiences are seen as citizens and stakeholders in forming and upholding democratic society Market Model Model for mass media which sees profit as the primary motives and perceives audiences as consumers Summary MEDIA THEORIES Agenda-Setting Theory - media producers help shape political reality or opinion Uses and Gratification Theory - audience choose to consume media products based on specific needs - Personal identity: media aligned with their personal values and ideological beliefs (you consume media because you relate to the person or character of the show) - Information: to learn or seek advice from a medium (subscribing to an account to be updated with the latest news and events) - Entertainment: to escape reality and stress-reliever - Social Integration: to be connected with people Cultivation Theory - your perception or behavior changes because of what you see on television Three Modes of Reading (Reception Theory) - Dominant: audiences accept the encoded meaning and reproduce the producer’s preferred reading (credible sources are accepted as we know it’s from a professional) - Oppositional: audiences take the oppositional stance to the preferred reading and resist it completely (when content opposes your stand) - Negotiated: audiences partially accept the encoded meaning and mostly accept the preferred reading but modifies some parts (when voting for elections) Propaganda Model - biases and propaganda that lead to conflict of interest on the parts of media creators and producers - Advertising: when you are an advertiser and content producer at the same time (Mel Tiangco endorsing a detergent then was suspended as it is against the journalists’ code of conduct of ABS CBN due to conflict of interest) - Ownership: Subsidiaries owned by ABS CBN (so if Sky Cable has an issue, there would be no news from ABS CBN because they are owned by them so there would be a conflict of interest - News Sources: about the one you gathered information from (since Harry Roque was the spokesperson for Duterte, he is the source of everything about the president so the journalists will not call him out because he is their source) - Flak and Enforcers: Flak-Libel (legal case) and Bashing (when  Korina Sanchez posted that she haven’t acquired COVIDD even though she frequently goes out, so she received bashing beacuse of her tone-deaf statement) - Fear-mongering: When the media highlight the enemies of the state Symbolic Interactionism - media crafts or constructs things different from reality McLuhan’s Technological Determinism - changes in media and communication technology drive society (for every era, there is a medium or media that will significantly impact or affect the weak people’s lives) - Hot Media: minimal sense (little interaction between users) - Cool/Cold Media: several senses (more provisions for engagement) Spiral of Silence Theory - if your notion or beliefs are going against the majority, you keep quiet, and vice versa MEDIA MODELS Public Sphere - To advance the welfare of the people - Treatment of audience: Citizens - View of Government: Essential to safeguard public interests - View of Innovation: Capture audience interests and needs or welfare of people - Ex: LOTTO Market Model - The company exists to earn money - Treatment of audience: Consumers and buyers - View of Government: Interferes with market behavior - View of Innovation: Based on popular demand & to get ahead of the competition - Ex: Shows exist because they are in demand or because they want to. get ahead of the competition Information Literacy Definition of Terms Information Data that have been collected processed, and interpreted so that they can be presented in a useable form Information is that ‘which changes us’ What reaches people’s consciousness and contributes to their knowledge Stages of Information Literacy Identifying/recognizing information need Determining sources of information Locating or searching information Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information Organizing, storing, and achieving information Using information in an ethical, efficient, and effective way  Creating and communicating new knowledge Summary Information - data that have been collected, processed, and interpreted so that they can be presented in a useable form Information Literacy Typology of Information Factual Information Information that solely deals with facts Short and non-explanatory In reference books such as encyclopedias and almanacs Analytical Information Interpretation of factual information Found. in books and journals Subjective Information Information from only one point of view Objective Information Information that is understood from multiple viewpoints and presents all sides of an argument Primary Sources Include original materials produced during a period May refer to direct information sources such as experts or actual people who experienced an event Ex: Evidence Secondary Sources Include documents made after an event has occurred and second-hand accounts which render diffee=rent perspectives from another person Summary Factual Information VS Analytical Information Factual - raw data Analytical - interpretation of facts ot factual information Subjective Information VS Objective Information Subjective - based on your standards Objective - based on multiple perspectives Primary SourcesVSS Secondary Sources Primary - first-hand sources Secondary - second-hand sources Text Information Text Information in the context of Typography and Typeface Typography The art of arranging letters and text in a way that makes the copy legible, clear, and visually appealing to the reader Influences decision making Font Variations in typefaces like size and weight Typeface Family of fonts Importance of Typeface Words clothe information What typefaces can do to words and information, what clothes can do to other Serif Typeface with small decorative edges Sans Serif No decorative edges or strokes Script Mimics the stroke of a paintbrush Decorative Aesthetic more than readability Summary Typography - the way you arrange tet to make it clear and readable, making it visually appealing Font VS Typeface Font - Arial Regular, Arial Bold, Arial Italic Typeface - Arial 4 Basic Kinds of Typeface Serif - symbolizes tradition and formality Sans Serif - modern, bold, driendly, and minimalist Script - creates a dynamic and interesting pairing when combined with a sans serif Decorative - remove the readability factor anf focus on the creative side Visual Information Elements of Design (in the context of Photography) Selective Focus Gives priority to your subject by blurring other elements in the picture Emotional Focus Evokes emotions from viewers through presentation of elements Lighting and Shadow One of the most important things to consider when taking a picture Without proper lighting, pictures will come out underexposed (too dark) or underexposed (washed out) Depth of Field Distance between the nearest and the furthest objects giving a focused image Shallow or deep Shallow Depth of Field Portrait shot Mostly only has one sharp part Deep Depth of Field Everything is acceptably sharp Dot Simple unit of visual composition Also called a “point” A dot cannot be anything else, and it can be broken down any further Lines Can help to lead the eye of the viewer to the subject of your picture or help frame your subject If there are too many lines, they can be distracting and lead the viewer’s attention away from your subject  Can be defined as a linear mark which can be straight, jazzed, curvy, etc. Can be helpful in guiding the viewer’s eyes to a certain director Horizontal Lines Stillness, tranquility Vertical Lines Stability, uprightness, worthiness Diagonal Lines Instability, tension, dynamism Shapes A two-dimensional representation of something we recognize Formed by connecting lines from end to end Square Shapes Dullness, honesty, straightness Circle Shapes Endlessness, protection, unity Triangle Shapes Action, tension, conflict Form Shape with dimensions Elements like shadow, tone, and texture create dimension, wither two-dimensional or three-dimensional Dimension A visual tool that creates the illusion of depth in two-dimensional forms A visual field consists of a foreground, middle ground, and background Texture The surface of an object Can help make the design feel realistic as it brings ‘feelings’ to it Hue or Color Brings power to messages and add associations May be classified as primary, secondary, or intermediate Intermediate Colors Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, and Red Violet Made by mixing equal amounts of a primary and a secondary color Analogous Colors Groups of three colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, sharing a common color, with one being the dominant color, which tend to be a primary or secondary color, and a tertiary Tint Mixture of color with white Reduces darkness Shade Mixture with black Increases darkness Tone How dark or bright a color can be Color Saturation Intensity of color in an image Temperature Warm colors (red, orange, yellow) are considered warm and active and when used on a visual medium tend to come forward Cool colors (green, blue, purple) are perceived as passive and calming Summary Focus - Selective Focus - Emotional Focus Lighting and Shadow - adds drama or depth to a picture Depth of Field - your acceptably sharp image/s in a photo - Shallow - Deep Dot - the positive space or subject or emphasis Line - important in photography - Horizontal Lines - Vertical Lines - Diagonal Lines Shapes - Square - Circle - Triangle - Form: Shape with dimensions Dimension - creates the illusion of depth in two-dimensional forms Texture - some pics can give you a sense of roughness and smoothness Hue or Color - different colors = different cultural association - Primary - Secondary - Intermediate - Analogous Colors: Groups of three colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, sharing a common color - Tint: Mixture of color with white - Shade: Mixture with black - Tone: How dark or bright a color can be Saturation - the more intense, the more saturated, and the more energy you can get Temperature - Warm: Warm and active - Cool: Passive and calming Visual Information Principles of Design (in the context of Photography) Emphasis Pulls viewers to a specific element in the image When an element stands out in a design Can be bigger, brighter, or bolder than anything around it Balance Sense of stability in the shot Can be symmetrical or asymmetrical Can be achieved by using elements of equal or similar weight Unity All elements form a whole Contrast Use of contrasting elements (may be in terms of shape, texture, color, or value) Movement Directs the viewer’s eye to follow a perceived action Rhythm Use of repeating or alternating shapes, colors, or values Repetition or Pattern A recurring element in the image Scale and Proportion Juxtaposing a small object with a large object exaggerates their size Perspective How the camera is pointed at the subject Taking a photograph from different angles, distances, or directions with your camera can change the photograph completely, by altering the subjects apparent size, shape, or lighting, or changing what you want to highlight about the subject White Space Applies to any area of design not taken up by other elements such as text, photos, or elements Helps create grouing, add emphasis, and improve legibility Summary Emphasis - first thing that draws attention - Positive Space: Actual subject (Bigger, bolder, brighter) - Negative Space (White Space): The area surrounding the subject (texts, photo, or elements) Balance - subjects are almost identical in terms of height, weight, and placement Unity - all or every element found in the image contributes to a whole Contrast - use of contrasting elements Movement - if there is a perceived action in the photo that makes the viewers follow it Rhythm - a repeating or recurring element in the image Repettition or Pattern - use of repeating or alternating shapes, colors, or values Scale and Proportion - playing with sizes and height Perspective - how the camera is pointed at the subject Visual Information Image-Specific Issues Image Grabbing Highly unethical and illegal Stealing a photo from another person’s account Image Manipulation Editing photos Used for personal consumption and commercial purposes Used if the content is graphic Summary Image Grabbing - stealing a photo from another person’s account Image Manipulation - editing photos Big Six in Information The Big 6 Processing Step 1: Task Definition Define the problem Identify the information need Step 2: Information Seeking Identify all resources Strategies Select the best resources Step 3: Location + Access Locate resources Find information in resources Step 4: Use of Information Read & view information Decided which parts you want to use (and leave out) Step 5: Synthesis Organize Resources Present the information Step 6: Evaluation Judge the product (effectiveness) and the pricess (efficiency) Summary 1) Task Definition - defining the information task/information needs and problems 2) Information Seeking Strategies - identify all resources 3) Location + Access - locate sources and find information within the sources 4) Use of Information - engage (read, hear, view, touch) and extract pertinent information 5) Synthesis - pulling the puzzle together 6) Evaluation - evaluate information use, sharing, and distribution