Midterm Study Guide AS PDF

UNIT TWO Industrialization and Innovation Westward expansion ​ Manifest destiny ○​ Americans believed they were destined to occupy the rest of America ○​ Natives, bison, wildlife, Mormons, Mexicans ​ People move to the West in search of more fortune and opportunities...

UNIT TWO Industrialization and Innovation Westward expansion ​ Manifest destiny ○​ Americans believed they were destined to occupy the rest of America ○​ Natives, bison, wildlife, Mormons, Mexicans ​ People move to the West in search of more fortune and opportunities ○​ From the South ​ Exodusters ​ Freedmen ○​ Mexicans, carpetbaggers, immigrants (Irish, Chinese) ○​ East Coast People ​ Looking for new opportunities ○​ Few city dwellers ​ Homestead Act of 1862 ○​ Settlers could get up to 160 acres of land in exchange for living on it for 5 years, improving the value, costing $30 ​ Did this to push Americans west ○​ Land sold wasn't the best for farmers ​ Farmers didn't know how to tend to the Western lands ​ Oklahoma land Rush (1889) ○​ Congress opens land to new settlers ○​ Boomers vs Sooners ​ Boomers- waited for the boom ​ Sooners- left early ○​ White migraters claimed 2 million acres ○​ Disrupted Natives in that area ​ Formation of the populist party ○​ “Peoples party” ○​ It was created as a 3rd party to meet the needs of farmers ​ Railroads, and the mining industry ○​ Railroad Bonanza ​ Pacific railway act ​ Transcontinental railroad ​ Began building on different sides of the US, met in Utah ​ The railroad could make an area thrive or die ​ Connecting economies ○​ Vanderbilt = NY Central railroad ​ Improve transportation around the US ​ Mining ○​ First “magnet” to attract people to the West ○​ Gold Rush CA  ​ “Boom towns”- men rushed to build cities to house people in search of gold ​ Once towns were left dry these “cities/towns” would become abandoned ​ Ghost towns ​ The discovery of industrial minerals stimulated new and continued economic growth ○​ Foreign miners act ​ Charging a monthly fee to foreigners ○​ Chinese exclusion act ​ Suspension of Chinese immigration ​ Buffalo Annihilation ○​ Picture of buffalo piled up after being killed by Americans ○​ Proves the destruction of Americans on Native reservations ​ Assimilation- get Natives to abandon their culture ○​ US citizenship was offered to all Natives who adopted habits of “civil life” ○​ Dawes Severalty Act- allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands ​ Women's Rights ○​ Benefits with expansion ​ New rights ​ Suffrage in Wyoming, Colorado, and Louisiana all before 1896 ​ Appeals to all women to move west ​ END OF FRONTIER ○​ Ends in 1690 ○​ Miners, ranchers, and cowboys flood into the west ○​ Westerns commercially connect to Eastern markets using railroads ○​ Economic+political concentration in the east Gilded Age ​ lazsez-faire: governments “hands-off” policy towards businesses ○​ Ideology of the industrial age ​ Individuals must compete freely in the market ​ There is no room for government in the market ​ transcontinental railroad transforms the country and the industry ○​ Large developed companies begin to pop up ​ Retail stores begin using advertising mail order catalogs to attract new customers ​ Rise of large corporations ○​ By 1900s large corporations dominated the economy ○​ Owning many businesses under one title ○​ Less financial risk ​ Limited liability ​ Access to the capital ​ Economies of scale (the bigger they were the cheaper they can produce things) ​ Rise of Big Business  ○​ Fixed cost- taxes, whether in operation or not (always getting paid) ○​ Operational cost- pays wages+supplies when operating ○​ Companies that will survive the recession ​ High fixed costs ​ Low operating costs ○​ Reducing prices increases sales ○​ Small businesses cannot compete ○​ Reduces competition ​ Robber Baron ○​ Sly, corrupt, unscrupulous, dishonest, self-centered ​ Rockefeller ​ Carnegie ​ Vanderbilt ​ Morgan ​ Captain of Industry ○​ Innovative, industrious, fair, honest, philanthropist ​ Carnegie ​ Vanderbilt ​ Ford ​ Edison ​ Monopolies- when 1 company gains control of the entire industry ○​ Vertical integration: owned every step (top to bottom all procedures) ​ Carnegie ○​ Horizontal integration: spreading out and adopting other companies into one (grabbing everything on the table) ​ Rockefeller ​ The Gospel of Wealth ○​ Written by Carnegie ​ Justification of large companies ​ “Christian duty to make the money” ​ wealth= gods approval ​ Sets a difference between rich and poor ○​ States the rich have a moral responsibility to reinvest their wealth to better the US ​ Immigrants ○​ “Old immigration” ​ Cheap labor ​ Mainly Chinese and Irish ​ Hired in the Gold Mines ​ Sparked prejudice bc Americans thought they were stealing their jobs ​ Protestant ​ “Polite” ​ Educated ​ Accepted into society  ○​ “New immigration” ​ Came in the late 1800s and early 1900s ​ Didn't speak English ​ Different customs ​ Less educated ​ Catholic, Jewish, Muslim ​ Discriminated against ○​ Resulted in discrimination, prejudice, and xenophobia against immigrants ○​ Ellis island ​ Mass urbanization ○​ 40% of Americans lived in cities ○​ Huge growth due to rural Americans moving to Cities to make more money, and immigrants entering the US ○​ Cities were not prepared to handle that many people ○​ Many urban poor people developed lung diseases or tuberculosis ○​ Overcrowding ​ Classes in Cities ○​ Lower ​ Immigrants, working-class rural workers who moved to cities only to work in factories ​ Lived in exhausted slums ○​ Middle ​ Skilled workers lived above their shops ​ Educated lived comfortably ​ Women were able to begin work as ​ Stenographers, secretaries, and sales clerks ○​ Upper ​ Lived in mansions, isolated areas, owned multiple homes ​ Railroads, oil, iron, steel, mining, publishing ​ Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Hearst, Pulitzer, Roosevelt ​ New rich people held parties to flaunt their wealth ​ Monopolies and trusts ○​ Regulating railroads ○​ The Sherman anti-trust ​ Illegal to restrain trade ​ Prohibit any combination that restricts interstate commerce ​ Attempts to monopolize any parts of the trade between states are prohibited ○​ Social reforms ​ Jane Addams ​ Woman's lives begin to improve ○​ Social gospel ​ Ppl must help others to honor God ​ Triggers the idea that takes place during the Progressive Era  ​ Ex: Salvation Army ​ Progressive era ○​ Reform efforts aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices ○​ Industrialization leads to an increase in urbanization, immigration, poverty, and poor working conditions ○​ Government was corrupt ​ Spanish American war ○​ Lasted 4 months ○​ Increased US imperialism ○​ Goals ​ Frontier closed ​ World power ​ New markets ​ More land ​ Raw materials ​ World competition ​ Worldwide recognition ○​ War ​ Long interest in Cuba ​ Rebels destroy sugar plantations ​ Some negotiations with Spain ​ Yellow press ​ USS Maine ​ War declared in April 1898 ​ TR, rough rides ​ Platt and Teller amendments ​ Progressives at home ○​ Teddy Roosevelt ​ Dynamic energy ​ Use of full power in office ​ Square deal ​ Aggressive reforms everyone gets something from ○​ Monopolies ○​ labor/unions ○​ Consumer protection ○​ Environmental concerns ○​ Expanded democracy ​ Becomes Bull Moose party ​ Tariff review ​ Mad at Taft ​ Direct improvements to democracy ○​ Taft ​ Wants to win TR approval ​ Maintained reforms  ​ This led to split in the republican party ​ Conservatives vs progressives ​ He got stuck in his bath ​ Trust buster ​ Only wins bc of TR, otherwise is a failure ​ Electon of 1912 ○​ Republicans want Taft ○​ Democrats want Woodrow Wilson ○​ Wilson WIns ○​ Progressives want Roosevelt ○​ Republicans are spilt which allows Wilson to win ​ Wilsons presidency ○​ Democratic ○​ New freedom ○​ Traditional ○​ Clean, rethink, and restore Washington ○​ Federal reserves act ○​ Break up of monopolies