Midterm study material.docx

RN 169 Midterm Study guide From Ever:A screenshot of a medical exam Description automatically generated\  A close-up of a document Description automatically generated **Florence Nightingale:**\ Established first nursing philosophy (Nursing Theory) based on health maintenance a...

RN 169 Midterm Study guide From Ever:A screenshot of a medical exam Description automatically generated\  A close-up of a document Description automatically generated **Florence Nightingale:**\ Established first nursing philosophy (Nursing Theory) based on health maintenance and restoration -- Nightingale\'s Environmental Theory -- to improve a patient\'s environment (Ventilation, light, reduced noise, hygiene, and nutrition) Organized first program for training nurses First practicing epidemiologist Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals Practices remain a basic part of nursing today\ \ **Florence Nightingale** is credited with developing the first nursing theory. The focus of Nightingale's grand theory is a patient's environment, which Nightingale believed nurses should manipulate (e.g., ventilation, light, decreased noise, hygiene, nutrition) so that nature is able to restore a patient to health \ \ A screenshot of a document Description automatically generated\ **Traditional Levels of Health Care:** - Preventative - Primary - Secondary - Tertiary - Restorative - Continuing health care - Promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives - Identifies leading health indicators which are high-priority health issues in the United States - Used to understand the interrelationships of human needs According to this model, certain human needs are more basic than others, and some needs must be met before other needs (e.g., fulfilling physiological needs before the needs of love and belonging). Self-actualization is the highest expression of one's individual potential and allows for continual self-discovery. Maslow's model considers individual experiences, which are always unique to that individual  A close-up of a document Description automatically generated\ page 307/308  Step 0: Have to ask the question and challenge the paradigm to make changes happen. A screenshot of a medical exam Description automatically generated Search for the best evidence : It is important to use the hierarchy of evidence available as depicted in Fig. 5.2. The level of rigor or amount of confidence you can have in the evidence (e.g., findings from a study) decreases as you move down the pyramid. As a nursing student, you cannot be an expert on all aspects of the types of studies that comprise the first six levels of the pyramid. But you can learn enough about the types of studies to help you know which ones have the best scientific evidence. At the top of the pyramid are systematic reviews or meta-analyses, which are state-of-the-art summaries from an individual researcher or panel of experts. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews are the perfect answers to PICOT questions because they rigorously summarize current evidence about a specific topic or intervention.  A comparison of a comparison between a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of a comparison of Description automatically generated **Quantitative** studies, require different *data collection* methods. These methods include compiling **numerical data**. Some forms of data collection for this type of study include: **Qualitative** research methods include gathering and interpreting non-numerical data: Appraise the evidence: Not talked much in the class\ \ **Integrate the evidence**: leads to change in policies and procedures. Starts with education about the change. **Pilot** study can show if change can be implemented easily. Large scale needs to be planned out for it to be Incorporate into policies and procedures The **Joint Commission** lists National Patient Safety Goals every year : 1. Identify patients correctly (2 patient identifiers) 2. Improve staff communication (Get important test results right staff right time) 3. Use medicines safely 4. Use alarms safely 5. Prevent Infection 6. Identify patient safety risks 7. Improve health care equity 8. Prevent mistakes in surgery