MIL_1ST QUARTER NOTES.pdf

MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA INFORMATION SOURCES INFORMATION LITERACY 1. Primary Sources— Deliver direct Media— Derived from...

MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA INFORMATION SOURCES INFORMATION LITERACY 1. Primary Sources— Deliver direct Media— Derived from the Latin word observations or evidence on a particular medius. Simply refers to the channels topic, originating from individuals who through which communication occurs. were present during the event or who Information— Is any data that is valuable recorded it shortly thereafter. These sources and meaningful. It can be packaged in remain unfiltered by later interpretation or various formats, including but not limited analysis, preserving their original context to textual, numerical, and graphical. It can and integrity. be transmitted orally, digitally, or electronically. EXAMPLES: Literacy— Involves a continuum of diaries, letters, speeches, patents, photos, news, learning that enables individuals to achieve journal articles, theses and dissertations, their goals, develop their knowledge and proceedings of meetings, legal documents such as potential, and participate fully in their birth certificates, wills, marriage licenses, emails, community and wider society. video and audio recordings, artifacts such as specimens, fossils, furniture, works of arts such as architecture, literature, and music, buildings, novels, MEDIA LITERACY and poems, to cite a few. Emphasizes the ability to understand, select, evaluate, and use media as a 2. Secondary Sources— They offer leading purveyor and processor of criticism, interpretation, or evaluation of information, focusing on how media is primary sources. Secondary sources do not used for the benefit of democracy and serve as direct evidence but rather provide development. commentary and analysis on the original evidence. Secondary data refers to INFORMATION LITERACY information that has been collected by Emphasizes the ability to access, individuals or organizations for purposes evaluate, create, and share information other than those of the specific research and knowledge using various tools, study in question. formats, and channels, focusing on how data and information are managed in EXAMPLES: Criticisms, commentaries, dictionaries any format and form using different (also considered tertiary), bibliographies (also technological tools. considered tertiary), journal articles (can be primary sources depending on the discipline) etc. MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES 3. Tertiary Sources— Works that list primary Gaining access to timely, pertinent, and and secondary resources within a specific high-quality information necessitates subject area, index, organize, and compile having a thorough awareness of the citations to secondary sources for easy various sources that information is reference. available from. Minic Malana — 12 SAL  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes EXAMPLES: governmental, and other networks, all of Abstracts, indexes, bibliographies, manuals or guide which use the same set of books, chronologies, classifications, dictionaries, communications protocols. encyclopedias, and population registers statistics to mention a few. INFORMATION SHEET TIMING OF THE EVENT RECORDED 1. Journal— A collection of articles usually If an article was written close to the time written by scholars in an academic or of the event it describes, it is likely a professional field. An editorial board primary source. reviews articles to decide whether they RHETORICAL AIM OF THE WRITTEN ITEM should be accepted. Materials with a persuasive or analytical intent are often secondary sources, as 2. Magazine— A collection of articles and they interpret and analyze events rather images about diverse topics of popular than merely reporting them. interest and current events. Usually, these CONTEXT OF THE RESEARCHING SCHOLAR articles are written by journalists or What constitutes a primary source varies scholars and are geared toward the depending on the researcher's focus. average adult. 3. Newspapers— A publication intended for a broad audience that appears regularly, INFORMATION SOURCES often daily, and claims to contain factual INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE accounts of recent events. Usually, Knowledge that is unique to a given newspapers are published with the culture or society. intention of making a profit. Frequently, Indigenous communication refers to their factual content is accompanied by transmission of information through advertisements and nonfactual materials local channels or forms. It is a means by intended as entertainment. which culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted. Indigenous media and information refer to the original information created BASIC NEWS WRITING by a local group of people. a. Accuracy— Always verify facts and details LIBRARY to maintain public trust and avoid legal A place set apart to contain books, repercussions. periodicals, and other material for reading, viewing, listening, study of b. Brevity— Keep your writing concise, reference, set of rooms, or building eliminating unnecessary words while where books may be read or borrowed. maintaining impact. As to its characteristics, libraries are c. Clarity— Organize your facts clearly and known for their reliability, accuracy and avoid jargon to make your story accessible value - Libraries of published books are to all readers. often considered highly reliable, accurate, and valuable. INTERNET A vast computer network linking smaller computer networks worldwide. It includes commercial,educational, Minic Malana — 12 SAL  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes STRUCTURE TYPES OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION Journalists normally organize their news LANGUAGES stories using the so-called inverted pyramid structure. The most a. Visual Language- In television and film, fundamental information in the lead what appears on the screen is carefully paragraph of the story, and then selected to produce specific effects and arranging the remaining details, from convey meaning (semiotics). The choice of most important to least important, in the camera angles and movements is following nut graphs. intentional, helping to tell the story and LEAD It is typically a one-sentence paragraph communicate the meaning of a scene. that summarizes the basic facts of a b. Aural Language- This involves diegetic story and conveys to the reader what the and non-diegetic sound. Sound plays a reporter found out in their reporting. It crucial role in creating a scene and shaping provides answers to some of the five Ws the environment, atmosphere, and mood. and one H of news reporting-who, what, The aural language of a media text also where, when, why and how. helps define its genre. ANGLE c. Written Language- Found in print-based The main idea of a news story and lead media and text elements like photo is called the “angle”. It is the main point captions, the language used generates that the rest of the story will try to meaning. Captions, for example, allow the support. publication to present a story in a particular light. BODY OF A STORY The rest of the story is called the body. A d. Verbal Language- Used in media such as story should proceed in a natural and television, radio, and film, the delivery and chronological order. Sticking to a logical context of language are key factors in how order will make it easier to write the meaning is conveyed to the audience. story, as well as to allow you to keep e. Non-Verbal Language- This refers to track of your ideas and materials. body language, including gestures and actions. The meaning perceived by the ENDING It wraps up the remaining details of the audience is communicated through how story. One way to end is with a “kicker”, actors use their bodies which is often a catchy quote. In Media Studies, "text" refers to any media product, such as TV shows, photographs, advertisements, newspaper MEDIA AND INFORMATION ads, films, radio programs, web pages, and LANGUAGES more. These are central to our study as we explore how media languages generate It often conveys meaning through the use meaning. of signs and symbols, which are implied by the way a scene is constructed and filmed. This is the means by which media engages and communicates with its audience. Minic Malana — 12 SAL  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes Cyberbullying— Bullying with the use of CODES AND CONVENTIONS digital technologies. It can take place on Way of constructing meaning in media to social media, messaging platforms, communicate ideas and impressions for an gaming platforms and mobile phones. audience. Codes can be technical, written or narrative. The manner how media RA 10627 ANTI BULLYING ACT OF 2013 communicates to the audience could be An act requiring all elementary and secondary written, verbal, non-verbal, visual or aural. schools to adopt policies to prevent and address the acts of bullying in their institutions. SYMBOLIC CODES HACKING refers to the colors, objects, body language, Involves unauthorized access to or manipulation clothing and setting. In interpreting visual of computer systems, networks, or data. It can language, we decode the symbols that would be carried out for various reasons, including carry a certain number of connotations. Symbolic personal gain, political activism, or malicious codes include the language, dress and actions of intent. Hacking can lead to serious characters known as mise-en-scene. consequences, such as data breaches, financial loss, and legal penalties. WRITTEN CODES refer to elements such as letter case, font style, PHISHING headlines, captions, speech bubbles, and Attackers attempt to trick individuals into language style. These components play a crucial providing sensitive information, such as role in shaping the meaning of a media text, passwords, credit card numbers, or other influencing how the audience interprets and personal details. This is typically done through engages with the content. fraudulent emails, messages, or websites that appear to be from legitimate sources. TECHNICAL CODES refer to the aspects of media production that DIGITAL PIRACY involve layout, framing, and image rendering. The unauthorized use, distribution, or They also include elements like camera angles, reproduction of digital content, such as software, sound, lighting, and the overall use of technology music, movies, books, or games. It typically to create and convey meaning. involves copying and sharing these materials without permission from the copyright holders. IDENTITY THEFT Legal, Ethical and Societal Issues in Occurs when someone unlawfully obtains and Media and Information uses another person's personal information, such as Social Security numbers, credit card details, or Legal considerations increasingly influence bank account information, to commit fraud or media decisions. Major legal issues in the other crimes. media industry can arise from incidents like misquoting a police officer, wrongly CYBER DEFAMATION Also known as online defamation, involves associating someone with a crime, using a making false statements about someone on the song in a commercial without permission, internet that damage their reputation or publishing controversial content. Minic Malana — 12 SAL  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes TYPES OF DEFAMATION c. Artistic Works: Paintings, drawings, a. Slander— defamatory statements sculptures, and photographs. made orally. Slander involves spoken d. Dramatic Works: Plays and screenplays. words or gestures that harm someone's e. Audiovisual Works: Movies, television reputation. shows, and videos. EXAMPLE: Making false statements about f. Software: Computer programs and someone in a conversation, public speech, or applications. broadcast that damage their personal or professional reputation. TRADEMARK Is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or b. Libel— Defamatory statements made in services of one enterprise from those of other written or published form. Libel includes enterprises. It can include: printed materials such as articles, books, or online content like social media posts a. Words: Brand names, slogans. and blog entries. It also encompasses b. Logos: Graphic symbols or designs. visual representations that harm c. Symbols: Unique images or icons. someone's reputation. d. Colors: Specific color schemes associated with a brand. e. Sounds: Distinctive sounds or jingles. f. Shapes: Unique shapes of products or packaging. Most Common Types of Intellectual Property and Plagiarism PATENT Intellectual property (IP) — Refers to A legal right granted to an inventor that gives creations of the mind that are legally them exclusive control over the use, production, and sale of their invention for a specified period. protected from unauthorized use. IP laws In exchange for this exclusive right, the inventor allow creators to control and benefit from must publicly disclose the details of their their inventions and creative works. invention. The main types of patents include: Intellectual property rights (IPR) — Refers to the legal rights given to the a. Utility Patents: These protect new and inventor or creator to protect his invention useful inventions or discoveries, such as or creation for a certain period of time. machines, processes, or compositions of matter. These legal rights confer an exclusive right b. Design Patents: These protect the to the inventor/creator or his assignee to ornamental design or appearance of a fully utilize his invention/creation for a functional item. Design patents do not given period of time. cover the functional aspects of the item but focus on its visual design. c. Plant Patents: These protect new and COPYRIGHT distinct varieties of plants that have Is a legal right that grants the creator of original been asexually reproduced. This includes works of authorship exclusive control over the use new plant breeds that are developed and distribution of their work. This protection through methods like grafting or cloning. applies to a range of creative works, including: a. Literary Works: Books, articles, and poems. b. Musical Works: Songs, compositions, and lyrics. Minic Malana — 12 SAL  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes PLAGIARISM EXAMPLE: If you’re presenting someone else’s original idea The act of using someone else's work, in your writing without crediting them, even if ideas, or intellectual property without you’re presenting it in your own words, it’s proper attribution or permission, presenting plagiarism. it as one's own. TYPES OF PLAGIARISM PATCHWORK Also known as mosaic plagiarism, COMPLETE patchwork plagiarism refers to instances Occurs when a writer submits someone where plagiarized work is interwoven else’s work in their own name. Paying with the writer’s original work. This kind somebody to write a paper for you, then of plagiarism can be subtle and easy to handing that paper in with your name on miss, and it may happen in conjunction it, is an act of complete plagiarism—as with direct plagiarism. is stealing or “borrowing” someone’s EXAMPLE: work and submitting it as your own. Taking a clause from a source and embedding it EXAMPLE: in a sentence of your own. Submitting a research paper for English class that your older sister wrote and submitted when ACCIDENTAL she took the class five years ago. Accidental plagiarism is perhaps the most common type of plagiarism DIRECT because it happens when the writer Similar to complete plagiarism in that it, doesn’t realize they are plagiarizing too, is the overt passing-off of another another’s work. writer’s words as your own. The EXAMPLES: difference between the two is how much of the paper is plagiarized. With Forgetting to cite your sources in your complete plagiarism, it’s the entire work paper. Specific sections or paragraphs Not citing your sources correctly are included without crediting (or even Failing to put quotes around cited acknowledging) the author. material EXAMPLE: An example of direct plagiarism is dropping a line or two from your source directly into your work without quoting or citing the source. PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing plagiarism is what happens when a writer reuses another’s work and changes a few words or phrases. It’s a common type of plagiarism, and many students don’t even realize it’s a form of plagiarism. Minic Malana — 12 SAL  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY 1st Quarterly Examination Notes FAIR USE Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright holder, under specific conditions. It is intended to balance the rights of creators with the public interest in the free use of information. a. Criticism and Commentary— Using excerpts for critique, review, or commentary, such as quoting parts of a work to analyze or discuss it. b. News Reporting: Incorporating copyrighted material in news reports or journalism to inform the public. c. Teaching and Education: Using copyrighted material for educational purposes, such as in classrooms or academic research, under certain conditions. d. Research: Including parts of copyrighted works in research papers or academic studies to support arguments or provide evidence. Minic Malana — 12 SAL