Midterm Review Sheet American History PDF

AM STUDIES I o Islam ▪ Mohammed STUDY GUIDE FOR UNT #1 EXAM – -​ Prophet SUMME...

AM STUDIES I o Islam ▪ Mohammed STUDY GUIDE FOR UNT #1 EXAM – -​ Prophet SUMMER READING KEY POINTS INTO – o ▪ Medina / Mecca Teleological and Contingency define and how -​ Two holy cities impact study of history ▪ Spread of Islam across Med Teleology- History with a predetermined -​ Religion spreads greatly here background -​ Very important area for religion because it is central Contingency- Looking at history with multiple o Great Schism 1054 future possibilities ▪ Roman Catholic / Eastern Orthodox This religion splits into two categories o Allen’s approach / rationale -​ Thinks both are good because you need ▪ Pope / Patriarch to know the basic history, but -​ Pope is Catholic Patriarch is Orthodox contingency is a bit more important because we need to step in their shoes ▪ Rome /Constantinople and see what it was like. Also thinks that -​ Rome is Catholic, historians could have thought more Constantinople is Orthodox about the minorities o Crusades – purpose / impact ▪ Pope Urban – liberating holy land -​ Wants to liberate holy land from Muslims FOUR THEMES – Religion, Commerce, Renaissance, and Scientific ▪ Papacy Revolution -​ Power of the pope o Difference between telephoto and ▪ Who went / Why did they go? wide lens – how apply to history? -​ Catholics went Telephoto: Looking at specific context zoomed -​ Were freed from sins in -​ Get Money Wide Lens: Looking at everything -​ Get Land from English lords -​ Go on an adventure and learn new things -​ Mostly about religion RELIGION … o Christianity ▪ Unexpected results? ▪ BC / AD – BCE / CE -​ Ended up discovering many new ▪ Jesus – divinity things -​ Belief Jesus is the messiah -​ Things like trade ▪ Constantine impact -​ Byzantine leader TRADE / MARKETS -​ Adapts Christianity o Trade Routes – ▪ Evolution of routes / products ▪ Geography impact on Christianity -​ Routes emerge from -​ Moves central to Constantinople geographical struggles -​ More people convert because they pass -​ Political and Religious through motivations -​ Just want more resources ▪ Spread of Christianity -​ Agriculture improves -​ Is central and a lot of people follow -​ Population increases Constantine so it becomes popular -​ Cities emerge -​ More resources are needed ▪ Impact of trade routes / products on different areas? -​ Also had port cities there -​ Trade routes between asia Europe and Africa -​ Caused because people wanted to -​ New products and new markets and become rich and had more ideas builds wealth o Role of Crusades? Black Death? THINK -​ Links Cultures -​ Crusades opened trade which brought this disease -​ This made people die and brought the idea that if ▪ Role of you are alive, you should do whatever you want The Middle East - Middle, best place to trade o Medici family impact Indian Ocean - Has lots of resources and in the middle of Asia -​ Very rich family and africa -​ Gave money to build art Asia - Silk Road -​ Made florence very popular Africa- Spice trade, gold, etc.. o Focus – emphasis ▪ Individualism: Wealthy=Spiritual Silk road ▪ Humanism: Humans are the best -​ Place the goes from west to east ▪ Secularism: Not everything is god ▪ Creativity: Art and etc.. Products – ▪ Questioning: Start questioning things Africa- Coffee, salt, gold, slaves ▪ Classicism: Greco- Roman Culture Asia - Pepper, silk, rugs, sugar, spices ▪ Trade: Trading=good o How does Renaissance “bridge gap”? o Commercial Revolution: -​ Points to modern era -​ The revolution of trade -​ People start actually figuring things out -​ Prime of trade and this is when trade starts to become very popular SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Mediterranean – Key Trade Zone? o Geocentric / Heliocentric -​ Because it Is in the middle of all three -​ Geo: Revolves around earth regions, making it a very important trade -​ Helio: Revolves around sun location o Galileo -​ Gets killed in public for talking about his ideas o Scientific Method BLACK DEATH -​ Bacon -​ Observe, Analyze, … o Death toll o Why is the Sci Revolution so important? -​ 30- 60% of europe die -​ 450 million people -​ Because this is people actually questioning the -​ ⅓ of Italian population is dead world. People are finally questioning which is creating the modern world. o Role in societal change? -​ People are scared and there is economic terror TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES -​ People started to have more food o Printing Press / Moveable type -​ Less expensive -​ Helped people get smarter -​ More money opportunities o Gutenberg bible -​ Specialization in products -​ Product of printing press o Long term impact o Caravel / Lateen Sails -​ People started to question things and said, if we -​ Catches wind live, then we can do whatever we want o Astrolabe / compass -​ This led to people doing what they want and ▪ Latitude measure leads to renaissance COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION o Expanding Ottoman Empire -​ Muslims take over trade and become very powerful RENAISSANCE o Constantinople / Istanbul o Cause? Location – why Italy? -​ Main power of trade -​ Started here because the plague hit the hardest here  o Why concerning if Constantinople is under -​ Estimated to get to Cimpago, Japan Muslim control? Results? o Toscanelli Map -​ Resources are going to be super expensive -​ Columbus’s planned route and there is taxes -​ Thought it would be 3500 miles away -​ Makes Chiristians scared -​ Really 12500 o Impact on Italy? Explain … Venice or Genoa? o Voyage – understand journey Why? ▪ Challenges -​ Italy is in the mediterranean and a good spot for -​ Longer than expected trade -​ Very difficult -​ Has Genoa which is the bank city -​ Ships are Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria -​ Has Venice which is the trade city -​ Men wanted to turn back -​ Creates a hot spot because you could go get -​ They were suffering from sea sickness, malaria, money and also trade for new things at the same malnutrition, scurvy, etc.. time ▪ San Salvador / Arawak o MAKE Connections back – back to the four -​ They finally get to land themes of the unit … AND forward to era of -​ Called San Salvador because it means holy savior exploration … -​ See indigenous people Arawak ▪ Political : Glory -​ They were in Caribbean, but he thought it was China ▪ Economic : Gold -​ Called Arawak, Indians ▪ Religious : God o Admiral of Seas o Commercial Revolution – Three “Gs” -​ Columbus returns to Spain with new resources like ▪ Why western Europe so eager to tobacco, turkey, spices, and also natives explore? -​ Earns the title admiral of the seas because of this -​ Because they are excluded o “Discovery of America” from most trade and they ▪ Skepticism / romanticism want to explore more of the -​ Skepticism is the historical facts world -​ Romanticism in legend ▪ Think about impact of their ▪ A “widowed” land knowledge of Geography on what -​ Natives were there before Columbus comes next. o Columbus – Leadership Style -​ They only know a certain amount -​ Columbus expected gold of places -​ Made natives work towards exhaustion o Portugal Explores Africa -​ They had a quota -​ Portugal is eager to explore so they first explore Africa -​ Those who didn’t complete it had their hands cut off -​ Those who didn’t listen were beheaded -​ In two years 250000 natives are killed IBERIAN PENINSULA – Portugal / Spain o o Black Legend emerges … Prince Henry Navigator – School -​ Columbus is arrested for Mismanagement of Natives o Dias – -​ Eventually pardoned and was able to make his fourth trip -​ First people to go down to Africa o Amerigo Vespucci - “Mundus Novus” -​ Establishes trade along west coast -​ Made four trips to New World -​ And rounds tip of Africa to discovers Cape of Good Hope -​ Noticed different things than Asia o DaGamma -​ Said Mundus Novus, which means New World -​ First to round the tip of Africa o Waldesmueller’s map 1507 -​ Goes to India -​ German made the first map showing the New World -​ Makes money o Old World / New World COLUMBUS -​ Old World is just Europe and other o Enterprise of the Indies -​ New World is all of the different resources in the -​ Christopher Columbus hears all about the treasure in the Americas Indies -​ He really wants to go o Spain – Isabella / Ferdinand CYCLE OF CONQUEST -​ King and Queen of Spain o Explorers – Conquistadors, Missionaries – -​ They fund Columbus’s trip Settlers – Colony o Trade Winds // Cimpago (Japan) -​ Explorers were sent to Americas to find -​ Found there is wind south that will push him land  -​ Conquistadors fought off enemies to dwell there IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTERACTION -​ Missionaries spread Christianity -​ Settlers live there and start a colony o Aztec Empire / Incan Empire (basics) o Spaniards vs Natives -​ Aztec is in Mexico -​ Very advanced -​ Spaniards move in and displace natives -​ Good Military -​ They enslave natives -​ 5-10 million people -​ Natives resist and conflict began -​ Spanish murdered them when they got sick o Census results / implications -​ Inca is on south american coast -​ Almost all natives die -​ Largest empire of all time -​ Creates an implication as when Spanish came, natives -​ Organized Government died -​ Attacked by Spanish and went to Machu Picchu o Impact of Disease – how / why? -​ Natives didn’t have immunity, so they died CONTEST FOR EMPIRE– CATHOLIC CHURCH o Impact on indigenous populations -​ This killed almost every native o Portugal / Spain – Iberian Peninsula o COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – ▪ Know foods / diseases exchanged -​ New to old world: Tobacco, Turkey, Vanilla, -​ Both were catholic countries fighting for land Avocado, Sweet Potato, Potato, Tomato, Corn, o Pagan lands Beans, Pumpkin, Cacao beans, etc.. -​ Pope did not want them fighting over “Pagan Lands” -​ Old to new: Grapes, coffee beans, citrus fruits, o Rules of “Engagement” Onions, livestock, diseases, honeybee, etc.. -​ So he creates the rules of engagement which are rules ▪ Know direction / impact that European Christian rulers make for pagan lands -​ More of the useful resources was going to o Papal Bulls the old world ▪ 1452 assert superiority -​ This made the old world live longer and -​ Assert Christian Superiority economy grew -​ European Christians are superior -​ Most of the natives just died from disease ▪ 1455 justify expansion -​ Catholic nations are able to obtain discovered lands -​ Encouraged enslavement -​ This was allowed because they were not Catholic SPANISH IMPERIALISM – AMERICAs ▪ 1493 keep peace in Christendom o Administration of the Spanish Empire -​ Keeps christians from fighting each other for lands ▪ Colonies o Pope Alexander VI -​ There were colonies there that needed ruling -​ Makes a line to seperate Spanish and Portuguese ▪ Council of West Indies discoveries -​ Council in Spain in charge of colonies ▪ Viceroys -​ It is not an even line and Portugal Complains -​ Governers Of an assigned area in the new world o Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 – rationale and o Encomienda System impact? ▪ Encomiendera role / expectations -​ Portugal gets all of africa and Brazil -​ If you come to the new world you get this title -​ Spain gets most of new world -​ You get land and the natives there -​ Gives both of them equality, but Spain gets so -​ Expectation is for the natives to provide tribute and the encomienda to provide protection and convert them to much more profit because there is more to explore christianity in the new world ▪ Indigenous role / expectations o DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY – impact -​ This turns into a forced labor system where the natives had ▪ Process: quotas -​ Set brutality to native americans -​ They had to starve to death if they didn’t complete them ▪ Requerimento ▪ RESULTS? IMPACT? -​ Natives end up dying and more Spanish come in -​ Process where Natives were given the choice to convert or die -​ The christians read the bible for them ▪ “Just war” -​ They can kill because they are not christian  o Parliament DEBATE BETWEEN -​ When lord had a decision, he summoned a parliament (council) SEPULVEDA and LAS CASAS o *Magna Carta o Understand arguments -​ King John thinks he is so important and has a lot of enemies -​ Sepulveda is a Spanish humanist who thinks slaves should stay -​ He lost catholic church, nobles, and foreign relations -​ Las Casas is a Spanish priest who thinks we should just convert -​ Lords are angry and make him write the Magna Carta which means Great Charter them -​ These are lists of rights that English Kings had to listen to o Rationales presented Nobles and accept limits -​ Sepulveda wants slaves to stay, Las Casas wants just o King John – importance! conversion and no slavery -​ He is now the reason that there every English monarch has power limits -​ Signed for all of the rest of the monarchs forever o Model Parliament -​ This is England's first elected Branch Types of Government -​ This included clergy, aristocracy, and representatives o Anarchy - Voluntary Government o Power of Purse o Autocracy - Absolute Power -​ They controlled taxes o Confederation- Union of Nations -​ So they had the money, so they had the power o Monarchy - Family power o Oligarchy - Small group of people Christianity evolves - o Socialism - Products owned by government o Difference between Christian & Catholic o Theocracy - Religious leader -​ Catholic is a specific area of christianity o Plutocracy - Governed by wealth o Catholicism in 1400s – issues / abuses of Catholic hegemony o Aristocracy - Governed by highest class -​ Priests are rich and others are poor Ancient Greece -​ They took advantage and were disliked o Polis – Athens / city states -​ There was a lot of taxes -​ Greece had city states o Indulgences / Tetzel -​ The polis (center of life) was in Athens -​ Pope Leo X sold indulgences o Archons -​ These are being released from all sins and you spend less time in -​ The 5 member councils they had purgatory o Solon & Citizenship -​ Tetzel had the quote once you hear the moneys ring, the soul -​ Lays the ground for democracy from purgatory is free to spring -​ Grew up poor -​ Gives more equal citizenship to all o REFORMATION -​ Cancelled all debts o Martin Luther – geography -​ Gave rich land to poor -​ In germany o Cleisthenes -​ Religious Priest -​ Invented democracy o Excommunication o Direct Democracy -​ He wrote bible into German and started going around saying -​ Also Cleisthenes created this how the Catholics are wrong -​ One citizen one vote -​ German peasants revolted with Luther -​ In Athens o Protestantism -​ Only Citizens vote -​ Protesting against the catholic church -​ Have to be double descent Rome o Protestant Reformation impact o Republican government -​ Many people agree with Luther -​ Eventually breaks away with catholic church -​ Senate -​ Lots of crisis -​ Influenced by Aristocracy -​ Empires Collapse o Representative Democracy -​ Started giving people a sense in following the religion they want -​ Elected officials by the people o Lutheranism o Patricians vs Plebeians -​ People who follow Martin Luther -​ Patricians rich -​ Germans -​ Plebeians poor o Catholic vs Lutheran Sacraments -​ Two party system -​ Catholic is 7 sacraments o Checks and Balances -​ Lutheran is just baptism and holy eucharist -​ Did this to monitor power o John Calvin - geography o Feudal System -​ Starts in Switzerland -​ For structuring society for service they do -​ Scotland, Netherlands o Power Structure o Elect & Predestination -​ Kings, Lord/Baron (nobles), Knight (Soldiers), Serfs (Peasants) -​ Calvinist belief that god is perfect and only gives souls to people going to heaven -​ Man's free will has much restricted by God o Spread of Protestantism o Spanish Galleon -​ More and more people become protestant and the Papacy starts -​ Drake leads attack and gets precious jewels from ship to fall -​ Burnes and loots Spanish villages o Difference between Protestant, Catholic, Christian -​ Went all around west and is first Englishman to go around the -​ Protestant and Catholic are different branches of Christianity globe o Looted / Knighted o House of Tudor -​ Gives queen the precious jewels o Henry VIII -​ Is knighted for open defiance against Spain -​ Brother of Arthur Tudor o Roanoke Island - lost -​ Becomes King when his brother dies -​ Roanoke is a colony that England tried to create o Catherine of Aragon -​ When England has conflicts with Spain they forget about it -​ Catholic Wife -​ After conflicts they go back and nothing is there -​ Has a baby o Spanish Armada -​ Divorces -​ Philip gets mad because of all the attacks and launches the o Issue with heirs largest attack of all time -​ Doesn’t have a male heir -​ England gets destroyed -​ He needs to continue the dynasty o Protestant Wind o “Defender of the Faith” -​ When Spanish are around Ireland a protestant wind in 1588 -​ Defends Church from Martin Luther destroys the Spanish -​ Awarded this title -​ Start of England rise and Spanish fall o Anne Bolyen o Middle Way -​ Has an affair with her -​ Elizibeth make a protestant faith -​ Then Marries -​ There is tolerance for catholicism though -​ Protestant o Motivation of English Colonization -​ Daughter -​ They want to be the first to establish colonies -​ Under her, Henry creates the Church of England -​ They want to make money -​ Does this so he can have his own rules -​ They want to keep religion protestant, not catholic -​ She ends up cheating on him, so he cuts of her head and divorces o Real Wages / Enclosures / Primogeniture / Masterless men o Wives of Henry VIII -​ People were very poor in England Jane Seymour -​ As time passed, wages started going down -​ Best Wife -​ Has enclosure movement where wealthy people buy all the land -​ Has Edward -​ Has Primogeniture where oldest heir gets all the inheritance -​ Dies in childbirth -​ These laws create people with no jobs Anne of Cleves -​ People start to see America as a place they could get rich -​ German o James VI / James I – same guy -​ Married without meeting -​ 1st if England, 6th of Scotland -​ Doesn’t like her so they become brother and sister Catherine Howard STUART DYNASTY -​ 18 o *MERCANTILISM -​ Marries o Merchant Capitalism -​ Cheats on Henry because he has rotten flesh -​ Not rules, but policies to make money -​ Loses her head o Positive Balance of Trade Catherine Parr -​ Sell more things and buy less -​ Take care of Henry until death o Revenue o Mary Tudor / Bloody Mary -​ Make a lot of money from this -​ Catholic in leaning Protestant country -​ Use money for military to take over more colonies -​ Marries Philip of Spain o *Export vs Import -​ Kills Catholics and gets the title bloody mary -​ Export more than you import o Raw materials -​ First go to colonies and buy raw materials for cheap o Mother Country Elizabeth I – Virgin Queen -​ Bring back raw resources to factories o Philip II -​ Makes into better products to sell for money -​ Wants to marry her, but she doesn’t marry o Goals … System for Financing -​ Wants to protect the crown -​ To not depend on other countries for goods -​ From this gets the title Virgin Queen o Charters o Francis Drake -​ The system for financing in colonization -​ Privateer o Company / charter / stock / stockholders -​ Sent to Americas to hunt to Spanish Ships -​ You create a company o Privateers / Sea dogs -​ Ask the king for permission (charter) to go to America -​ English pirates that hunt Spanish ships -​ Sell stocks so you can make the money to go -​ Once you make money, stockholders get % of money they  invested -​ This forced many of the people to get new jobs -​ People then started moving to the Americas on o Joint Stock Company -​ This is what this is called charters to get money since they were poor in o Virginia Company England -​ In honor of the Virgin Queen -​ Joint Stock Company Motivation for Southern Colonies -​ Land could be taken if not protected o Divisions / sea to sea -​ A common motivation for the establishment of the -​ London Company and Plymouth Company southern colonies was getting money o System for Colonization -​ People wanted money so the moved to the new o *Proprietary Colony world to start creating plantations, getting -​ Don’t have to follow English rules workers, and get money -​ Given by King o *Charter colony -​ Joint Stock Company colonies DelMarva’s features: -​ Have to follow English laws -​ The geographic features of DelMarva o Royal Colony made the colony able to farm very well, -​ Fully taken over by the King but lots of diseases from all the mosquitos Anchor dates in bold from the brackish water I JAMESTOWN: How geography impacts organization of colonies: -​ Jamestown was first created as the first -​ Different colonies are organized into different colonial settlement in 1607 groups based on their geography -​ Jamestown was selected because of its safe -​ Different colonies have different choices because land inland they are able to only do certain things based on -​ They avoided the bay because of brackish their geography water, mosquitos, and to avoid Spanish ships How geography impacts the each area of colonies: Struggles in Jamestown: -​ More north, you have bad weather and living -​ The early years of Jamestown were really condition bad -​ That means you have more people dying -​ Many people died from disease, lack of because they live off of subsistence farming food, lack of workers, and more.. (farming to just keep yourself alive) Relationship of the Powhattans and Englishmen -​ More south you have better farming -​ The things that characterized the relationship was -​ That means more people living and they farm they both lived in the same area cash crops and make a lot of money -​ This characterized the relationship because it forced Colonies and their geographic features: them to interact with each other -​ New England Colonies (north) use -​ The English pushed in on the Powhatans land and subsistence farming, have small towns, ports caused conflict for fishing, make ships from trees, and trade Starving Times and Solution exporting. -​ The starving times were in 1609/1610 -​ Middle colonies (middle) use cash crops and -​ The lack of workers caused no food which have good agriculture, good navigable rivers, caused the starving times not a lot of workers, and lots of ports -​ Jamestown starting getting rid of these starving -​ Southern Colonies (south) use cash crops and times when John Rolfe came with supplies and have great agriculture, have the most builders which saved the colony plantations, not lots of workers, had -​ Ends ups up creating new strain of tobacco and subsistence farmers, and they started slaves makes a lot of money and a successful export business Ways Events in England Impacted English Colonization: -​ Married Pocahontas which creates a good -​ In England many new laws were passed such as relationship with the Powhattans the law of Enclosure Movement (rich people can Government in Jamestown: buy all the land) and Primogeniture (oldest sons -​ They needed a representative government so every get all the land) man will obey the laws that he consented to  -​ This created the Virginia House of Burgesses in -​ The fall line is the line that separates the 1619 tidewater and the piedmont -​ This was important because it created a stable -​ These factor into the settlement of this region government which proved economic success because this affected where people wanted to Headright System: live and how they lived -​ This headright system was founded for colonial Atlantic Slave Trade: success -​ This first emerged from when the Englishmen -​ This brought more workers which the people in the needed more workers for their plantations new world needed -​ They then started using black africans as slaves -​ Each head that came to the new world by -​ In Africa, they acquired slaves from africans holding themselves got 50 acres of land captive rival tribe members, which allowed the -​ To be successful it required those people to work Dutch to get slaves and sell it to the Englishmen in and build plantations the Americas Powhattan Hostility: -​ The first slaves to arrive in Jamestown arrived in -​ The Englishmen keep on taking over Powhattan 1619 territory Middle Passage: -​ New hostile Powhatan leader rises (brother of old -​ The journey on the middle passage was terrible and leader) brudal -​ The Powhattans then attacked Jamestown and -​ The shippers thought that the Africans were meant killed ⅓ of the population to be slaves, so they would tightly pack all the King James I and Virginia: Africans together and chain them to the bottom of -​ King James I hates tobacco because its bad for the the ship body, but likes it because it makes money -​ The woman and children would be held upstairs in -​ He is still really annoyed about the tobacco, war, other rooms and would be sexually abused and and hates the house of burgesses raped -​ He then took away charter and made Virginia a -​ After a while, the men would come upstairs and be royal colony force fed (they didn’t want to eat) and they would -​ This made it different because it is now fully under have to dance as an exercise control by the King Triangle Trade: -​ The triangle trade was the trading route that imported and exported products between England, II Africa, the Caribbean, and Americas Shifting of Labor: -​ Africa traded slaves, spices, gold, etc.. -​ This shifting labor force represents the changing of -​ England traded all the factory made products indentured servants to slaves -​ The Caribbean had sugar etc.. -​ Between 1607 and 1690, more people kept on dying -​ Americas had tobacco and etc.. and nobody wanted to be an indentured servant -​ These products were all traded in all a triangle anymore because of how bad it was -​ This impacted atlantic slave trade because slaves -​ They then ran out of workers and need people to would be sent to Americas and all the product of work the slaves would be sent to England and to buy -​ They don’t have slaves though because it is not more slaves, England would trade factory made worth the money for only 5 years of living (average products to Africa who sold the slaves life in Jamestown) Laws and Advantages of Slavery: -​ By 1690, they get slaves -​ The governments made special laws to make slavery -​ This occurred in Jamestown possible in the colonies Geographic Regions of Virginia: -​ Those laws were durante vita (all life slavery), no -​ Tidewater is the water that goes inland and teaching slaves how to read and write, all slaves covers it (usually low and also called the need to convert to christianity, and no personal coastal plane) relationships. -​ The Piedmont is the area area above sea level -​ In the southern agrarian colonies, slavery was the (above tide water) backbone because they did every single type of work  for the people. -​ That is when the Pilgrims left to the Netherlands -​ The advantages of having slaves was that they didn’t -​ The Pilgrims ended up not liking the Netherlands have any contracts, they didn’t speak English, it was because they ended up becoming too dutch, so the hard for them to escape, and they had immunity to ask James I for a charter to the new world the diseases -​ In 1620 James I accepts the charter to New England Pilgrims to New England: -​ James I granted them the charter because he did III not like the pilgrims and said why not just let MARYLAND: them leave -​ Charles I gave a proprietary colony to the -​ Their journey started by one of their ships Calvert family because they were catholic and sinking, so they all had to go on the Mayflower not accepted in England, but still friends with -​ Only ⅓ of the people on that ship were actually Charles I, so Charles I gave them the colony pilgrims -​ The Calverts created a colony named Maryland -​ On that ship people got crazy sick and once they after Charles I wife got close to New England, they hit a bad storm -​ This was made on Maryland day on March 25, and had to get off the ship early 1634 -​ They end of landing too north of the place they -​ The unique part of the Calverts setting up a were supposed to go, but they find a beautiful colony was that since they were catholic, they place called Cape Cod with houses already built created a colony with a mix of catholic and -​ They think it is a sign of god, but the old people protestants actually died before them -​ They also had the church separate from the state Mayflower Compact: and the headright system -​ This was made in 1620 -​ The Calvert influence in Maryland is in the -​ This was signed by all the people on the Maryland flag which includes the Calvert family Mayflower crest -​ The purpose of this was to settle a self -​ Marylanders made a living on growing tobacco governing colony in plantations -​ On this they agreed to swear loyalty to Motivation for New England Colonies: James I, they had to follow Pilgrim laws, -​ The primary motivation for settling in the New and all men had to sign because woman England Colonies was religion were irrelevant -​ Mostly Anglican -​ To stay in the colony you had to sign Puritans: Pilgrims and Wampanoags -​ The English Reformation on the colonies of New -​ The relationship between the Pilgrims England had the impact that the actual Church of and Wampanoags were good through the England was still too Catholic like Wampanoag Squanto, who helped -​ The Puritans Movement was to purify the Church of negotiate a peace treaty England and get rid of all Catholic things -​ This helped the Pilgrims because they -​ Their concerns with the Church of England were were able to survive in the rough kneeling during sacrament, using holy cross during environment baptism, and etc.. (just were too catholic) -​ Calvinism impacted this because the Calvanists were separate and the puritans were sort of separating from the Church of England -​ James I hates the Puritans because the Puritans IIII think they are the only saints Great Migration: Pilgrims: -​ The great migration was from 1630-1642 -​ The Pilgrims moved to the Netherlands because -​ The cause of this was the puritans being expelled they were almost completely calvinists (major from England for their beliefs separatists) and James I gave them the ultimatum to -​ This impacted the colonies by allowing the puritans Accept Anglicism or leave to start practicing what they want  -​ All colonies were not all equally impacted because not let it damage the society some had a lot of people, some had little Religion To Daily Life: Maryland and the Puritans: -​ Family was that the Men were under god, wife -​ Maryland is included in this because it was mostly under men, children under parents catholic, but when the Puritans came, a lot went to -​ This was because the pilgrims had a patriarchal Maryland and increased their population not with society, believing woman were irrelevant Catholics -​ Someone in New England would mostly be Act of Toleration: fishermen, carpenters, tailors, tradesmen, etc.. -​ Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 -​ Religion impacts their choices because they -​ This was granting everyone in Maryland the right to didn’t prioritize money, they prioritized religion practice any type of christianity they wanted -​ Education was so important because people -​ This was necessary so they Catholics would stay safe needed to learn how to read to road the bible from the Puritans Salem Witch Trials: -​ This did work -​ In 1692 the Puritans did not like challengers Great Migration on New England: of faith -​ The impact of the great migration in New -​ The servant of Reverend Samuel Parris knew England was that many new colonies were black magic (her name was Tituba) made from different people -​ Girls came to the Parris household and -​ John Winthrop was very religious and came to Tituba taught them black magic New England for religion and not money -​ In the night, Parris’s niece got possessed and -​ John became the governor and leader of people starting blaming each other for Massachusetts Bay Colony witchcraft -​ He gave a sermon about the city of Boston -​ People probably were not witches and they becoming the city on a hill (the center of did this because they were power hungry, christianity), which shows the determination of anxious, religious fanaticism, and etc.. John Winthrope -​ The evidence of a witch was not testifying the lord's prayer, any marks on body, to get Massachusetts Government: testified against, seen as a ghost, and -​ Mass created a theocratic government confessing yourself -​ They had a legislative assembly of freeman -​ Only men, who were members of the church, and own land were able to be on the council -​ Later changes just to all male church members IIIII -​ Even later changes to everyone can be New England Outcast: -​ As time passes, women start to become more -​ To be a New England outcast meant you got kicked relevant out of Massachusetts for being a type of separatist -​ This religion still was separated from the civil Roger Williams and the Puritans: authority -​ Roger Williams got into trouble for believing Covenant Faith for Pilgrims: everyone should be able to perform the religion -​ The Pilgrims believing in covenant faith meant they want and the natives should have their land that they have trust with god and each other -​ His questions were considered disrespectful -​ This impacts their religion by working together because it was said to be criticizing the and blaming all the bad things on the devil government and being irrelevant to god's thoughts -​ This also impacted the names of the pilgrims -​ What he was really asking about Puritan life was Blue Laws and Punishments: why they forced people to worship their religion -​ The Blue Laws were the set of laws with Roger Williams and After Banishment: religious elements -​ Williams survived banishment by John Winthrope -​ The theocratic government model meant helping him escape that religion and the law would be the same -​ Williams then got help from the Narragansetts and -​ They had such hard punishment because they exchanged land for access to English goods they wanted to take the devil out of you and -​ Roger Williams established a colony named  Rhode Island where everyone gets justice, there is Middle Colonies Geographic: peace with the natives, and state is seperate from -​ These colonies are good in almost every category church -​ The economy of the Dutch and the English will Anne Hutchinson: grow here -​ The problem with Anne Hutchinson is that she is a -​ Geography impacts the growth of the middle woman that is a great biblical scholar colonies because they will use all their geographical -​ She questions the services because it is not following advantages for a good use the bible -​ She had sessions after church where she would share Dutch and English Colonies her thoughts -​ Between the Dutch and English colonies that -​ At this time women were considered property, so she there are a lot more English colonies than dutch is a representative of a change New Netherlands: -​ She ends up getting charged with heresy and is -​ New Netherlands was first under Native banished from Mass Bay American control and then the Dutch came and Thomas Hooker bought the Isle and Manhattan for very cheap -​ Thomas Hooker was a minister who thought -​ The purpose of this colony was to establish a things should be voted on and he left Mass Bay system where the Dutch could make a lot of because the Puritans didn’t vote money -​ He then went and established Connecticut with -​ Geography impacts the choice of this location the capitol being Hartford because the Dutch were able to create a big port -​ There, he created one of the first written city with great resources and right next to water constitutions in the world where people could come and trade New Haven: Patroon System: -​ This was the other colony of Connecticut made by -​ The patroon system is the system that was when the Theophilus Eaton Dutch gave land to the nobles New Hampshire: -​ It is different from the English system because in -​ This was established to be a fishing colony the English system the nobles bought land -​ This came into being when John Wheelwright led -​ The strengths are that the nobles become very rich a group of people with the same ideas as Anne -​ The weaknesses are that there are going to be a lot Hutchinson of other people who are poor -​ This was different from the other New England English Takeover: colonies because this was not an outcast colony -​ The English came in and threatened the Virginia vs New England: Dutch to surrender the land -​ The differences of the Virginia colony and the -​ Peter Stuyvesent was an anti-semetic New England colonies were that their were a lot who wanted to fight back more black people in Virginia -​ However, the people didn’t want to risk -​ The similarities were that it was all mostly anything, so they made a deal saying white people they would keep everything only if they became English -​ This was so unique because it was so random and this kind of stuff did not usually happen in the case of war IIIIII New York City: Restoration Colonies: -​ New York City emerges from New Amsterdam -​ That the Middle Colonies were the restoration when the English captured New Netherlands colonies, this meant that they were given out during -​ The early days of New York City were very the time of the restoration of the monarchies successful because there was so much business, but -​ These were done because King Charles II was very also so much entertainment happy for the restoration of the monarchy, so he -​ Everyone was also welcome, so there were so many gave out colonies different kinds of people New Sweden, Delaware, New Jersey:  -​ These colonies are not as important -​ Called Carolina because of Charles II -​ These all formed from English people getting gifts Early Government of Carolina: -​ The early government of Carolina was the Pennsylvania: Fundamental Constitutions of the Carolinas -​ Pennsylvania merged so much differently from -​ An author of this was John Locke other colonies because the society of friends was -​ John Locke provided an independent parliament formed in the creation of this colony in the colony -​ William Penn’s role was to spread the word about -​ He had to the power to all the lands (over the the society of friends owners) -​ This was unusual because this was based off of a Carolina and Slaves: whole very unique religion -​ The role Carolina played in the transatlantic slave Quakers: trade was that the people in the West Indies who had -​ Quaker beliefs are respect, spirituality, simplicity, slaves from Africa would come to Carolina with all and silence their sugar -​ The Quakers started from the English civil war -​ This was a concern because in Carolina, you founded by George Cox couldn’t grow sugar with all the swampy land -​ They had so much trouble with authority because Carolina’s Split: they believed that everyone was equal and on the -​ Carolina split and became two colonies in 1712 same level because you couldn’t dock in North Carolina -​ The poor really like this new faith because of the outer banks Pennsylvania vs other colonies: South Carolina: -​ Pennsylvania is different from the other -​ In South Carolina, that is where everyone came governments because in every other because of the culture of enslaving Africans and governments there are positions (high making them farm cash crops like rice and indigo to low) and in Pennsylvania there were North Carolina: no positions -​ People came to North Carolina for extra land -​ This was good because it allowed this from Virginia to be a very respectful and unique -​ The economy was bad because it had no port colony cities and they were too poor for slaves Philadelphia: -​ However, this was unique because they had -​ Philadelphia was a very planned city and anyone the outer banks who wanted to live there could live there -​ This brought in Pirates to North Carolina -​ Brotherly love is everyone was at peace in Philly because they would have enemy ships chase after them right into the shallow waters of the outer banks -​ They would then collect all of the enemy IIIIIII ships booty All the Colonies: Features of Carolina’s: -​ New England is Connecticut, Massachusetts, -​ South Carolina was great for agriculture and trade Rhode Island, etc.. because of its unique plants and it was right next to -​ Middle is Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, water Delaware, etc.. -​ North Carolina was free land and the farmers from -​ South is Vigrinia, Maryland, Carolina(‘s), and Virginia and Pirates settled there Georgia Georgia: -​ The reasons for developing the Georgia colony was to block the Spanish from coming up and Carolina: conquering the other colonies -​ Carolina started as one colony -​ James Oglethorpe was a general who was selected -​ This was given to eight proprietors because of his social experiment for the poor Reality of the Experiment: Conversion -​ His vision was to make Georgia a refuge -​ The colonials try to convert the Wampanoags to for the poor and give criminals another christianity chance Praying towns -​ This actually turns into an economic -​ They create towns were natives can come and convert powerhouse and those poor people had King Philip's War many successful jobs -​ The conversion leads to expansion into native -​ Ends up creating savannah (paradise) territories UNIT 4 -​ Natives started depending on English resources -​ Natives come together and attack the English to make them stop -​ Goes into a fourteen month war Pequots -​ War ends up ending when Metacom is beheaded and his son and wife are sold as slaves -​ During the war colonies, economies, and population -​ Powerful Tribe in Thames/Mystic River Valley were destroyed. -​ Were mad at English settlers for the loss of land, United Indian forces surrounded by Europeans, and competition for trade -​ These were groups that had along rivers coordinated attacks on English settlements Murder / Retaliation -​ Colonial frontiers had to retreat to Boston Legacy of Wars -​ John Oldham is killed in native territory -​ Becomes an excuse to push the Pequots out o Landed Gentry /Tidewater Gentry -​ The governor wants to avenge his death -​ These people who have land also have -​ Raids Pequot villages and Pequots get mad power -​ Pequots respond with raids on colonial villages -​ They have gentleman nobility -​ They can vote -​ Usually connected to the crown Mystic Massacre 94% / 6% -​ The 6% were the landed gentry -​ While Pequot are hunting, they block off exits and -​ The 94% were the labor force (both white and shoot fires into the Pequot village african) -​ 600-700 Pequot are killed Plantation Agriculture -​ All the survivors are sent to slavery in the Caribbean -​ These plantations need labor because -​ The Pequot never fight back again they need benefits Treaty of Hartford -​ They put as much work on people as -​ This massacre leads to the treaty of Hartford they can Growth of Colonial towns Indentured Servants -​ More people move to New England -​ More indentured servants started -​ Thinks natives are like animals outliving indenture -​ As more move in, natives decrease -​ Less land on the water where you want Epidemics to live -​ Epidemic goes around Arable -​ Native population decreases for this reason -​ This is the area where people started also having to move Wampanoag -​ This is inland -​ Squanto helps unite -​ Start having conflict with natives -​ In Massachusetts Hierarchy -​ Have thanksgiving -​ This is the only way to improve personal situation -​ Massasoit gets an illness but pilgrims help nurse -​ Only the best are on the top back Providential -​ They fight together -​ The belief from god on hierarchy -​ Massasoit dies and Chief Metacom/ King Philip Disenfranchised becomes leader -​ Because of this arable situation, people who could  vote started to become landless -​ Tidewater Gentry is them Status Quo -​ Resentment start to fade -​ Lord Berekly is governor of VA for 35 years Iroquois Confederacy -​ Stays in power because he has peace ▪ Know tribes -​ Treats Gentry very well and gets rich -​ Seneca Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk. -​ 90% of people who want to be rich get mad Oneida Frontier conflicts ▪ Origin story -​ Rich man named Nathaniel Bacon moves to VA -​ Hiawatha (the peacemaker) is a mythical prophet of -​ He wants to become rich wisdom and taught them peace -​ He needs land ▪ Long house -​ Forced to get land on frontier -​ The place where all the nations gathered -​ Asks for protection and protects frontier communities ▪ Great Law of Peace -​ Start moving in deeper to native territory -​ A constitution that says, “We, the people, to -​ Berkeley is scared that if Bacon is successful, they form a union, to establish peace, equality, will lose power and order “ Bacon’s Rebellion ▪ Three Principles -​ Natives raid frontier and 100 are killed -​ Righteousness, Power, and Health -​ Bacons asks VA government for help, but nothing comes back -​ Bacon starts a rebellion called Declaration of ▪ Unanimity People of Virginia -​ For them unanimity is 75% males and 75% -​ Includes 94% such as angry planters, females landless farmers, runaway slaves, and ▪ Role of Women anyone mistreated by those in power -​ Woman had real power -​ Becomes a hero -​ They could veto treaties and declare war ▪ Seventh Generation -​ Had the idea that before making a choice, you had to see how it impacted the 7th generation STUART DYNASTY Legacy of Bacon Rebellion SHENANIGANS IMPACT ON COLONIES -​ Bacon goes and starts burning Native James II – “issues” settlements down -​ Believes in divine right -​ Bacon then gets revenge and burns down -​ So he conflicts with the parliament Jamestown -​ England had the right to take all money form triangle -​ Berkeley escapes and launches counter trade (to get rich) attack -​ Also has a catholic wife -​ Bacon becomes ill and dies Dominion of New England -​ The rebellion fades -​ King is mad of rebellion and sends Berkeley -​ Creates a supercolony called dominion of back to England to be killed New England -​ Merges all districts to have only 1 royal Slavery & freedom governor -​ After rebellion 94% start becoming hard to -​ Makes catholics safe because his wife is handle Catholic -​ Has an idea that giving some people some authority Royal Governor actions will stop them from rebelling -​ Give half of 94% authority -​ Governor is Sir Edmund Andros -​ Makes Europeans over African -​ Closes colonial assemblies -​ Tighter regulation of triangle trade Frontier working class -​ More religious freedom for everyone -​ These were the working class colonials Leisler Rebellion Principle -​ Jame II has a Catholic kid -​ Government has an obligation to protect -​ Everyone doesn’t want to go back to citizens Catholicism -​ When they don’t, we can rebel -​ They did not like the Royal Governor Us / them -​ New York establishes a representative -​ Working class is us government, ignoring the crown  -​ Anne Stuart dies and power goes to German Cousins -​ This made a change, allowing people to -​ Goes to George I replace a leader they deemed unsuitable -​ Spoke little English Coup over James II -​ He is a womanizer -​ Nobles are nervous -​ Spends most of time outside England -​ Secretly plan to overthrow James II Increasing power of Parliament -​ Creates a coup -​ Since they don’t care about ruling, parliament -​ Nobles offer Met William and Mary of Orange to gets more and more power to rule conditionally assume the throne Wool, Hat, Iron Act Examples Glorious Revolution 1689 -​ Could only get these from Britain -​ James II tries to resist the removal of the throne “restraint of trade -​ His army doesn’t listen -​ British still expected cash crops and hard labor -​ No shots were fired -​ This forced colonials to start smuggling *English Bill of Rights 1689 Power of Colonial Assemblies -​ When Mary and William come to England, -​ They had the right to suggest to laws, but they are forced to accept this Governor made final decisions -​ This gives constitutional and civil rights to Freehold people -​ People with land that could vote Parliamentary Supremacy -​ 60% of white men -​ Part of this deal was giving parliament power over monarchy Anti-Catholicism colonies -​ In response to Glorious Revolution, colonies are anti Catholic -​ In MD, Catholics are killed -​ In Boston, they stormed the city and imprisoned Governor Andros Tax Authority Royal Colonies -​ Colonial Assembly was in charge of tax -​ King makes 7 royal colonies -​ Tax was the Royal Governors paycheck -​ Wants authority in the colonies “Power of the Purse” And Influence over Relationship with Royal Governor Govs -​ Appointed by the king in each colony -​ The Colonial Assembly could choose -​ Overseer for trade whether to give the Royal Governor a lot of -​ Takes orders from king money or little -​ Colonies have a colonial assembly and -​ This made the governor have to do what branch chosen by governor the people wanted -​ These two have tension between each Salutary Neglect other -​ This is where New Prime Minister ignored small Navigation Acts violations of law -​ British love trade Autonomy for colonies? -​ Pass navigation laws to control trade -​ Gives colonials a sense of independence -​ Rules are must occur on British ship, crew has to be -​ Britain later tries to enforce navigation act British, all imports go through Britain, have to sell at a higher level certain goods to Britain -​ This makes the colonials mad -​ However, a lot of holes Molasses Act – meaning? *Mercantilist system -​ Molasses is a type of rum -​ Colonies make raw resources into goods -​ People forced to buy only from British -​ Make a lot of prophet CHART of three REGIONS Act of Settlement -​ Southern Colonies: Good Economy -​ Clear lines of authority (needed slaves though), -​ No Catholics, only legitimate children, no spouses, Colonial Growth and primogeniture development Great Britain 1707 -​ Colonies keep on moving inland -​ England and Scotland merge to form Great Britain -​ Every year, British double in population in North Stuarts to Hanovers America  Great Awakening -​ Enlightenment is about political and giving -​ This is a revival of old religion to bring people back to freedom to the people God -​ Started in New England (where it mostly was) -​ George Whitefield was a famous sermon giver Scientific Revolution Revival o Reason -​ This was a religious revival o Logic Evangelical o Scientific method -​ Type of people who spread a message of personal o Experimentation and experimental faith Absolutism New lights vs old lights o Unchecked power -​ New lights are lights that bring a new idea of o Divine right personal faith o Hereditary monarchy -​ Old Lights is what they believed in before Enlightenment Circuit riders -​ A revolution of reason towards social world -​ Traveling ministers preaching sermons -​ Argues against tradition “Sinners in the Hands of Angry God” -​ Power rests in people -​ Jonathan Edwards made this -​ Challenges for citizens rights against absolutism -​ All about screaming the devil out of you Age of Reason Splintering churches -​ People reasoned for things the they didn’t like o Congregationalists (Puritan) Sapere Aude o Baptists (Puritan) -​ Means dare to know o Presbyterians (Puritan) -​ Challenges bad things o Episcopalians (Anglican -​ All about personal opinion o Methodists (Anglican) -​ Ask questions, but listen to the answers Overall impact -​ Greater religious tolerance -​ Creates unity -​ Churches and Government are connected -​ Identified where your from now -​ Colonists challenge authority Evolving Role of Press Hobbes -​ Press become important because its the main o Leviathan spread of information o Social contract (give up our rights for more Slander vs Libel protection) -​ Slander is falsely spoken by word (harder to prove) o Absolute monarch (good) -​ Libel is written down (easier to prove) o State of nature (rights) Seditious Libel o Voice of the people -​ Insult to government Locke -​ Worse punishments o Natural Rights – life, liberty, property New York Weekly o Social contract -​ Attacks arrogant and corrupt governor o Tabular rasa (blank mind at birth) -​ However, it is true o Two Treatises of Gov’t -​ Zenger is the head of the newspaper and is arrested o Consent of the governed (if king breaks law, Truth Defense we can revolt) -​ Andrew Hamilton defends him Montesquieu -​ Famous Lawyers o Tyranny (Didn’t like) -​ Shows everything is true with facts and how it o Separation of power (branches of gov) shouldn’t be illegal to speak the truth o Checks and balances (limit power of each branch) -​ Jury is is new yorker (people jury) o On the Spirit of the Laws o Individual rights -​ Makes him innocent Rousseau Similarities / Differences of Great Awakening & o Equality Enlightenment o Social Contract (creator) -​ Great Awakening is religious and in New o Majority rule England o Popular sovereignty  o Power of the people -​ Huron are allies with French o Consent of the governed o Morality (good -​ Iroquois are allies with English morality) Early Conflicts Voltaire o Fort Dusquesne o Candide (against church and government) -​ George Washington goes to fort and attacks o Satire (jokester) with British o Enlightened despot (Dictators are good only if they are o Fort Necessity good) -​ Doesn’t work and they are forced to build o Separation church & state o Freedom this fort conscience o Retaliate o Free speech -​ French fight back and they get beaten Wollstonecraft -​ General Baddock and 2000 soldiers are sent o Rights of women to get the fort o Right to vote -​ GW says to not go (it’s a trap) Philosophes -​ Baddock dies and British gets defeated -​ Name of people who talked philosophy for fun -​ French keep on winning Salons Albany Plan of Union -​ These were the groups they gathered in -​ Made by Ben Franklin Censorship -​ Goes to a meeting with representatives from each -​ Did this to censor dangerous ideas colony and representatives from Iroquis -​ Restrict books on enlightenment -​ Proposes plan that creates a grand council for all the -​ Dangerous for people in power colonies to unite them French colonization N.America -​ Colonies reject because they are not ready to give up colonial power -​ Friendly with Natives -​ However, model of Articles of Confederation -​ Less people went to N.America because France didn’t let people leave “Join or die” -​ Also none of these rules in France like England -​ Slogan of Ben Franklin -​ Subsistence farming Colonial Brit evolving relations -​ Most were young single men forced to come -​ Over time, relationship becomes stronger -​ Become depressed and intermarry Louisburg -​ Convert natives to Catholic -​ Place British first attack -​ Depend on Fur trading and trading -​ 7000 Catholics live there -​ Had a very small government (part of kings -​ Kick all people out territory) Quebec Intercolonial wars -​ Main City of French -​ Four wars -​ British siege this city for 3 months -​ All named for British monarch in N. America(less -​ Head of the snake (French) important) Acadia / cajun -​ The 4th war is bigger in N. America​ -​ Name of people who were sent off -​ French are gone after this -​ Usually went to New Orleans Seven Years War / French Indian war -​ Called this because instead of Acadian, they were -​ French fight to expand all on the mississippi heard as Cajun -​ English try to stop the French expansion into Ohio Amphibious River -​ English have a plan to attack French in middle of the -​ This war made America night Ohio River Valley Plains of Abraham -​ Tributary of Mississippi -​ The plains in which the English went up the St. -​ Bring resources down that river Lawrence river in the night -​ Go there because of mountains -​ Both English and French Generals are killed but Confluence English win -​ 3 rivers are the confluence of Pittsburg (middle) Treaty of Paris - terms -​ Ohio, Monogahela, and Allegheny -​ British take all of east land of mississippi Huron vs Iroquois -​ French are gone in North America  ▪ Thomas Hobbes PEOPLE -​ Absolute monarchy =good ▪ John Oldham -​ Social Contract -​ Man who got killed in native territory -​ Government without leader is bad ▪ Chief Sassacus -​ Voice of people -​ Chief of Pequots ▪ John Locke ▪ Governor Endecott -​ Life, liberty property -​ Mass Bay Governor -​ Tabular rasa ▪ Massasoit / Metacom -​ Consent of governed -​ Leader of Wampanoags ▪ Montesquieu -​ Son is Metacom -​ Tyranny=bad ▪ John Eliot -​ Branches of gov -​ Helper of praying towns ▪ Rousseau ▪ Governor Berkeley -​ Social contract -​ Governor of VA -​ Everyone equal ▪ Nethaniel Bacon -​ Popular sovereignty -​ English Nobel -​ Consent of governed ▪ Hiawatha, peacemaker