Communication Characteristics & Models PDF

NATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION Communication is a systemic process, in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2006) COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS Communication is a continuous and constantly changing process. Communication does n...

NATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION Communication is a systemic process, in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2006) COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS Communication is a continuous and constantly changing process. Communication does not happen in isolation. Communication is always affected by outside factors. COMMUNICATION IS SYSTEMIC Each culture has its own system ranging from verbal communication to nonverbal communication. The social setting, the physical environment, the physical location of each member or communicator, and the time of day during which the communication takes place are also some of the elements of a communication system. COMMUNICATION INVOLVES COMMUNICATORS Actively and simultaneously construct meaning out of the conversation. Facial expressions, gestures, or eye contact also communicate a message to the speaker. COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE It is impossible for one to take back what was said. It is important to be careful with one’s choice of words and use of language. COMMUNICATION IS PROACTIVE Meaning rests not only in the person who conveys the message. The receiver is also involved in the active construction of meaning. COMMUNICATION IS SYMBOLIC Symbols are representations used to communicate and interpret one’s thoughts and feelings. Words, gestures, pictures or anything that may be used to signify or represent another thing, concept, or information is considered a symbol. MEANING IN COMMUNICATION IS INDIVIDUALLY CONSTRUED People give their own meaning to a phenomenon using their schema or background knowledge, previous experiences, ways of viewing things, behaviors, principles or attitudes. MISCONCEPTIONS ✓Communication occurs even without complete understanding. CORRECTING ✓Communication does not always solve conflicts. ✓No single person or event causes another’s reaction. ✓Communication is not simple.  COMMUNICATION MODELS 01 LINEAR MODELS One-way in nature. 02 INTERACTIVE MODELS Receivers of the message may also convey information. 03 TRANSACTIONAL MODELS Most accurate representation of communication.  01 LINEAR MODELS Aristotelian Model  Aristotelian Model The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model. “Rhetoric” is the study of communication and persuasion, and different message or speech should be made for different audiences in different situations to get desired effects or to establish propaganda. There is a concept of feedback. Lasswell Model  Lasswell Model Channel as the medium of communication. Channels can be print or social media. Says What refers to the output of the communication. Students submit assignments to the lecturer on an A4 paper sheet is an example of the model. Shannon & Weaver Model CHANNE L  Shannon & Weaver Model Shannon-Weaver model is a theory that Warren Weaver and Claude Shannon created in 1948. It is a mathematical model which describes how communication happens from a sender to a receiver. The message travels from sender to receiver while encountering all kinds of noise (sources of interference). The transmitter decodes (reconstructs) the message from the signal.  Berlo’s Model ENCODE DECODE  Berlo’s Model Channel refers to the five sense organs. Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating the message. Cultural differences do not make messages different. Berlo’s model believes that for effective communication to take place, the source and the receiver need to be on the same level. 02 Interactive Models Schramm’s Model  Schramm’s Model People with various knowledge, experience and cultural practices interpret message in a different way than others. Field of Experience is the thing that influences the understanding and interpretation of message like culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values, and rules. Communication is circular and the sender and recipient of the message can be the same person. White’s Model  White’s Model Eugene White’s Model tells that communication is circular and continuous, without a beginning or an end. The most important component of Eugene White’s model is not feedback. Communication is a recurring process in which the sender and receiver work simultaneously.  03 TRANSACTIONAL MODELS Wood’s Transactional Model  Wood’s Transactional Model We construct meaning in social contexts and share a mutual awareness and often a mutual language that is culturally bound and age-related. The language we use, our non-verbal behaviours and the symbols we include in our communications all play a powerful role in establishing and sharing meaning. For example, if you use a word in one context with friends it will be interpreted in a particular way by that social group but, use the same word or communication with your teachers or parents, and the meaning is not shared on the same level. Speech Communication Transaction Model  Speech Communication Transaction Model This model by Raymie E. McKerrow, Bruce E. Gronbeck, Douglas Ehninger, and Alan H. Monroe, was designed primarily to represent public communication. It is composed of the 6 elements: the speaker, listeners, feedback, channel, situation, and cultural context. The situation element refers to the physical environment and social context in which communication occurs, while the cultural context deals with the rituals, rules, and norms imposed by a particular culture.  Receiver Message Feedbac k Encoding Speaker Decodin g Context ELEMENTS OF Channel Barriers COMMUNICATION 7 Cs of Effective Communication Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012) Completeness Conciseness Consideration Concreteness Courtesy Clearness Correctness 1. Completeness Communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear. 2. Conciseness Direct or straight to the point. 3. Consideration Receiver’s mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs. 4. Concreteness Supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. 5. Courtesy Respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of the receivers. 6. Clearness Simple and specific words to express ideas. 7. Correctness Correct grammar usage.