Migratory Movements And Patterns Of Settlement To 1838 PDF

THE HISTORICAL PROCESS MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS AND PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT TO 1838 GOAL OF LESSON: THE GOAL OF THE LESSON IS TO EXPLORE THE VARIOUS HISTORICAL PROCESSES THAT HAVE SHAPED CONTEMPORARY CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE. OBJECTIVES 1. Name the various groups that have migrated to the Car...

THE HISTORICAL PROCESS MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS AND PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT TO 1838 GOAL OF LESSON: THE GOAL OF THE LESSON IS TO EXPLORE THE VARIOUS HISTORICAL PROCESSES THAT HAVE SHAPED CONTEMPORARY CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE. OBJECTIVES 1. Name the various groups that have migrated to the Caribbean and the circumstances under which these migrations occurred. 2. Relate historical events and processes to contemporary Caribbean society and culture; 3. Apply historical knowledge in describing diversity and complexity in Caribbean society and culture; 4. Appreciate how a knowledge of history deepens an understanding of Caribbean  How would you define Caribbean culture?  The Caribbean is usually referred to as a ‘melting pot’. This concept refers to the combination of a variety of culture, people and experiences in the Caribbean Region.  What account for our diverse culture in the Caribbean? Migration Colonization Indentureship Economic systems WHAT IS MIGRATION?  Migration is the movement of people from one geographical location to another. The movement of people from place to place also means the movement of society and culture, as well as their meeting and mixing with other societies and cultures.  Who were the first set of people to migrate to the Caribbean? Define the terms Indigenous Amerindians originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. THE BERING STRAIT THEORY How did the Tainos and the Kalinagos reach the Americas and then the Caribbean? REASON FOR THE MIGRATION OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE It all started with the movement on foot of the ancestors of the Amerindians from Eurasia to the Western Hemisphere, through the Bering Strait between what are now Alaska and Russia. They left their homelands to migrate eastward during the fourth Ice Age, around 18,000 to 16,000 years ago, when most of Europe was frozen over. The Ice Age led to a shortage of vegetation for animals and thereby a shortage of meat for these nomadic, hunter/gatherer tribes, who then migrated eastwards in search of food, following the migration  The Tainos went further into the Caribbean as they were trying to escape from the Kalinagos who were always raiding them for food and their women. They settled in the Greater Antilles while the Kalinagoes settled in the lesser Antilles and the Mayans could be found in Belize. Subsequently, they developed different cultural practices based on the resources available to them that further distinguished them from each other. How would you describe the Taino and the Kalinago society? \ How has the Tainos impacted our contemporary society and culture?  Cassava cake- usage of Cassava cakes.These cakes made of cassava/yuca flour it did not spoil as easily as European wheat bread and helped to sustain the Europeans while they travelled in and out of the Caribbean. It is presently called ‘bammy’ in many Caribbean territories(other names include ‘ereba’,‘casabe’) and traditionally eaten with fish (just like the Tainos did).A main source of income for many rural Caribbean farmers who sell them to hotels and locals alike.  METHOD OF COOKING AND PRESERVING MEAT Taino ‘barbecue’(meat cooked on a grill made of green sticks called ‘barbacoa’, with indigenous habanero (scotch bonnet) peppers, all spice (pimento) and an assortment of indigenous herbs)  WORDS Hammock Hurricane Canoe Tobacco THE ARRIVAL OF THE WHITES REASONS FOR THE SPANIARDS COMING TO THE WEST INDIES IN1492 The rebirth of learning (Renaissance) - the new ideas that were encouraged during the renaissance provided the basis for developments in science and technology. * With the decay of feudalism, the serfs who were at the bottom of the social system were able to pursue their own goals and aspirations without the shackles of religious precepts. The emergent of a middle class of merchants and tradesman came into existence, and above them was the nobility, forming the ruling class. This middle class was important in that they contributed to the development of trade and commercial of Europe. The rise of printing which allowed for the spread of new ideologies and thinking of Europeans. The growth of such ideas led to the growth of schools and universities.  The spiritual powers of the Roman Catholic Church permeated every aspect of life and made the church the dominant institution in the Western Europe. It fostered the desire to spread Christianity in foreign lands. The Pope became the arbitrator of political disputes, particular those involving the discovery of new lands. In fact, religion was used as a tool for European exploitation and hegemony in the conquered territories.  He first landed in the Bahamas. He later went on to claim other islands such as the Greater and Lesser Antilles for the Spanish empire. For over a hundred years after Columbus claimed the Americas for Spain, no other European nation was able to establish permanent settlement in the Caribbean. The Caribbean was a springboard for the activities of the Europeans because gold was found in some territories like Hispaniola and it had a large resident population of Tainos which provided slave labour.  How do you think the Tainos were treated by the Spaniards? Enslavement Genocide Total depletion of their society and culture COMING OF THE FRENCH, ENGLISH AND DUTCH Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 –signed agreement between Spain and Portugal, dividing the world between them. Spain won control of lands discovered west of the line, while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east. European Rivalry through trade, piracy, privateering, buccaneering, open war. The French settled in the Lesser Antilles the Dutch were not involve in the enslavement of the Tainos they lend loans and gave advice on sugar cultivation. EUROPEAN IMPACT ON CARIBBEAN CULTURE Political system Language Name of places Food Clothing Religion Dance WHO IS COMING? FORCED AFRICAN MIGRATION From as early as the 1500s Africans were identified and traded as commodities for labour on sugar plantations in the West Indies Africans were ‘chosen’ for several reasons, economic and racial as the best replacement for the Indigenous Peoples. They were carried in ships, in holds, built to carry goods along the three legs of the journey THE TRIANGULAR TRADE THE WEST AFRICAN KINGDOM Dahomey Ashanti Benin THE MIDDLE PASSAGE  The most gruesome leg of the three-legged trade Africans endured 6- 12 weeks of lying in cramped holds Diseases- dysentery, yellow fever Little food Sexual abuse Little exercise Little fresh air, heat THE IMPACT OF AFRICAN CULTURE Religious practices- many elements can be recognized in the cults of obeah, voodoo and Shango. These were passed down from one generation to the next. In Jamaica for example, Myalism and obeah developed into pocomania. These practices involved sorcery, witchcraft and the use of charms. It is through dancing and music that these cults are kept alive in contemporary Caribbean. Language- the West Africans who came to the Caribbean created their own tongue known as Patios ( mixture of African, French, English and Spanish dialects). This dominated not only the vocabulary of the Africans but also in pronunciation and grammar ( nyam, su-su, Kas- Kas, bufbuf, bafan, booboo) Foods- some of the foods of Africa became part of the Caribbean for example, yam, cocoa, asham, fu-fu, susumba, peanut duckoonoo). Folk Medicine – the use and administration of herbs and bushes have survived in the Caribbean regardless of the fact that modern medicine has been instituted. The use of herbal medicine came through the vision and experimentations of the slaves who brought knowledge of nature and its uses. The obeah men were the slave doctors who administered various teas, baths , potions and oils for the purpose of healing. For example, love bush was used for fevers; leaf of life for common colds; Quassie for malaria; soursop leaf to expel worms from the body.  Music- African music can be identified in some Caribbean churches, festivals and threatres. The call and answer style of singing is indigenous of Africa. The use of drums escaped the dominating hands of the planters who tried to wipe it out. In Jamaica some of the melodies and rhythms brought here by the slaves are present in our music even some of their musical instruments such as Congo- talking drum, Abeng, xylophone, bamboo, fife and banjo. Art- The majority of West Africans imported in the Caribbean were talented and skilled human beings. The rich cultural heritage was retained and reflects in Caribbean art. Much of the ceramics, carvings and sculptures reflects that of the African culture. Festival Celebrations- Some of the festivals have a strong link to West African practices. Some examples are Jonkonuu, Nine- night, Bruckins, Dinki Mini, sessions and Yam festivals.  A rigid class structure- the plantation society The establishment of new social norms- absentee fathers, market day New family structure THE INDENTURED IMMIGRANT Immigrants came from several places especially in Asia from the 1840s to replace Africans who were enslaved as a steady supply of labour and to create a buffer between the blacks and whites. Push Factors Unemployment Starvation War/ Civil Unrest IMPACT ON CULTURE Ethnic diversity Food- rice cultivation, curry, fried rice, vegetables Clothing Music Higglering MIGRATION WITHIN AND OUTSIDE OF THE CARIBBEAN AFTER 1838 EFFECTS OF OUTSIDE MIGRATION Barrel children Remittance Cultural exchange Gaining skills  Examine THREE migratory movements into the Caribbean that had a major impact on Caribbean society and culture SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION Systems of production were utilized by all racial groups in the Caribbean. Each group having its own distinctive style of providing food and surplus goods for trade. These ill-conceived systems led to oppression and even genocide in the cases of the Amerindians. THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Farming- subsistence (Taino); large-scale (Maya) Slash and Burn Method- clearing of land by burning trees and other types of vegetation to rid of pest. The ashes after burning was used as a type of fertilizer as well as pesticide. After prolong use of the land it is left to rest for a period of eight years to allow the soil to replenish itself Slash and burn is still use today by Caribbean farmers who have limited access to technology and resources. THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM 1520S-1700S This system was establish by the Spanish in the early 16th century. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native labourers (encomend) who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection. The encomendereo was also expected to introduce Christianity and Spanish culture to the Amerindians.  Many encomenderos forgot their duties to protect the Amerindians and instead focus on their goal of obtaining wealth. The tainos were physically abused, the women were sexually abused, overworked THE PLANTATION SYSTEM  Began with the sugar revolution as early as 1600s in Barbados Tobacco was replaced by sugar cane as the main crop Sugar cane had to be produced on plantations in order to be profitable The system of chattel slavery (enslavement of Africans) was the mainstay of sugar production. The Plantation was a ‘total institution THE PLANTATION AS A ‘TOTAL INSTITUTION’ An economic system that embodied and controlled the social, political, and all aspects of the lives of its occupants. Classified human beings according to a rigid social structure Dictated movement Existed to ensure the successful production of sugar and its by- products THE INDENTURESHIP SYSTEM The indentureship system of production became widespread in the years following the ending of African slavery in 1834. it involved the recruitment of labourers from China and India to work on plantations on a contractual basis. These contracts, binding for approximately 4–5 years, provided the planters with a large pool of labourers during the post-slavery era. The immigrants were recruited with the promise of a good life and a steady income in the Caribbean. They were also promised benefits, such as free passage back home at the end of the contractual period or a parcel of land, as a reward for their service.