Nursing Research 1 PDF

NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. RESEARCH RESEARCH GOALS DEFINITION Refine...

NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. RESEARCH RESEARCH GOALS DEFINITION Refine Expand RESEARCH came from the french word “cerchier”, Develop which means to seek or to search Prefix “re” means “again” and signifies CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH replication of the search 1. Involves gathering of new data from new Systematic inquiry sources Scientific method 2. Directed towards the solution of problem Solves problems and answers questions 3. Analytical and empirical 4. Requires expertise BACKGROUND 5. Logical, honest and innovative History of Nursing Research starts from Miss 6. Can be replicated Florence's role in the early 1850’s during the 7. Carefully recorded Crimean War. NURSING RESEARCH 1871 - School of Nursing in Madras was started followed by formation of TNAI in 1908 and systematic study and assessment of nursing Nursing Research society of India in 1986, later problems or phenomena. on M. Phil program was started in R.A.K College finding ways to improve nursing practice and of Nursing and from 2001-2002 onwards nursing patient care through creative studies, initiating education was furnished in an unprecedented change and taking action to make new manner throughout India. knowledge useful to nursing NEED FOR RESEARCH IN NURSING USEFUL TO NURSING ★ Systematic ➡ Practice Identifying the role of nurses in changing ★ Scientific ➡ Education society. ★ Solve problem ➡ Administration To maintain professionalism. To develop critical thinking skills, creativity, and PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH problem solving techniques. To determine areas of need relating to 1. Provide scientific basis for nursing practice. education, patient care, and IPR. 2. Develop new techniques, tools, new knowledge. To evaluate the effectiveness of new nursing 3. Provide solutions to problems concerning techniques. health. EVIDENCE-BASED RESEARCH (practice = 4. Help determine the areas of need in nursing. integrating research findings into clinical 5. Prepare oneself to be a diligent researcher. decision making. Nurses ask questions aimed WHY IS RESEARCH IMPORTANT IN NURSING? at gaining new knowledge to improve patients. Knowledge generated through research is essential to provide a scientific basis for: 1 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. ★ DESCRIPTION - What exists in nursing practice ones. It provides us with accurate and reliable and discover new knowledge. information which we can use as a basis for ★ EXPLANATION - Explains the existing knowledge making decisions. in relations to the effect and the outcome. (e.g., QUALITIES AND PRIORITIES like bed sore occurs in the old people due to lack of mobility. RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN NURSING ★ PREDICTION - A nurse could predict the Epidemiological studies outcome on the basis of the interventions. Studies of conditions of Life and well being ★ CONTROL - Ability to write a prescription to Evaluation of policies and services produce the desired result. Health Promotion SIGNIFICANCE & PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH - from the perspective of nursing as a ★ NEW KNOWLEDGE profession. 1. Identification - from the perspective of the patient and 2. Description his/her family. 3. Exploration QUALITIES 4. Explanation R - Research oriented 5. Prediction E - Efficient 6. Control S - Scientific ★ New skills/ practices/behaviors E - Effective ★ Improved condition/welfare A - Active ★ New tools/devices/ approaches R - Resourceful ★ New technology C - Creative ★ Research H - Honest TYPES OF STUDY RESEARCH PROCESS ★ EXPLORATORY - research studies that are conducted when little is known about the phenomenon being studied. ★ DESCRIPTIVE - research studies in which phenomena are described in the relationship between variables is examined; no attempt is made to determine cause-and effect relationships. ★ EXPLANATORY - research studies, that search for causal explanation; usually experimental RESEARCH extends our vision and experiences. It helps us understand how and why a situation exists. It enables us to discover new things and ideas, validate existing theories and generate new 2 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. ★ PRE- EXPERIMENTAL - the researcher has a little TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO MOTIVE OR control over the research situation. OBJECTIVE One-shot case study ★ BASIC RESEARCH - research that is conducted to generate knowledge rather than to solve TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN immediate problems ★ SURVEY - are investigations in which self-report ★ APPLIED RESEARCH - research that is conducted data are collected from samples with the to find a solution to an immediate practice purpose of describing populations on some problem. variables of interest. ★ COMPARATIVE STUDIES - examine the TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO DESIGN differences between intact groups on some The blueprint of the study dependent variable of interest. The overall plan for gathering data in research ★ CORRELATIONAL STUDIES - the researcher study examines the strengths of relationships ★ QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - concerned with between variables by determining how changes objectivity, tight controls over the research in one variable are associated with changes in situation, and the ability to generalize findings. another variable. ★ QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - research that is ★ METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES - concerned with concerned with the subjective meaning of an the development, testing, and evaluation of experience to an individual. research instruments and methods. TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO CONTROL OF ★ SECONDARY ANALYSIS STUDIES - data are VARIABLE analyzed that were gathered in a previous study. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ★ EXPERIMENTAL - concerned with TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH cause-and-effect relationship ★ PHENOMENOLOGICAL - examine human ★ NON-EXPERIMENTAL - research in which the experiences through descriptions provided by researcher does not manipulate or control the the people involved. These experiences are independent variable called live experiences. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The goal of phenomenological study is to describe the meaning that experiences hold ★ TRUE EXPERIMENTAL - manipulated for each subject. experimental variable. ★ ETHNOGRAPHIC - involves the collection and Pretest-posttest control group analysis of data about cultural groups. Posttest only control group ★ CASE STUDIES - are in-depth examinations of Solomon four group people. It can be a qualitative or a quantitative ★ QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL - there is either no study. comparison group or no random assignment of ★ GROUNDED THEORY - are studies in which data subjects to groups. are collected and analyzed, and then a theory is Nonequivalent control group developed that is grounded in the data. Time series 3 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. ★ ACTION RESEARCH STUDIES - is a type of STATED IN TWO FORMS qualitative research that seeks action to improve practice and study the effects of the ★ INTERROGATIVE FORM - “Is there a correlation action that was taken. between the number of hours that baccalaureate nursing students have studied TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO TIME FRAME and their anxiety levels before the midterm ★ HISTORICAL RESEARCH - concern the examination?” identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis ★ DECLARATIVE FORM - “This study examines of data from the past. Not only to discover the the relationship between the number of hours events of the past but also to relate these past that baccalaureate nursing students have happenings to the present and to the future. studied and their anxiety levels before the ★ DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH - research studies in midterm examination.” which phenomena are described or the relationship between variables is examined; no VARIABLES attempt is made to determine cause-effect A characteristic, attribute of a person or object relationship. that differs among the persons or object being STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH studied (e.g. Age, sex, blood type etc.) 1. Identify the research problem CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH VARIABLES 2. Determine the purpose of the study ONE VARIABLE Example “what sources of 3. Formulate the research question work stress are identified STUDY/UNIVARIATE 4. Review the literature by thoracic care unit STUDY 5. Develop a theoretical or conceptual nurses?” framework 6. Acknowledge the limitations of the study TWO VARIABLES One is dependent and 7. Formulate the hypothesis STUDY/BIVARIATE the other is 8. Define the study variables/terms STUDY independent Example, if there is a 9. Select the research design correlation between the 10. Identify the population number of sources of 11. Select the sample stress reported by nurses in a thoracic intensive STEP 1: IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH PROBLEM care. The independent variable is “the number of RESEARCH PROBLEM reported sources of stress.” and the One of the most important steps dependent variable is the Is an area where knowledge is needed to desire to leave advance the practice of nursing employment in the Broad topic is identified and then the topic is thoracic intensive care narrowed down to a specific problem to be unit.” studied 4 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. MULTI-VARIABLES More than two STEP 3: FORMULATE A RESEARCH QUESTION STUDY/MULTIVARIA variables are examined TE STUDY in a study RESEARCH QUESTION Example, “Why do clients It is the specific question that the researcher not take their expects to be answered in a study medications as directed after they are Should specify the variables and the discharged? Why do population that are being studied nursing students pass/fail Example: “Is there a difference in anxiety levels of the examination?” women about to undergo hysterectomy between those women who receive a back rub and those TYPES OF VARIABLES who do not receive a back rub?” ★ INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - The “cause” or the RESEARCH QUESTION CRITERIA variable thought to influence the dependent variable in experimental research is the variable It is written in interrogative sentence form manipulated by the researcher. Includes the population and the variables ★ DEPENDENT VARIABLE - The “effect” a response Empirically testable or behavior that is influenced by the SOURCES OF NURSING RESEARCH PROBLEMS independent variable; sometimes called criterion variable Personal experiences ★ INTERVENING VARIABLES - Comes between Literature sources dependent and independent variable Existing theories ★ EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE - Influence can be Previous research changed ★ DICHOTOMOUS - Two choices or results RESEARCH PROBLEM CONSIDERATIONS (male/female) Ethical issues ★ POLYCHOTOMOUS - Multiple variables Significance to nursing STEP 2: DETERMINE THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Personal motivation Researcher qualifications PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Feasibility of study - Time Addresses the WHAT will be studied; - Cost Provides WHY the study is being done. - Equipment and supplies Example: “This study will try to determine whether - Administrative support a back rub is an effective means of reducing anxiety levels of women who are about to - Peer support undergo a hysterectomy.” - Availability of subjects 5 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. RESEARCH QUESTION FORMAT previous study Research questions for studies that examine SOURCES OF LITERATURE more than one variable are usually written as correlational statements or comparative ★ PRIMARY - it is a description of a research statements. study written by the original investigator ★ SECONDARY - it is a summary or description CORRELATIONAL STATEMENT of a research study written by someone other (DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT) than the study investigator ★ GREY LITERATURE - defined as any document “Is there a correlation between anxiety and that is not commercially published and is not midterm scores of baccalaureate nursing usually indexed or made available in the students?” major databases. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT PRINT SOURCES ★ DESCRIPTIVE STUDY - “Is there a difference in ★ INDEXES - contain reference materials on readiness to learn about preoperative periodicals and some books teaching between preoperative patients who ★ ABSTRACT - contain brief summaries of have high anxiety levels compared to articles which includes purpose, methods and preoperative patients who have low anxiety major study findings levels?” ★ EXPERIMENTAL STUDY - “Is there a difference ELECTRONIC SOURCES in the preoperative anxiety levels of patients who were taught relaxation techniques Online catalogs compared to those patients who were not Online databases CINAHL (Cumulative index taught relaxation techniques?” to Nursing & Allied health Literature) Registry of Nursing Research MEDLINE Databases STEP 4: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cochrane Database of Systematic Review Importance of the Review the literature STEP 5: DEVELOP A THEORETICAL OR CONCEPTUAL It is important to determine what knowledge FRAMEWORK exists of the study topic. Helps to develop theoretical or conceptual Assist in the selection of the study variables frameworks. and in defining them. Instruments or tools may also be discovered Directs the hypothesis and the interpretation that can be used to measure the study of the findings. variables. Research without theory provides a set of Also help the researcher plan a study method. isolated facts Research problems may also identify \ following suggestions or recommendations of the researchers who have conducted 6 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. STEP 6: LIMITATION OF THE STUDY study. Example: Daily weight loss Are uncontrolled variables that may affect the is greater for adults who study results and limit the generalizability of follow a reduced calorie the findings. diet and exercise daily Limitations must be taken into consideration than for those who do not when the conclusions of a study are follow a reduced calorie formulated and when recommendations are diet and do not exercise daily made for future research. NULL HYPOTHESIS Predicts that no STEP 7: FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS (H0) relationship exists between variables. HYPOTHESIS Subject to statistical Predicts the relationship between two or more analysis variables. RESEARCH Also called alternative Furnishes the predicted answer to the HYPOTHESIS (H1) hypothesis research questions. States the expected Contains the population and variables relationship between Proposes the relationship between the variables. independent and the dependent variables. Others names are CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS scientific, substantive, and theoretical SIMPLE Concerns the HYPOTHESIS relationship between NON-DIRECTIONAL Researchers merely one independent and HYPOTHESIS predict that a one dependent variable. relationship exists. Example: Ex. There is a The direction of the negative relationship relationship is not between denial and presented. reports of anxiety among postmyocardial infarction DIRECTIONAL Example “what sources patients. HYPOTHESIS of work stress are identified by thoracic COMPLEX Concerns a relationship care unit nurses?” HYPOTHESIS where two or more independent variables HYPOTHESIS CRITERIA or two or more dependent variables, or A HYPOTHESIS SHOULD: both are being Be written in a declarative sentence examined in the same Be written in the present tense 7 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. Contain the population STEP 11: SELECT THE SAMPLE Contain variables Reflect the problem statement, purpose SAMPLE statement, or research question a subset of the population that is selected to Be empirically testable represent the population. STEP 8: DEFINE THE STUDY VARIABLES/TERMS TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD CONCEPTUAL It is a dictionary definition PROBABILITY OF SAMPLING METHOD DEFINITION or theoretical definition of an abstract idea that is ★ SIMPLE RANDOM - a method of random being studied by the sampling in which each element of the researcher population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen for the sample. OPERATIONAL Indicates how a variable ★ STRATIFIED - a random sampling process in DEFINITION will be observed or which a sample is selected after the population measured. has been divided into subgroups or strata Include the instrument according to some variable of importance to that will be used to the research study. measure the variables. ★ CLUSTER - a random sampling process that involves two or more stages. The population is STEP 9: SELECT A RESEARCH DESIGN first listed by clusters or categories and then the sample elements are randomly selected from It is the plan for how the study will be these clusters. conducted ★ SYSTEMATIC - a random sampling process in Concerned with the type of data that will be which every kth (every fifth) element or member collected and the means used to obtain these of the population is selected the sample data. NON-PROBABILITY OF SAMPLING METHOD STEP 10: IDENTIFY THE POPULATION A sampling process in which a sample is selected ★ POPULATION - a complete set of persons or from elements or members of a population through objects that possess some common nonrandom methods characteristic of interest to the researcher ★ CONVENIENCE SAMPLING - also referred to as ★ TARGET POPULATION - the entire group of accidental or incidental and involves choosing people or objects to which the researcher readily available people or objects for a study wishes to generalize the findings of a study; ★ SNOWBALL SAMPLING - also called network Also called the universe sampling; A sampling method that involves the ★ ACCESSIBLE POPULATION - the group of assistance of study people or objects that is available to the ★ QUOTA SAMPLING - researcher’s desired researcher for a particular study population; variable of interest; purposive 8 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. sampling; handpicking of subjects; also called MEASUREMENT measurement judgmental Numbers are obtained TIME FRAME FOR STUDYING THE SAMPLE for this type of data through counting the LONGITUDINAL Follows subjects over a frequency or STUDY period of time in the percentage future Objects or events are Cohort study a special “named” or type of longitudinal categorized. study the focus is on a Examples: race, gender, subgroup of the religious affiliation, population, frequently marital status persons who are of a ORDINAL LEVEL Data can be ranked similar age group MEASUREMENT ordered a placed into CROSS-SECTIONAL Examines subjects at categories STUDY one point in time Examples: small, medium, and large SAMPLING ERROR Defined as the RATION LEVEL Considered the highest difference between MEASUREMENT or most precise level of data obtained from a data random sample and Includes data that can the data would be be categorized and obtained if an entire ranked the distance population were between ranks can be measured. specified and a true or SAMPLING BIAS Occurs by chance natural zero point can Caused by the be identified researcher Sample not carefully DATA COLLECTION PROCESS selected FIVE QUESTIONS IN DATA COLLECTION PROCESS MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES Who will collect the data? MEASUREMENT - it is the process of assigning When will the data be collected? numbers to variables, including counting, ranking, Where will the data be collected? and comparing objects or events. What data will be collected? How will the data be collected? LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT NOMINAL LEVEL OF The lowest level of 9 NCM 111 │ 3RD YEAR – FIRST SEMESTER │ BSN 3-K NURSING RESEARCH 1 Transcribed by: Guillergan, M.H. DATA COLLECTION METHOD Questionnaires Interviews Observation methods Physiological measures Attitude scales QUESTIONNAIRES It is a paper and pencil report instrument Contains questions that respondents are asked to answer in writing TYPES OF QUESTIONS ★ DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS - characteristic of the sample ★ CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONS - choose from the given alternatives ★ OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS - to complete in their own words ★ CONSISTENCY QUESTIONS ★ FILLER QUESTIONS 10