Midterm Review (Answers) 2024 PDF

Midterm Chapters 1 -10 review Which quadrant of the abdomen contains the Appendix? A. RUQ B. LUQ C. RLQ D. LLQ  Which of the following cannot pass from the Glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, therefore, should not be found in the filtrate and should not be found in the urine? A. Po...

Midterm Chapters 1 -10 review Which quadrant of the abdomen contains the Appendix? A. RUQ B. LUQ C. RLQ D. LLQ  Which of the following cannot pass from the Glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, therefore, should not be found in the filtrate and should not be found in the urine? A. Potassium B. Amino Acids C. Vitamins D. LDL E. Water Nucleotides of RNA do NOT include: A. Phosphate group B. Deoxyribose C. Uracil D. Adenine Which of the following parts of the Neuron receives the impulses from preceding neurons? A. Axon B. Axon terminals C. Soma D. Dendrites E. Myelin The heart chamber that contracts and sends blood out of the aorta is: A. Right Atrium B. Right Ventricle C. Left Atrium D. Left Ventricle The outermost part of the kidney is called: A. Renal Pelvis B. Renal Medulla C. Renal Cortex D. Adrenal Gland Which of the following fats is a solid at room temperature? A. Monounsaturated fats B. Polyunsaturated fats C. Saturated fats D. Cis-fats Cytoplasmic membrane is composed of: A. Phospholipids and Triglycerides B. Phospholipids and Proteins C. Phospholipids and Cholesterol D. Triglycerides and Proteins The matrix of hard connective tissue contains the following except: A. Collagen B. Elastin C. Minerals D. Fibroblasts What is the similarity between Facilitated Diffusion and Protein Pump? A. They both have particles move against the concentration gradient B. They both have particles move down the concentration gradient C. They both have particles move through special membrane proteins D. None of these are true Practice questions Lithium and Fluorine can interact with each other, because: A. Lithium wants to give up 1 electron B. Fluorine wants to gain 1 electron C. Both A and B D. None of the above  When using fat for energy, animal cells produce: A. Carbon dioxide and water B. Lactic acid C. Alcohol and carbon dioxide D. Glucose E. Pyruvate Kidneys excrete this metabolic waste product of protein breakdown: A. Ammonia B. Urea C. Uric Acid D. Nitrogen Which of the following molecules cannot pass from Glomerulus into the Nephron, therefore, must not be found in urine? A. Sodium B. Vitamin C C. Calcium D. Proteins E. Water  Which one of the following is incorrect about glycogen? A. You can store maximum 10 lb of glycogen B. When glycogen stores are filled to capacity, the excess glucose will be turned into fat C. Glycogen is meant to be used as an emergency source of carbohydrate in case of fasting D. When fasting, glycogen is used first Tay-Sach’s disease most likely falls in this category: A. Immune System disorder B. Cancer C. Genetic disease D. Infectious disease Which of the following is NOT true about the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? A. Bacterial cells are more ancient than Eukaryotic cells B. Bacteria are more complex, because they have been around for billions of years C. Bacterial cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells D. Eukaryotes keep their DNA in the nucleus E. None – all are true  Practice questions Which of the following does NOT belong in the abdominal cavity? A. Stomach B. Kidneys C. Pancreas D. Mediastinum E. Liver Monomers are put together into Polymeric chains by the reaction of: A. Hydrolysis B. Dehydration C. Hydration D. Hydrogenation BMR does not depend on: A. Weight B. Height C. Gender D. Activity Level E. Age Which of the following steps in Nutrient Processing is NOT completed by the Digestive System? A. Absorption B. Digestion C. Distribution D. Elimination The lowest form of energy is: A. Heat B. Chemical C. Electrical D. Light E. Matter The accessory digestive organs do not include: A. Liver B. Gall Bladder C. Kidney’s D. Pancreas E. Salivary Glands Which of the following types of fat is seen in animal products and palm trees? A. Monounsaturated fats B. Polyunsaturated fats C. Saturated fats D. Trans-fats When two oxygen atoms form a bond with each other, they form: A. A molecule B. A compound C. A mixture D. An ion E. None of the above The primary purpose of dietary protein is: A. To be used as fuel B. To get deaminated and turned into glucose C. To provide amino acids as building blocks for making new proteins D. To be turned into fat Endocytosis is: A. Movement of particles into the cell by forming a vesicle B. Movement of particles using special protein pumps C. Expelling particles from the cell D. A form of passive cross-membrane transport The following is an example of a non-digestible polysaccharide: A. Amylose B. Cellulose C. Lactose D. Galactose E. fructose  Which of the following is NOT true about Prokaryotes? A. They are more ancient than Eukaryotes B. They are much smaller than Eukaryotes C. They are more anatomically complex than Eukaryotes D. They do not have a cell nucleus E. Their DNA is free-floating in cytoplasm in a shape of a ring The state of ketosis indicates that: A. Glycogen stores are depleted B. Fat stores are being broken down C. Fat is turned into ketones D. All of the above Which of the following is NOT true about lung anatomy: A. Each lung is a collection of millions of alveoli B. The gas exchange happens in the alveoli C. The right lung includes 3 lobes, the left lung 2 lobes D. Each lung is surrounded by the pleural membrane E. Pleural space is the space between the lung and the pleural membrane The movement of water molecules toward a more concentrated solution happens by: A. Protein Pump B. Active Transport C. Diffusion D. Osmosis E. Phagocytosis When 1 Carbon atom and 4 Hydrogen atoms join together, they form: A. A molecule B. A compound C. A mixture D. An ion E. None of the above Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. Store the bolus B. Produce Hydrochloric Acid C. Churn the bolus and mix it with the gastric juice D. Produce Intrinsic Factor E. Digest and absorb most carbohydrates and fats Which of the following is NOT a function of Cholesterol in the body? A. Precursor to Vitamin D B. Precursor to Cortisol C. Structural molecule D. Production of bile salts E. Energy metabolism The correct order of hierarchy of structures in the body: A. Cells, molecules, tissues, organs B. Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems C. Molecules, atoms, cells, organs D. Organs, cells, systems, molecules  Which of the following is NOT true about the use of fats for energy? A. Fats can be used only aerobically B. Using fat for energy yields more ATP than using glucose for energy C. Fat can be turned into glucose in case of hypoglycemia D. Fat is broken up into acetyl groups, which undergo Krebs cycle and ETC E. Excess fat remains unused and gets stored in adipocytes The urine is drained from each kidney via the: A. Urinary Bladder B. Ureters C. Urethra D. Urethral sphincter Combustion reactions involve: A. All reactions to produce ATP’s in all types of organisms B. Reactions of molecules with oxygen C. All cellular reactions that involve glucose D. None of these Identify each of the following muscles as either Skeletal, Smooth or Cardiac: Muscle Characteristics Answer Short, non-striped cells, found in bronchial walls Skeletal Branched cells that can generate and spread their Cardiac own electric impulses Skeletal Long, striped cells, with multiple nuclei Contains intercalated discs Cardiac Controlled by somatic nerves, consciously controlled Skeletal In the first 5-7 days of a very low-calorie diet, it is typical to lose about 10 lb of weight. What is the composition of the weight loss? a. It’s all water b. It’s mostly protein and water c. It’s mostly glycogen and water d. It’s mostly fat and glycogen e. It’s mostly fat and protein Which of the following can slow down lipid oxidation or stop it altogether? A. Vitamin K B. Vitamin E C. calcium D. Iron E. Vitamin B12  Practice questions When two atoms form a bond, where atoms share electrons on the outermost orbits, they participate in: A. Ionic bonds B. Covalent bonds C. Polar bond D. Hydrophobic interaction E. Hydrogen bond Which of the following is incorrect about Nephron’s structures and functions? A. Bowman’s capsule collects the filtrate from the Glomerulus B. From Bowman’s capsule, the filtrate enters the Proximal Convoluted Tubule C. Filtrate moves directly from Loop of Henle to the Collecting Duct D. Most of the reabsorption of water and electrolytes happens in the Loop of Henle E. Once drained into the Renal Pelvis, nothing gets reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood A person’s relationship with himself/herself is part of: A. Physical Health Dimension B. Social Health Dimension C. Environmental Health Dimension D. Mental Health Dimension E. Spiritual Health Dimension Match the following Regions of the Abdomen with their locations: Umbilical oCenter of the abdomen oAbove the Umbilical Hypochondriac oLateral to Epigastric oLateral to Umbilical Epigastric oAbove the Umbilical oCenter of the Abdomen Lumbar oLateral to Umbilical oLateral to Hypogastric Iliac oLateral to Hypogastric oLateral to Epigastric Which of the following is considered a Prokaryote? A. Yeast B. Mold C. Plant D. Bacteria E. Virus Patient was prescribed a medication, which caused him to experience nausea. His nausea is considered: A. Idiopathic B. Iatrogenic C. Psychosomatic D. Nosocomial E. Morbid Tissue cells can do the following with excess amino acids, except: A. Store for later B. Turn them into glucose C. Turn them into fat D. Use them as fuel Study of Disease is referred to as: A. Physiology B. Pathology C. Catabolism D. Metabolism The heart chamber that receives blood from the Vena Cava is: A. Right Atrium B. Right Ventricle C. Left Atrium D. Left Ventricle  Practice questions Which quadrant of the abdomen contains the Spleen? A. RUQ B. LUQ C. RLQ D. LLQ  When one atom in a molecule donates electrons, and another atom accepts them, they participate in: A. Ionic bond B. Covalent bond C. Polar bond D. Hydrophobic interaction E. Hydrogen bond Match the following Anatomical Structures of the Heart with their descriptions: A. Membrane that surrounds the heart Pericardium Pulmonary B. Wall of Myocardial tissue that separates Septum Aortic right from left sides of the heart C. Heart Valve that separates Left Atrium Mitral Pericardium from Left Ventricle D. Valve that serves as the exit from the Aortic Septum Left Ventricle E. Valve that serves as the exit from the Pulmonary Mitral Right Ventricle Most water and electrolytes are absorbed in: A. Duodenum B. Stomach C. Jejunum D. Ileum E. Colon Which of the following procedures would count as the Primary Disease Prevention of Cervical Cancer in women? A. Getting an HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) vaccine before becoming sexually active at the age of 12 years B. Getting annual Pap Smear tests for early detection of abnormal cervical cells C. Undergoing a Colpectomy (partial removal of the uterine cervix) after some abnormal cells have been found D. Undergoing a partial Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) to remove a cervical mass When a cell has a choice to use protein fat, or glucose for fuel, the cell prefers: A. Protein B. Fat C. Glucose D. Water Which of the following is true about Na/K pumps? A. They are an example of osmotic particle movement B. They move particles against concentration gradient C. They are found only in nerve cells that produce electric current D. They allow large molecules to move through special protein gates E. You need them, because Na and K can not pass through the phospholipids bilayer Metabolic cart: A. Measures the amount of heat produced by the body B. Measures the amount of oxygen consumed C. It less accurate than the mathematical BMR calculation D. Measures TDEE of a patient in a hospital  Which of the following is NOT true about intermolecular interactions? A. Polar molecules are attracted to each other B. Non-polar molecules are repulsed by each other C. Polar and non-polar molecules stay away from each other D. Non-polar molecules participate in hydrophobic interactions E. Polar molecules are hydrophilic What do bacterial cells have that animal cells lack? A. Cell Membrane B. Cell Nucleus C. Nucleolus D. Cell Wall E. DNA The bile, necessary for digestion and absorption of lipids is produced by: A. Pancreas B. Stomach C. Small Intestine D. Liver E. Salivary Glands  After glycogen stores are built to their maximum, excess glucose is converted into: A. ATP B. Lactic Acid C. Fats D. Protein If ATP is like a rechargeable battery, when it’s discharged it becomes: A. ADP B. AMP C. Adenosine D. Adenine Which of the following is considered a micronutrient? A. Carbohydrate B. Protein C. Lipid D. Vitamin Match the following monomers with their corresponding polymers: Monomer Polymer 1. Nucleotide A. Protein 2. Amino acid B. Cellulose 3. Glucose C. Triglyceride 4. Fatty acid D. DNA Monomer Polymer 1. Nucleotide A. DNA 2. Amino acid B. Protein 3. Glucose C. Cellulose 4. Fatty acid D. Triglyceride The body system that includes skin is called: A. Sensory B. Muscular C. Integumentary D. Skeletal E. Endocrine Which of the following statements is NOT true about Fat metabolism? A. When the body’s blood glucose levels drop, fat is used to produce glucose B. Fat can be used only aerobically C. Fat can not be fermented, like glucose D. Fatty acids are used mostly for ATP production, or otherwise stored as triglycerides The cells of nervous tissue that protect and support neurons are called: a. Glial cells b. Stratified squamous c. Simple columnar d. Goblet cells e. exocrine Lipid oxidation causes fats to become: A. Volatile B. Rancid C. Electric D. Solid E. Liquid  Which of the following is Not true about the atkin’s diet? A. It is a ketogenic diet B. It is a dehydrating diet C. It is a very low-carb diet, which is a good solution for diabetic patients D. It puts an excess strain on kidneys Match the following Major Blood Vessels with the direction of blood flow in and out of the heart: A. Carries deoxygenated blood from all Vena Cava Aorta organ systems into the Right Atrium B. Carries oxygenated blood from the Left Aorta Pulmonary Vein Ventricle to all the Organ Systems C. Carries deoxygenated blood away from the Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Coronary Artery D. Carries re-oxygenated blood to the Left Atrium Pulmonary Vein Pulmonary Artery E. Carries oxygenated blood to feed the Coronary Artery Vena Cava Myocardium Which of the following is NOT true about the structures of the Respiratory System? A. Pleural membrane surrounds and separates each lobe of each lung B. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, causing the lungs to expand due to negative pressure C. If air accumulates in Pleural space, it results in Pneumothorax D. Pneumothorax can be treated by Thoracentesis E. None – all of the above are true statments  Practice questions Which of the following does NOT belong in the abdominal cavity? A. Stomach B. Kidneys C. Pancreas D. Mediastinum E. Liver Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide molecules pass from alveoli to blood by: A. Simple Diffusion B. Facilitated Diffusion C. Osmosis D. Phagocytosis E. Protein Pump Match these organs with the Quadrants of the Abdomen, where they belong: o Liver oRUQ oLLQ o Spleen oLUQ oRLQ o Appendix oRLQ oRUQ o Sigmoid colon oLLQ oLUQ The body system that is composed of all the hormone-producing glands? A. Sensory B. Muscular C. Integumentary D. Skeletal E. Endocrine Cells that are part of Nervous tissue, but are not the neurons, are collectively called: A. Axons B. Dendrites C. Neuroglia D. Myelin If ATP works like a rechargeable battery, then when the battery is discharged, it becomes: A. ADP + P B. AMP + 2P C. Phosphate groups D. Adenosine Match the following organelles of a Eukaryote with their functions: 1. Cell Nucleus A. Contains and protects the DNA A. Contains and protects the DNA B. Produces ribosomes B. Produces ribosomes 2. Nucleolus C. Translates mRNA into a 3. Ribosome C. Translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain polypeptide chain D. Navigates mRNA out of the 4. Endoplasmic D. Navigates mRNA out of the nucleus to meet with ribosomes Reticulum nucleus to meet with ribosomes 5. Golgi Apparatus E. Activates newly made proteins E. Activates newly made proteins The bonds that hold amino acids in a protein chain are called: A. Protein bonds B. Amino bonds C. Peptide bonds D. Ionic bonds The heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs is: A. Right Atrium B. Right Ventricle C. Left Atrium D. Left Ventricle Which of the following of the urinary system involves inflammation of the urinary bladder with frequent and painful urination? A. Polycystic Kidney Disease B. Acute Renal Failure C. Cystitis D. Pyelonephritis Which of the following is NOT true about the anatomical structures of the Renal System? A. Renal Cortex is the outermost part of the kidney B. Renal Medulla consists of the Renal Pyramids C. Renal Medulla is a collection of Nephrons, which filter blood and make urine D. From Nephrons, the urine is drained into Renal Pelvis E. Renal Pelvis drains the urine directly into the Urethra The sphincter that controls the rate of the chyme from the stomach into the duodenum is called: A. Esophageal Sphincter B. Pyloric Sphincter C. Cardiac Sphincter D. Cecum E. None of these The reaction of converting liquid oils into solid fats by forcing Hydrogen atoms onto a C = C double bond, resulting in production of trans fats, is called: A. Oxidation B. Oxygenation C. Hydration D. Dehydration E. Hydrogenation  Which of the following is true about an ornish diet? A. It was designed for cardiac rehab patients B. It is a very low-fat diet C. It tends to be high in carbohydrates, leading to hypoglycemic crashes shortly after meals D. It may cause cells to turn excess glucose into fat E. All of the above are true The process of breaking down a fatty acid into acetyl group is called: A. Hydrolysis B. Krebs Cycle C. Lipolysis D. Beta Oxidation E. Deamination The filtration of blood in the Nephron happens in: A. Bowman’s Capsule B. Loop of Henle C. Distal Convoluted Tubule D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule E. Collecting Duct  Which of the following is NOT true about the Upper Respiratory Tract anatomy? A. Nasopharynx leads to Pharynx B. Epiglottis, located under the Larynx closes the entrance into the respiratory ways C. Larynx contains vocal cords D. Trachea contains cartilaginous rings that keep it open at all times E. Inferior trachea branches into the right and left bronchi  Fatty Acids can be broken down into acetyl groups by: A. Hydrolysis B. Beta-Oxidation C. Glycolysis D. Lipolysis E. Krebs Cycle  Match the following types of muscle tissue with their characteristics ▪Consciously controlled, striped, ▪ SKELETAL ▪ CARDIAC multiple nuclei ▪Contains intercalated disks, branched cells ▪ CARDIAC ▪ SMOOTH ▪Short cells, non-striated, single nucleus, found in internal organs ▪ SMOOTH ▪ SKELETAL Matching strands of DNA are held together by: A. Covalent bonds B. Ionic bonds C. Hydrogen bonds D. Nucleic bonds E. Peptide bonds  Which of the following does not happen during nutrient deprivation (fasting)? A. Cortisol levels increase B. Leptin levels increase C. Glycogen stores are broken down D. Fat stores are broken down E. Muscle protein is broken down The adverse result of a Hydrogenation reaction is the production of: A. Cis-fats B. Saturated fats C. Trans-fats D. Polyunsaturated fats E. Cholesterol Which of the following is Incorrect about Anatomical position? A. The body faces the viewer B. The thumbs are turned out C. The body is in the prone position D. None – all of the above are correct Using food molecules to produce ATP’s inside tissue cells is referred to as: A. Cellular Respiration B. Cellular Combustion C. Glycolysis D. Nutrient Assimilation E. Anabolism  Which of the following is NOT true about amino acid catabolism? A. Deamination of amino acids yields ammonia B. Ammonia is excreted by the kidneys C. Ammonia is converted into urea by the liver D. Urea is eliminated in urine The smallest functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine is: A. Nephron B. Renal Pyramid C. Collecting Tubule D. Renal Pelvis  Which of the following is NOT true about amino acid catabolism? A. Deamination of amino acids yields ammonia B. Ammonia is excreted by the kidneys C. Ammonia is converted into urea by the liver D. Urea is eliminated in urine Match the following cell organelles of a Eukaryote with their functions: A. Fluid that serves as medium for most A. Fluid that serves as medium for most 1. Cytoplasm chemical reactions chemical reactions 2. Cytoplasmic Membrane B. Separates cell from inside and outside B. Contains digestive enzymes 3. Vacuole C. Serves as a container C. Governs cell division 4. Mitochondria D. Produces most ATP’s D. Produces most ATP’s 5. Lysosome E. Contains digestive enzymes E. Separates cell from inside and outside 6. Centrioles F. Governs cell division F. Serves as a container Which of the following is a source of Trans fats? A. Beef B. Coconuts C. Seafood D. Peanut Butter E. Margarine Which of the following substances participates in Hydrophobic interactions? A. Water B. Salts C. Sugars D. Acids E. Oils Atelectasis is … A. Collection of air between the lung and the pleural membrane B. Collection of blood between the lung and the thoracic wall C. Procedure to drain the fluid from the pleural space D. Complete or partial collapse of a lung or a lobe of a lung E. None of these Which f the following is INCORRECT about the anatomy of respiratory tract structures? A. Trachea contains cartilaginous rings to help keep it open B. Epiglottis is located under the Larynx C. Larynx contains the Vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound D. Bronchial trees branch out into smaller bronchi, terminating with smallest bronchioles E. Each bronchiole terminates with alveoli, where the gas exchange happens Which if the following is NOT true about energy and matter? A. The lowest form of energy is heat B. The highest form of energy is light C. Solid is the state of matter that has the lowest energy D. Gas is the state of matter that has the highest energy E. Energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed  A balanced diet is the one that has the following breakdown: A. 30% calories from fat, 20% calories from carbohydrates, and 50% calories from protein B. 20% calories from fat, 30% calories from carbohydrates, and 50% calories from protein C. 20% calories from fat, 50% calories from carbohydrates, and 30% calories from protein D. 30% calories from fat, 50% calories from carbohydrates, and 20% calories from protein Excess dietary fat is: A. Turned into glucose B. Turned into glycogen C. Turned into protein D. Stored as is Which of the following is NOT true about ATP? A. It’s made of DNA B. It contains a ribose molecule C. It contains an Adenine molecule D. The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups is a high-energy bond The heart valve that serves as the exit from the right ventricle is: A. Tricuspid Valve B. Aortic Valve C. Mitral Valve D. Pulmonary Valve Which of the following types of epithelium consists of multiple layers of flat-looking cells? A. Simple Squamous B. Stratified Squamous Pseudostratified C. Transitional D. Cuboidal A fluid that has a concentration of particles higher than cytoplasm is considered: A. Hypotonic B. Epitonic C. Hypertonic D. Isotonic When animal cells do not receive adequate oxygen, they can use glucose anaerobically. Anaerobic respiration of glucose yields: A. 2 ATP B. 17 ATP C. 4 ATP D. 38 ATP  Pelvic cavity contains these organs, except: A. Rectum B. Urinary Bladder C. Reproductive Organs D. Kidneys Which of the following does NOT contain cholesterol? A. Peanut Butter B. Milk C. Beef D. Lard E. Chicken Match the following directional terms with their definitions: 1. Superior A. Above, higher than A. Toward the belly 2. Distal B. Away from B. Toward the front 3. Anterior C. Toward the front C. Away from 4. Proximal D. Close to D. Close to 5. Ventral E. Toward the belly E. Above, higher than Which of the following is Not an epithelial membrane? a. Cutaneous membrane b. Serous membrane c. Synovial membrane d. Mucous membrane The role of the appendix in the digestive tract is: A. To help digestion of carbohydrates B. To produce digestive enzymes for fat digestion C. To help the digestion of fiber D. None – it does not have a digestive function When carbohydrates are unavailable, and glycogen stores are depleted, this is used as the source of glucose: A. Fats B. Ketones C. Muscle protein D. Liver Which of the following is an organic compound? A. H2O B. CO2 C. N2 D. O2 E. CH3OH The process for converting the mRNA sequence to a polypeptide is called: A. Activation B. Transcription C. Translation D. Copying If particles can move across the cell membrane between the solution in the previous question and the cytoplasm, then the net movement of the particles will be: A. Out of the cell B. Into the cell C. Neither Deamination of amino acids produces this metabolic waste product (choose the most immediate one): A. Ketones B. Urea C. Ammonia D. Uric Acid Match the following tissues with the connective tissue type: Lymph LIQUID CT SOFT CT Adipose tissue SOFT CT HARD CT Tendons FIBROUS CT LIQUID CT Cartilage HARD CT FIBROUS CT  The correct airflow during inhalation is: A. Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli B. Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli C. Nasopharynx, Larynx, Epiglottis, Trachea, Bronchioles, Alveoli D. Pharynx, Larynx, Bronchi, Trachea, Alveoli, Bronchioles E. Pharynx, Larynx, Bronchi, Trachea, Bronchioles  The pleural cavity contains? A. Organs of the chest B. Aorta C. Pleura D. Lungs E. Mediastinum The high energy bond of the ATP molecule is: A. between first and second phosphate groups B. between second and third phosphate groups C. between adenine and ribose D. between ribose and phosphate group Match the following organelles with their functions: Nucleolus Produces Ribosomes Activates Proteins Traps mRNA, when it escapes from the Serves as a container Endoplasmic Reticulum nucleus Contains and protects DNA Ribosome Translates mRNA into a polypeptide Controls passing of molecules in and Centrioles Govern the cell division process out of the cell Produce most of the Cell’s ATP Produce most of the Cell’s ATP Mitochondria Contains lytic enzymes to break down Contains lytic enzymes to break down Lysosome particles particles Vacuole Serves as a container Traps mRNA, when it escapes from the nucleus Activates Proteins Golgi Apparatus Produces Ribosomes Controls passing of molecules in and Cytoplasmic Membrane out of the cell Govern the cell division process Nucleus Contains and protects DNA Translates mRNA into a polypeptide ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OF 1 GLUCOSE MOLECULE CAN YIELD UP TO: A. 2ATP B. 17 ATP C. 4 ATP D. 38 ATP Which of the following does NOT belong in the abdominal cavity? A. Kidneys B. Gall bladder C. Pancreas D. Mediastinum E. Spleen The role of the Villi in the Small intestine: A. To increase the surface area of the small intestine B. To produce digestive enzymes C. To produce the bile D. To perform peristalsis E. To reabsorb water Which of the following is correct about Homeostasis? A. It is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions B. It is the rate of burning calories in the organism C. It means balance of all functions in the organism D. It is maintained by Nervous System only E. It is maintained by hormones  Tissues that cannot use ketones as the sole source of energy and must use glucose is: A. Skeletal muscles B. Myocardium C. Brain D. Connective tissue  Which quadrant of the abdomen contains the Liver? A. RUQ B. LUQ C. RLQ D. LLQ Some excess glucose can be turned to glycogen. The limit of glycogen storage is: A. About 2 lb B. About 8 lb C. About 10 lb D. No limit The nucleotides of RNA include these nucleic bases, except: A. Adenine B. Guanine C. Cytosine D. Thymine Match the following levels of protein structure with their description: Amino acid sequence PRIMARY SECONDARY Alpha helix and beta sheet SECONDARY TERTIARY 3-dimensional globulin TERTIARY PRIMARY Active functional protein QUATERNARY QUATERNARY The fluid inside the cell (i.e. the cytoplasm) is also referred to as: A. Intercellular Fluid B. Extracellular Fluid C. Intracellular Fluid D. Interstitial Fluid  Which one of the following is NOT correct about chemical bonds? A. Ionic bond is when one atom donates electrons and the other accepts them B. Covalent bond is stronger than ionic bond C. Covalent bond is when atoms share electrons D. Hydrogen bond is a type of covalent bond Which of the following is NOT made of epithelium? A. Exocrine glands B. Endocrine glands C. Mucosa D. Serosa E. Fascia Which of the following contains saturated fats? A. Olive oil B. Sesame seeds C. Peanuts D. Coconuts Which of the following is NOT true? A. Ammonia cannot be excreted as is B. If the liver does not function properly, ammonia accumulates C. Hyperammonemia is an indication of poor kidney function D. Hyperuremia may result from renal failure Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in animal fat to avoid heart disease is: A. Primary disease prevention B. Secondary disease prevention C. Tertiary disease prevention D. Not a prevention Which of the following types of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments? A. Loose CT B. Soft CT C. Fibrous CT D. Hard CT Which of the following is NOT true about DNA? A. Ribose is the central sugar in DNA monomers B. Phosphate groups are part of DNA monomers C. A’s are matched with T’s on complimenting strands of DNA D. C’s are matched with G’s on complimenting strands of DNA Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of anti-oxidants? A. Oranges B. Tomatoes C. Iceberg lettuce D. Blackberries E. Carrots  The brain is contained inside? A. Spinal Cavity B. Ventral Cavity C. Dorsal Cavity D. None of the above Once the filtrate enters the nephron, this is the correct flow of the filtrate: A. Distal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Proximal convoluted tubule, Collecting Duct B. Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting Duct C. Distal convoluted tubule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Collecting Duct D. Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Collecting Duct E. Loop of Henle, Proximal convoluted tubule, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting Duct Areolar CT is: A. The tissue between skin and muscle B. The fat tissue C. The tissue that attaches muscled to bone D. The tissue that holds joints together ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OF GLUCOsE IN MUSCLE CELLS RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF: A. Carbon Dioxide and water B. Carbon Monoxide C. Lactic Acid D. Alcohol and Water Keeping a clean house and organized home and clutter-free work place is part of: A. Physical Health Dimension B. Social Health Dimension C. Environmental Health Dimension D. Mental Health Dimension E. Spiritual Health Dimension Which of the following is not true about Schwann cells? A. They are filled with myelin B. They wrap themselves around axons C. They protect axons D. They make neurons look gray E. They are part of Neuroglia Simple diffusion is when molecules move: A. Down the concentration gradient B. From lower concentration to higher concentration C. Through special membrane proteins D. By active transport  Which of the following is CORRECT about Pneumothorax? A. It can cause dyspnea B. It is when air accumulates between the lung and the pleural space C. It can cause a collapse of lung or lobe of a lung D. It can be alleviated by Thoracentesis E. All of the above  When amino acids are used for purposes other then building proteins, the following are true, except: A. Amino acids get deaminated and turned into ketoacids B. Ketoacids are excreted as a metabolic waste C. Deamination yields ammonia D. Ammonia is turned into urea by the liver E. Urea is excreted via kidneys Match the following directional terms with their definitions: 1. Inferior A. Below, lower than A. Toward the spine 2. Posterior B. Toward the back B. Toward the middle 3. Dorsal C. Toward the spine C. Toward the back 4. Medial D. Toward the middle D. Away from the midline 5. Lateral E. Away from the midline E. Below, lower than  After the dieting period is over, the following is true, except: A. The body has become dehydrated B. The body is depleted of glycogen stores C. The body has lost some muscle tissue D. The body has lost some fat tissue E. The body has become leaner Which of the following is true about the structure of Magnesium? (Hint: for this question, you will need to draw the atom Magnesium #12) A. The valency of Magnesium will be 2 B. Magnesium becomes a cation C. In neutral form, electrons of Magnesium occupy 3 orbits D. All of the above are true The alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets are formed due to: a. Natural attractions and repulsions between the ‘r’ groups of individual amino acids within the polypeptide chain b. Covalent bonds formed between amino acids within the polypeptide chain c. Ionic bonds formed between nucleic acids in the polypeptide chains d. Hydrogen bonds formed between globulins The following is the list of the 6 most commonly found elements in Biochemistry: A. C, H, N, S, O, P B. C, Na, H, S, O, P C. C, H, O, K, N, S D. C, O, H, S, N, B Byproduct of anaerobic respiration must be removed from cells, recycled, and turned back into glucose by the liver. This process is called: A. Glycogenesis B. Gluconeogenesis C. Glycogenolysis D. Glycolysis Reading a sequence of nucleotides and decoding it into a sequence of amino acids that will make up a new protein is called: A. Transcription B. Translation C. Replication D. Activation Getting annual checkups to test your blood lipids is considered: A. Primary disease prevention B. Secondary disease prevention C. Tertiary disease prevention D. Not a prevention Oxygen moves from lung alveoli into blood by: A. Active transport B. Simple Diffusion C. Facilitated Diffusion D. Osmosis Glucose moves from blood into cells by: A. Active transport B. Simple Diffusion C. Facilitated Diffusion D. Osmosis Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes work as: A. Hormones B. Vitamins C. Local Messengers D. Structural molecules Lipid oxidation is caused by: A. Hydrogenation B. Free radicals C. Saturation D. Hydrolysis Building and maintaining effective relationships with family and friends is part of: A. Physical Health Dimension B. Social Health Dimension C. Environmental Health Dimension D. Mental Health Dimension E. Spiritual Health Dimension When ATP is used for energy to fuel body functions, it gets recharged, using the energy of: A. Oxygen B. Sun C. Food D. Movement Match the following planes of division with their definitions: 1. Divides the body exactly in the C. Midsagittal A. Frontal middle into equal right and left sides 2. Divides the body horizontally into D. Transverse B. Sagittal superior and inferior portions 3. Divides the body into anterior and A. Frontal C. Midsagittal posterior portions 4. Divides the body into right and left B. Sagittal D. Transverse portions The covalent bond that holds amino acids together in a protein is called: a. Hydrogen bond b. Peptide bond c. Polypeptide bond d. Amino bond Homeostasis is: A. A state of balance B. The sum of all chemical reactions C. The study of organ functions D. The study of structures The occlusion of the Coronary artery with Atherosclerosis Plaque can cause oxygen deprivation in Myocardium. The common symptom (what the patient will experience) of this is: A. Angina Pectoralis B. Myocardial Ischemia C. Myocardial Infarction D. Heart Attack E. Stroke Match the following monomers with their polymers: Starch ◦ Glucose ◦ Nucleotide DNA ◦ Nucleotide ◦ Glucose Lipid ◦ Fatty Acid ◦ Amino Acid Protein ◦ Amino Acid ◦ Fatty Acid Water molecules move toward: A. Hypertonic solution B. Hypotonic Solution C. Isotonic Solution D. Epitonic Solution E. Subtonic Solution Complete this sentence: Leptin is a hormone produced… A. By the brain to burn fat B. By the fat cells to slow down metabolism C. By adipose cells to speed up metabolic rate and control appetite D. By muscle tissue to increase metabolic rate E. By fat to stimulate hunger perception by the brain The entire DNA library is divided into sections, contained inside the cell’s nucleus. These sections are called: A. Chromosomes B. Genes C. Double helixes D. RNA The reaction of converting monomers to polymers is: a. Dehydration b. Hydration c. Hydrolysis d. Hydrogenation e. None of the above Which of the following is true about Metabolism? A. It is the sum of Anabolism and Catabolism B. It is the rate of nutrient utilization C. It is digestion and utilization of nutrients D. Catabolic reactions are the reactions where small molecules are combined into large ones E. Anabolism is the breakdown of tissues The neurons that carry action potential toward the brain are called: A. Sensory B. Efferent C. Motor D. Interneurons E. Somatic Which of the following is NOT true about valencies of these atoms? A. Carbon has valency of 4 B. Oxygen has valency of 2 C. Hydrogen has valency of 1 D. Nitrogen has valency of 3 E. Sulfur has valency of 6  The difference between DNA and RNA is: A. DNA monomers include a phosphate group, and RNA monomers do not B. There is a sugar molecule in the center of RNA monomers, but not DNA monomers C. Nucleic bases of DNA include Cytosine, and RNA do not D. DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded The passive movement of water molecules is called: A. Active transport B. Simple Diffusion C. Facilitated Diffusion D. Osmosis Which of the following is not true about metabolism of starvation? A. Glycogen gets used first B. First week of fasting yields 10 lbs of fat loss C. Brain requires glucose for energy D. Blood glucose is maintained by gluconeogenesis after the first week  When you are “dieting”, stress hormone Cortisol is released, which does these, except: A. Increases blood insulin levels B. Increases blood glucose levels C. Suppresses immune response D. Speeds up aging process E. Slows down fat storage Which of the following is correct about matter? A. Matter is anything that occupies space and has a mass B. Mass of matter is the weight of the matter C. Weight is a constant value D. Mass of matter is measured in pounds Which of the following organs belong with the digestive system, but is not a part of the alimental canal? A. Colon B. Cecum C. Gall Bladder D. Jejunum E. Stomach When the infection from Urinary tract gets spread up to the Renal Pelvis, the result would be: A. Cystitis B. Pyelonephritis C. ARF D. CRF E. Polycystic Kidney Disease Which of the following is NOT true about a messenger RNA? A. It’s a copy of genetic material B. It’s a copy of one chromosome C. It leaves the nucleus D. It gets translated into a primary protein structure The function of each protein depends on: a. it’s 3-d structure b. It’s shape c. It’s amino acid sequence d. All of the above Which of the following is NOT true about metabolic wastes of protein breakdown? A. Urea is turned into uric acid by the liver B. Ammonia cannot be excreted as is C. Ammonia must be turned into excretable form by the liver D. Hyperammonemia may indicate liver failure E. Hyperuremia may indicate renal insufficiency or failure Which of the following is NOT true about Ions? A. When atoms lose electrons, they become negatively charged B. When atoms gain electrons, they become anions C. Cations are positively charged ions D. Cations and anions are attracted to each other Match the following body cavities with the organs they contain: Dorsal ◦ Brain ◦ Urinary Bladder Pericardial ◦ Heart ◦ Lungs Abdominal ◦ Liver ◦ Heart Pelvic ◦ Urinary Bladder ◦ Brain Pleural ◦ Lungs ◦ Liver Which of the following is NOT true about the Protein Pump? A. It uses membrane proteins B. It happens spontaneously C. It involves moving particles against the concentration gradient D. It moves particles in order to create a concentration gradient E. It requires ATP Which of the following is NOT true about the structure of atoms? A. Neutrons are always located in the nucleus B. There are as many electrons as protons in an atom C. The first electron orbit can hold 2 electrons D. The third electron orbit can hold a maximum 16 electrons The process of copying a single gene from the DNA library yields: A. mRNA B. Gene copy C. DNA D. Chromosome Based on the metabolic map presented at the end of this lesson, amino acids can be converted into: A. Glucose B. Acetyl Groups C. Pyruvate D. Fatty acids E. All of the above  The problem with low fat, high sugar diet is that it increases the production of: A. Leptin B. Insulin C. Cortisol D. Ketones E. Ammonia When you eat too much carbohydrates: A. You produce more ATP B. You store some as glycogen C. You convert all od it to fat D. You can turn extra glucose into amino acids Infectious diaeses acquired at clinical institutions are called: A. Epidemic B. Iatrogenic C. Nosocomial D. Idiopathic E. None of these Match the steps of the reflex arc with the events: Order of events 4 Motor Neurons carry action potential away from CNS 2 Action Potential is carried by Sensory Neurons toward the CNS 3 Interneurons in the CNS analyze the sensory information and come up with a response 5 Effector organ carries out the response 1 Sensory organ initiates an action potential  Skeletal Muscle contraction is stimulated by: A. Somatic Neurons B. Autonomic Neurons C. Sympathetic Neurons D. Parasympathetic Neurons E. Afferent Neurons Which of the following is the similarity between Protein Pump and Facilitated Diffusion? A. They both are a form of active transport B. They both require molecules passing through membrane protein C. They both move molecules against the concentration gradient D. They both move molecules from high concentration to low concentration  Which of the following is one of the effects of the parasympathetic ns subdivision? A. Pupils dilate B. Bronchi dilate C. Gall Bladder contracts D. Heart Rate increases E. Arteries constrict