Midterm Review Sheet PDF

Teleology: Thinking all events are destined to lead to one event and anything in between was just a small side event. ​ Contingency The mindset that you are in the history and don't know the outcome therefore allowing them to appreciate the true drama of history ​ You need to have both t...

Teleology: Thinking all events are destined to lead to one event and anything in between was just a small side event. ​ Contingency The mindset that you are in the history and don't know the outcome therefore allowing them to appreciate the true drama of history ​ You need to have both to have a balance between the two. Taylor’s approach ​ Taylor takes a different approach than most people because other people only focus on the European perspective as written by white men, so they miss out on the women, the natives, and many other people's perspectives. Taylor appreciates all perspectives and explains them all. ​ Telephoto vs Wide lens Sometimes you have to see every little detail but you also need to see context so use both lenses Religion Religious users -​ AD - Anno Domini - Latin for in the year of our lord -​ BC - Before Christ Not Christians -​ BCE - Before the common era -​ CE - Common era Christianity Christians believe that Jesus is the son of G-D and the Messiah. This is called the divinity of Jesus. Constantine was a significant contributor to the spread of Christianity. He was an emperor and he adopted Christianity as the religion of the whole Byzantine empire. Therefore as the Byzantine Empire spread so did Christianity. Christians controlled the land north of the mountains which made it very easy to trade. Islam -​ An angel and the angel visited Mohammed and taught him all of the Quran he went to Medina and taught all that he was taught. He then returned to Mecca. These are all of the holy cities for Islam -​ Islam believes in the Torah, The Bible, and the Quran. -​ Many things overlap with Christianity which led to many Wars -​ Spread through control of trade routes and shared religious Ideas Great Schism -​ In 1054 Christianity split between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox. -​ Split because of the language differences. -​ West follows Pope -​ East follows Patriarch -​ All Cristian due to belief that Jesus was the Messiah Crusades  -​ Pope Urban’s purpose was to take back the holy land. He promised people would be forgiven. -​ Papacy granted remission of sins -​ 100,000’s Christian men set out on crusades -​ They didn’t realize how far and hard the journey was. -​ On the way, they learned how to trade, and were exposed to new things. Trade Routes -​ Many new trade routes emerged mainly through water -​ Used commerce to advance political and religious purposes -​ Ate better, lived longer, and got more resources. -​ All this is due to the discovery of many new things from the Crusades. -​ Countries in the Middle East thrived because of the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean -​ Commercial revolution- Muslims drain Christian wealth -​ Western Europe was left out of all the trade. Black Death -​ 30%- 60% of Europeans died. -​ Started in 1347 -​ Spread throughout all of Europe -​ ⅔ people died -​ Started looking for people to blame -​ Ring around the Rosie comes from the black death -​ Jews were blamed and put to death -​ The plague led to more money, food, and jobs. -​ Everyone’s ego was boosted Renaissance -​ Circa 1300-1600 -​ Culture and civilization changes begins in Italy because of trade -​ Crusades led to people discovering new things on their way to the holy land the Christians also felt that the reason they lost to the Muslims was because they were rich and had much more knowledge from controlling the trade route which led to the Christians wanting money. -​ The black plague affected the Renaissance because everyone was gaining money and wanted more. Also, all of the survivors had a big ego and felt like they could live a little and that the world didn't only revolve around G-D it also revolves around them. -​ The Medici family was a family that got rich off of trade. They financed art for the Renaissance. -​ They began to question things to figure out how the world around them worked -​ Martin Luther questioned the church for the first time -​ Thought being wealthy meant god loved you -​ More focus on intellectual pursuit -​ More discoveries -​ Classisism reintroduced  -​ Rebirth from the black plague -​ Traders were the richest -​ Bridged the gap between the Middle Ages and modern-day Scientific revolution -​ Many people thought the Earth was the center of the universe which is called a Geocentric universe that was what almost everyone thought. -​ Copernicus realized that the world was orbiting around the sun, not the other way around, and after that Galileo published the results. Copernicus didn't publish because of fear of the church. After Galileo published it he was punished for heresy. -​ Bacon thought that we needed an official standard to research the world around. -​ The Scientific Revolution was very important for the future because it began the questioning part of the world which allowed them to question the world around which led to more trade and more technological advances. Technological advancements -​ The printing press led to the spread of ideas -​ Gutenberg's bible promoted the spread of religions -​ Caravel led to more exploration -​ Astrolabe calculated latitude Commercial revolution -​ Muslims started charging people for access to the Silk Road -​ Muslims still wanted the European's assets so they set up trade stations in Italy -​ Ottoman took control of Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul -​ Concerning because it is the trade capital -​ European trade flew through Italy -​ Venice makes a ton of money from spices, goods, and slaves -​ Genoa was less successful in trade so they started giving out loans -​ Italy got glory as they are now a world power, Gold, they gained access to all trade routes which was very valuable to the economy, and the G-d part is that they got rid of Muslims due to the spread of Christianity -​ Western Europe completely left out of trade became eager to explore -​ Portugal wants to go around Africa Iberian peninsula -​ Prince Henry developed a school of navigation and explored new information -​ Dias gets halfway around Africa but it was too hard for him calls it cape of terror -​ DaGamma makes the full trip establishes trade ports and bases and gets rich (60x expenses) Columbus -​ Columbus thought that if he went far west he would find a route to the east by going around the world. -​ Spain is jealous because Portugal is getting rich and Spain has no form of trade -​ Spain is interested in getting to Asia since it is not so costly for them to fund the trip.  -​ If Columbus is successful he becomes governor of the land and keeps 10% of the profits -​ Columbus knew how to use the wind and he did that to push him to what he thought was “Japan” -​ -​He thought the trip around the world was only 3,500 in reality its 12,500 miles long -​ Life at sea was difficult -​ They got sea sickness which led to vomiting, they had malnutrition which led to death, typhus a disease from body lice which led to death, scurvy another disease that led to death, dysentery a disease that led to explosive diarrhea and death, and malaria another thing that led to death. -​ When they found land a kid called out San Salvador -​ Arawak and Tiano people were the people of the Indies -​ He thought he was in China -​ Earned title admiral of the seas -​ Came back to Spain with tobacco and other things it earned some profits but Ferdinand and Isabella sent him back to try and get gold. -​ People say he is a good person for finding the Americas but they ignore the fact that he was terrible to the natives. -​ Also wasn’t a real discovery he stole something and discredited the Natives Leadership Style -​ Columbus first viewed the Natives as good slaves -​ When he came back he has pressure to find gold so he made the Natives work hard and if they were bad he would cut off theyre hands and tie them around they’re necks this was to show other Indians what would happen. If anyone defied him they would get beheaded or cut their ears off. -​ The "Black Legend" emerged, accusing Spanish invaders of extreme cruelty towards natives, damaging Spain's reputation. -​ Ferdinand and Isabella brought Columbus back to Spain in chains after his arrest in Santo Domingo. -​ Columbus was stripped of his titles but eventually pardoned, allowing him to embark on a fourth and final voyage. -​ Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed with Columbus, noticed significant differences between Asia and the Americas, concluding it was a new, unknown continent. -​ Vespucci shared this in a letter, calling it "Mundus Novus" (New World). -​ In 1507, German mapmaker Waldseemüller created the first map showing the Americas as a separate landmass, which was controversial at the time. -​ The "Old World" (Europe) and "New World" (Americas) terms emerged, with Europe gaining power in transatlantic trade. CYCLE OF CONQUEST The order of settling in America Explorers  -​ In charge of finding land, resources, trade routes, etc. Conquistadors -​ Their job is to fight off other empires in the land and conquer the land there Missionaries -​ Their job was to subjugate the other religion/culture -​ Start teaching about Christianity Settlers -​ Once the natives started forgetting about their culture and adopting Christianity, Spain (followed by Europe) sent settlers to permanently stay there Colony -​ Settlers set up the first official European colony Aztec Empire -​ Central/southern Mexico -​ Capital city: Tenochtitlan (population 250,000) -​ Dominant empire - est 5-10 million people -​ Superpower known for its military -​ Conquered many neighboring peoples -​ Very advanced society -​ Agricultural system with irrigation and swampland restoration -​ Artificially constructed islands in the middle of Great Lake -​ Temples, aqueducts, botanical gardens -​ A perfect environment for an empire -​ Spanish murdered them when they got sick, essentially murdering them on their deathbeds Incan Empire -​ Largest Empire on earth (bigger than China or Russia or Ottoman) Population est 15-20 million -​ Land: rainforest, desert, and mountain -​ Ran South American coast -​ Advanced agricultural cities built on top of mountains (terrace farming) -​ Many palaces, temples, and fortifications -​ First real well-organized government in South Americas -​ Good army -​ Governors -​ Taxes -​ Forced resettlement programs -​ Public works -​ The road system had over 3000 km of roads with tunnels and vine bridges -​ When they were attacked they evacuated to Machu Picchu 30 BCE - Death of Jesus 330 BCE - Constantine adopts Christianity which causes everyone to follow him 622 - 750 CE - Islamic world 1054 CE - Great Schism 1096 -1270 CE - Crusades 1000 - 1300 CE - Trade routes emerge 1300 - 1600 CE - Renaissance 1347 - 1341 CE - Black Death 1488 CE - Bartolomeu Dias: Good Hope/originally cope of terror 1453 - 1800 CE - Scientific Revolution 1473 - 1543 CE - Copernicus: Heliocentric universe 1492 CE - Columbus's voyage 1497 - 1498 CE - Vasco Da Gama 1497 - 1503 CE - Vespucci made four trips across the Atlantic 1500 CE - Pedro Cabral 1500 CE - Columbus arrested 1507 CE - Waldseemuller makes the first map of the “New World” 1571 - 1560 CE - Kepler: Laws of planetary motion 1564 - 1642 CE - Galileo: Physics and Astronomy 1561 - 1626 CE - Bacon: Scientific method 1643 - 1727 CE - Newton: Gravity 1685 - 1815 CE - Age of Enlightenment in Europe ​