MIL Final Exam Reviewer PDF

MIL FINAL EXAM REVIEWER COVERAGE I. Journalism in the Society (+ Essay) A. Defining Journalism B. The 10 Elements of Journalism 1. Journalism’s First Obligation is to the Truth 2. Its First Loyalty is to Citizens 3. Its Essence is a Disc...

MIL FINAL EXAM REVIEWER COVERAGE I. Journalism in the Society (+ Essay) A. Defining Journalism B. The 10 Elements of Journalism 1. Journalism’s First Obligation is to the Truth 2. Its First Loyalty is to Citizens 3. Its Essence is a Discipline of Verification 4. Its Practitioners Must Maintain an Independence from those they Cover 5. It Must Serve as an Independent Monitor of Power 6. It Must Provide a Forum for Public Criticism and Compromise 7. It Must Strive to Keep the Significant Interesting and Relevant 8. It must Keep the News Comprehensive and Proportional 9. Its Practitioners Must be Allowed to Exercise their Personal Conscience 10. Citizens, too, have Rights and Responsibilities when it comes to the News II. Media Types A. Print Media 1. Definition 2. Key Characteristics 3. Impact on Society B. Broadcast Media 1. Definition 2. Key Characteristics 3. Impact on Society C. New Media 1. Definition 2. Key Characteristics 3. Impact on Society III. Codes and Conventions in Media (+ Table) A. Types of Codes 1. Symbolic 2. Textual 3. Technical B. Media Conventions 1. Examples C. The Role of Producers and Stakeholders 1. Producers 2. Stakeholders D. Understanding Target Audience 1. Demographics  2. Psychographics E. Techniques for Tailoring Messages 1. Language and Tone 2. Visual Elements 3. Cultural References IMPORTANT FILES Understanding Journalism & Exploring Media Landscapes Codes & Conventions in Society (Slides) (Drive) Media (Slides) JOURNALISM IN SOCIETY DEFINING JOURNALISM Main Idea: Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is both the process and product of such. Check-up Question: What makes journalism different from other forms of communication? 1.) Compared to other forms of communication, journalism undergoes a rigorous process of verifying information to uphold the truth at all times. Journalists have their personal methods to certify the credibility or reliability of their sources to ensure that their end-products are fair, complete, and truthful. These methods include interviewing as many witnesses as possible in order to present multiple perspectives on an issue, thus enriching their journalism. 2.) In terms of writing style, journalistic writing is objective. Compared to other forms of nonfiction, journalists must uphold objectivity in their writing, as they carry the responsibility of presenting facts with the aim to inform more than to persuade. This kind of writing style allows the audience to make well-informed decisions and initiate critical thinking with the evidence presented to them. THE 10 ELEMENTS OF JOURNALISM (OLD-IM-FSNAR Acronym) Obligation to the Truth This “journalistic truth” is a process that begins with the professional discipline of assembling and verifying facts. Then journalists try to convey a fair and reliable account of their meaning, subject to further investigation. Additional Information on “Journalistic truth”: Journalistic truth means much more than mere accuracy, it is a sorting-out process that takes place between the initial story and the interaction among the public, newsmakers and journalists. This kind of truthfulness is not easy; it entails paying attention for a sustained period of time, making connections, re-evaluating previously held opinions, and constantly seeking new information (Taylor, 2018). Loyalty to Citizens The publisher of journalism—whether a media corporation accommodating advertisers and shareholders, or a blogger with his own personal beliefs and priorities—must show an ultimate allegiance to citizens. In other words, journalism should be done for the benefit and greater good of the citizens. Discipline of Journalists rely on a professional discipline for verifying Verification information. While there is no standardized code, every journalist uses certain methods to assess and test information to ensure its validity. Independence of the Journalists must separate their personal beliefs and Practitioner from the identity from the topics they are investigating. They must topics they Cover deviate from bias and prior belief to form an objective basis for their stance. Independence is a cornerstone of reliability. “Journalistic independence” is NOT (equal to) neutrality. Additional Information on “Journalistic independence”: Journalistic independence demands a willingness to follow the facts, even when they lead you away from what you assumed would be true. Independence does NOT mean both-sidesism, centrism, or a defense of the status quo. It is a professional discipline to which journalists must recommit each day (Sulzberger, 2024). Monitor of Power Journalism has an unusual capacity to serve as a watchdog over those whose power and position most affect citizens. In that sense, Journalism may serve as an equalizer of the status quo, a means to leverage marginalized citizens and communities, and a way to offer voice to the voiceless. Forum for Public The news media are common carriers of public discussion, Criticism & and this responsibility forms a basis for special privileges Compromise that news and information providers receive from democratic societies. In this context, journalism serves as a platform for freedom of speech where different people can engage in and talk about various issues. Significant Journalism is storytelling with a purpose. Information is Kept It should tell a compelling narrative, include an Interesting and attention-grabbing headline, and utilize a powerful hook; it Relevant should do more than gather an audience—it should keep them engaged, all while preserving its integrity. News is Kept Journalism is our modern cartography; it creates a “map” Comprehensive and for citizens to navigate society. Proportional This entails the effective use of layouts and the necessity for variety (sports, lifestyle, breaking news) within the  journal. Allowance for Doing journalism involves one’s moral compass and Practitioners to demands a sense of ethics and responsibility. Exercise their Personal This means doing what is right despite the requests and/or Conscience demands of the stakeholders; to always stand firm in what is morally acceptable, and to deny any form of excessive pressure or coercion. “Before you are a journalist, you are first and foremost your own person.” Rights and The average person now, more than ever, works like a Responsibilities of journalist. Citizens Writing a blog entry, commenting on a social media site, sending a tweet, or “liking” a picture or post, involves a shorthand version of the journalistic process. Check-up Question: Why is journalism important in today’s world? Everyone has the right to know the truth. Journalism's role is to inform the public about the truth in order to help them become well-informed individuals about different issues, which help them know more about the world around them. Especially in today’s world where misinformation and disinformation have taken the spotlight, it’s important to direct oneself towards the truth at all times. However, it’s not important to solely rely on various news channels; we have the responsibility to assess, interpret, and judge whether a piece of information is relevant to our lives or not. Exercising this responsibility helps us become more educated, critical thinkers. MEDIA TYPES PRINT MEDIA [ text ] DEFINITION Main Idea: Print Media is a means of printed communication serving to provide information and content via newspapers, brochures, billboards, etc. THE 4 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF PRINT MEDIA (TILO Acronym) Tangible Can be engaged with using most of the five senses; exists in a physical form. This provides for a more personal and immersive experience e.g., reading books allows you to flip through and feel pages. Informative Serves as a means of displaying a varied spectrum of information—whether this be from daily news, job postings, or feature articles regarding sports or films. Longer Shelf-Life Compared to digital media, print media lasts longer and is harder to obscure or remove instantaneously. Unlike digital media, which can be easily edited or deleted, print media offers a sense of permanence. Organised Has content which is structured in order to provide utmost clarity and concision. Goes under a rigorous process to make sure the content displayed has correct grammar and sentence structure. EXAMPLES Books Billboards Brochures Magazines Newspapers IMPACT ON SOCIETY Positive Implications: Credible ○ Print Media undergoes a process in order to ensure information is accurately received and transmitted, something enhanced through professional journalism, rigorous fact-checking, and editorial oversight, making it a reliable source of information. Democratization of knowledge ○ The printing press made information that could be accessed beyond the elite, which led to the increase in public education Social reorganization ○ Literacy rates increased, led to the shifting of power dynamics and to the empowerment of common people Targeted Reach and Audience Engagement ○ Through cost-effective advertising options, allowing for precise targeting of specific demographics and geographic areas. Think billboards, promotional posters/banners, ads. Not everything is online despite the rapid growth into becoming so. A lot of us also learn information from just walking around the city and seeing an ad or poster and going “woah that’s sick” Engagement and Memorability ○ Because print media is tangible, it creates a deeper connection and reading/ experience for the consumers Influence of Headlines and Shaping of Public Opinion  ○ Headlines and content of printed media can shape reader engagement, while the content can influence political and social views Negative Implications: Negative body image ○ One of the things that print media has been accused of in the recent past is, of stereotyping what it considers to be the perfect body image. As a result, most of the pictures posted in the print media reflect the same, thin, unreasonable waistlines and this is having an impact on the younger generation. As a result, several have opted to starve themselves to achieve that body image, resulting in both severe health complications and fatalities. Contrast to Technology ○ With the rise of other forms of media, print media is not as accessible and as timely as digital media. Print media is rooted in the ability to transport its audience into the scene of the event, but we live in a visual culture and rely on visual aids to help imagine the scene that is being described. (unfortunately) Temporal Bias ○ It is easy to manipulate the information to sway its audience to follow a specific narrative. Back in the World Wars, there was a bias of the ‘We Want You’ posters to recruit people to join the war. In some cases, it may appear convincing, seeing the need to prove your loyalty to the country when it may not always be necessary. Environment Sustainability ○ A print medium consumes more resources and energy to print and produce which can harm the environment, contributing to deforestation and pollution of physical material. BROADCAST MEDIA [ text ] DEFINITION Main Idea: Broadcast media is the transmission of audio and video content, such as shows, news, and advertisements, through TV, radio, and online platforms. It involves transmitting shows, news, and ads to a wide audience, using both sound and visuals. (Geeks for Geeks, 2024) ○ “The term 'broadcast media' covers a wide spectrum of different communication methods such as television, radio, newspapers, and any other materials supplied by the media and press.” (University of Fort Hare, n.d.) THE 6 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF BROADCAST MEDIA (MLSMVI Acronym) Multi-sensory Engages both hearing and sight by integrating not just experience words, but audio and visual elements as well for greater audience impact ○ Ex: TV ads accompanied with catchy music and vibrant colors Live broadcasting More often than not, broadcast media reaches mass audiences through live broadcasting, allowing “viewers to experience events, news, or shows as the content unfolds” in real-time. Connects the content and the audience, thus creating a shared experience and igniting spontaneity and excitement. ○ Ex: Live boxing matches on ABS-CBN or live senate hearings on YouTube  Scheduled Broadcast media always follows a schedule, assigning programming specific programs to different time slots. ○ Ex: ABS-CBN’s “TV Patrol” would always premiere at 7PM from Mondays-Fridays, while it would premiere from 6-8PM on weekends. “This planned programming offers predictability for the audience, allowing them to know when their favorite shows or content will be on.” (Geeks for Geeks, n.d.) ○ As they develop consistency, it establishes routine and viewer loyalty which contributes to the success of broadcasting channels. Mass accessibility The flexibility of broadcast media allows for its content to reach different audiences at the same time (esp. in the digital age and the rise of social media) ○ Ex: CNN does not just share news when it premieres on television, but also on their official website, social media accounts, and mobile app. “This accessibility guarantees that information, entertainment, and ads can reach diverse demographics and locations all at once.” (Geeks for Geeks, n.d.) Visual impact Content creators make use of images and color palettes not just to attract its target audiences, but more importantly, to add to the impact factor. “Colors hold cultural and symbolic meanings that vary across different societies and contexts, choosing an appropriate palette is crucial.” (Moran, n.d.) ○ Ex: Red can symbolize love and passion in one culture while signifying luck or danger in another. ○ Understanding these connotations is crucial, especially in a globalized world where videos can reach diverse audiences.” Interactivity Especially for digital or online broadcast media, this provides an avenue for the audience to connect with fellow viewers in real-time. ○ Ex: Commenting and sharing a specific media across various types of social media platforms like Instagram or YouTube EXAMPLES Television CNN, ABS-CBN, GMA Network  Radio DZMB, 99.5 Play FM, Wish 107.5 Newspaper The Manila Times, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin Internet media Websites, social media, blogs Audio recording Podcasts, music, audio books Video recording Online streaming, movies, tv shows Streaming platforms Companies are using streaming services like the CBS CEO Spotlight to promote new initiatives (shows how using popular podcasts can help create impactful messages). Personalized content With advancements in AI, brands are customizing their broadcast media efforts to connect better with specific audiences, improving engagement through targeted content. IMPACT ON SOCIETY Positive Implications: Impactful storytelling ○ Ex: Unlike traditional ways of distributing media to larger audiences such as print media, broadcasts consist of auditory and visual aspects which can establish an emotional interconnection with the audience. Real-time updates: Broadcast media is particularly effective at delivering real-time updates, a vital element in today’s fast-paced world of information circulation. ○ Ex: From breaking news to live events, it keeps audiences informed almost instantaneously. This immediacy not only boosts the medium’s credibility but also strengthens the audience’s connection to ongoing events, creating a sense of urgency and relevance. Educational value: Beyond entertainment, broadcast media plays a vital role in education by offering a variety of educational shows, documentaries, and other informative content online. These resources make it convenient and easy for the public to educate themselves on a wide-range of topics, making knowledge accessible especially to those without access to formal education.  Brand visibility: The exposure provided by broadcast media is a key advantage for businesses seeking to enhance their brand presence. ○ Ex: By leveraging commercials, targeted advertisements, and sponsored content, brands can establish a strong presence in the audience’s awareness/effectively capture audience attention. The combination of visual and auditory elements create a memorable impression, increasing a brand’s recognition in a competitive landscape. Economical: Broadcast media provides accessible information to consumers and generates significant advertising revenue for companies. ○ Ex: Simple devices like TVs and smartphones allow unlimited content access, fostering an informed public that can make better economic decisions (Yutuc, 2020). Ex: In 2023, TV advertising was projected to reach around $61 billion in the U.S., highlighting its effectiveness in reaching large audiences and contributing to the overall economy by creating jobs and stimulating related sectors like production and marketing. Wide Information Dissemination: Broadcast media provides rapid, large-scale communication, ensuring that critical news and information reach diverse audiences. ○ Ex: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people heavily depended on broadcast media, such as social media, online articles, and television news. This contributes to an informed public, particularly during emergencies or important events. Cultural Awareness: By sharing content from various regions and cultures, broadcast media helps bridge cultural gaps and promotes understanding between different communities. ○ Ex: A widely known television network, National Geographic, has been publishing content for viewers around the world, promoting history and culture. This fosters greater tolerance and appreciation for global diversity. Public Education: Broadcast media acts as an accessible platform for disseminating educational content, ranging from academic subjects to important social issues. ○ Digital platforms, such as Google Classroom, Gmail, Zoom, and many more, play a key role in lifelong learning by making information available to a broad audience. Negative Implications: Misinformation and bias Sensationalism, perpetuation of stereotypes and prejudice Consumerism - The pervasive nature of advertising on broadcast media encourages a culture of consumerism, often promoting materialistic values.  ○ (Ex: When people buy the latest Apple phone when their current one is still in good condition) Costly investment Limited targeting, control, and interaction NEW MEDIA [ text ] DEFINITION Main Idea: New media is defined as the combination of visual and auditory elements with digital technologies (such as the internet), to constitute mass communication. This may take the form of software, websites, social media, and that of a similar nature. Hence why it is characterized by anything and everything that can be created, viewed, modified, and distributed using electronic or computerized devices. THE 8 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW MEDIA (DI-IUV-PAC Acronym) Digital Which means that information is converted, stored, and transmitted in digital format, which is constituted by binary code—a series of 1s and 0s. Interactive Which denotes the capacity for interaction between users and content, using real time processes such as comments, likes, and shares, along with active uploads.  Here, New Media comprises a “two-way” affair, a participatory culture where ‘prosumers’—individuals who both consume and produce content—exist in this particular dichotomy of roles. Immersive This entails the use of advanced technology to create enhanced and multi-sensory experiences to keep users fully absorbed into the experience. This can mean simulating the physical world or fabricating something completely new. Ubiquitous This suggests its prominence in the modern world; that it is interwoven into our everyday lives, routines, and environments. In other words New Media is everywhere—it can be found in digital billboards, educational learning platforms, and even in visual aid for presentations. Virtual That new media presents to us a very different rendition of face-to-face or ‘lived reality’. It gives users the opportunity to present themselves in a way they see fit, hence the concepts of the ‘online world’, and the ‘online persona’. Personalized Which implies that content can be tailored to individual preferences, needs, and interests, as per the capacity for users to customize their feeds and interactions. Accessible Which directly corresponds to the wide availability of New Media. Information can be shared on a variety of devices and platforms, making it easier for users to find and access the content they need. Cost Effective New Media has lower production and distribution costs, making it more affordable for users. For instance, many digital media advertisements exhibit better ROI (or Return on Investment); it requires less resources to acquire new leads and customers, has lower cost per click, and enhances efficiency. EXAMPLES Social Media Social Media- the means of interactions among people that share, create, or exchange information using virtual communities and networks. digital technology that allows the sharing of ideas and information, including text and visuals, through virtual networks and communities. Social media typically features user-generated content that lends itself to engagement via likes, shares, comments, and discussion. Examples- Tik Tok, Instagram, Facebook Websites & WEBSITE: A website is a collection of files accessed through a Applications web address, covering a particular theme or subject, and managed by a particular person or organization. APP: An application (more commonly known as an app) is software that bundles together certain features in a way that is accessible to a user. Examples- YouTube, Netflix, Duolingo, Google Classroom Virtual Reality Virtual Reality- the computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using special electronic equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted with sensors. Examples- Google Earth, Beat Saber, VR Chat Augmented Reality Augmented Reality- a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view. Examples- Pokémon Go, Google Lens, IKEA  eBook An ebook (short for electronic book), also spelled as e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in electronic form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Examples-Amazon Kindle, BlueFire Reader, Libby IMPACT ON SOCIETY Positive Implications: COMMUNICATION–“Global Village” ○ Has the ability to connect people from all walks of life. It allows individuals to communicate easily across borders, fostering global friendships and enabling the exchange of ideas on a massive scale. ○ One of the most significant impacts of social media has been the way it has altered communication. In the past, communication was largely one-to-one or one-to-many, with information being disseminated through traditional media channels such as newspapers and television. With social media, communication has become more interactive and immediate. People can now share their thoughts and experiences with a global audience in real-time, and receive instant feedback. This has led to a more connected world, where people can engage with one another on a scale never before possible. ○ Essential tool for sharing news and events in real-time, enhancing the speed and reach of information dissemination. SOCIAL INFLUENCE & ADVOCACY ○ New media has forever transformed the way businesses engage with their customers and market their products. It altered how businesses connect with customers, offering cost-effective, targeted advertising that levels the playing field for small businesses and startups. ○ New media has become a powerful tool for social and political change. Movements like #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo has flourished, raising awareness and mobilizing global conversations on critical issues. ○ Crowdfunding platforms, driven by social media, have democratized fundraising for charitable causes and social enterprises, making it easier for individuals to support meaningful initiatives. Negative Implications: IMPACT ON RELATIONSHIPS & WELL-BEING  ○ Face-to-face interactions and intimate conversations may be diluted, causing misinterpretations and weakening emotional connection. Balancing online and offline communication is essential for healthy relationships. ○ Real-time voice calls have been largely replaced by multimedia messaging. While real-time video calls offer some connection, they still miss the depth of in-person interaction. ○ Social media’s impact on mental health has been significant. Studies show that social media can foster feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness, often by presenting a distorted reality that leads to unrealistic expectations, especially for young people. ★ CHALLENGES INFORMATION RELIABILITY & PRIVACY ○ The democratization of information has also led to the spread of misinformation and fake news, eroding trust in the media. ○ The shift from one source of truth to multiple sources has created a complex media environment where it’s challenging to discern credible sources. ○ The convenience of mobile devices and camera phones allows for privacy invasions. While these tools can capture special moments, they also open the door for privacy abuses. ○ Mobile phone convergence grants users freedom to work anywhere but blurs work-life boundaries, making them reachable by employers at all times. CODES & CONVENTIONS IN MEDIA Check-Up Question: What is the difference between media codes and media conventions? Answer MEDIA CODES Definition: technical, written and symbolic tools used to construct or suggest meaning in media forms and products  Media codes include the use of camera, acting, setting, mise en scene, editing, lighting, sound, special effects, typography, color, visual composition, text and graphics. TYPES OF MEDIA CODES Technical Codes Symbolic Codes Written Codes Elements like camera angles, Use of symbols, colors, and Textual elements such as lighting, and editing that help settings that represent ideas of headlines, captions, and convey meaning. themes. scripts. Keywords: Camera, editing, Keywords: Acting, setting, Keywords: Text, typography lighting, sound, special mise en scene, color, visual effects composition MEDIA CONVENTIONS Definition: Rules of generally accepted ways of constructing form and informing meaning in media products. These include: ○ story principles ○ form and structure ○ generic structures ○ character and story arcs ○ cause and effect ○ point of view ○ the structuring of time ○ elements of page layout ○ paper stock for print ○ titles and credits sequences  ○ hyperlinking and mounting and framing of images THE ROLE OF PRODUCERS AND STAKEHOLDERS Producers Stakeholders Definition: Definition: Producers are individuals or Stakeholders refer to all individuals organizations responsible for the or groups that have an interest in the creation and development of media media content being produced. This content. They oversee the entire can include advertisers, sponsors, production process, making critical audience members, and even decisions about the message, budget, regulatory bodies. Stakeholders and creative direction. influence the content through their expectations, financial support, and feedback. E.g. E.g. UNDERSTANDING TARGET AUDIENCES Demographics Identifying the audience based on characteristics such as age, gender, income, education level, and cultural background. For example, a product aimed at teenagers will have a different approach than one targeting senior citizens. Psychographics Understanding the audience's interests, values, attitudes, and lifestyles. This deeper insight helps producers craft messages that connect on an emotional level, leading to greater engagement. ]]TECHNIQUES FOR TAILORING MESSAGES (LVC Acronym) Language & Tone The choice of words and the tone of the message can significantly impact how it is received. For instance, using slang or informal language may appeal to younger audiences, while a more formal tone may be appropriate for professional contexts. Visual Elements The use of colors, images, and design can attract specific audiences. For example, vibrant colors and playful graphics may appeal to children, while sleek, minimalist designs might attract a more sophisticated adult audience. Cultural References Incorporating elements that resonate with the audience's cultural background can enhance relatability. For instance, using familiar symbols, traditions, or narratives can create a stronger connection with the target audience. EXAMPLES OF MEDIA CONTENT Always #LikeAGirl Advertisement Coca-Cola #OpenForBetter Nike - You Can’t Stop Us Family Fresh Market Commercial — YOU MADE IT TILL THE END! CONGRATULATIONS! ♡