History Perspectives and Concepts

New trade routes emerged primarily through water, connecting distant lands and facilitating commerce that boosted political and religious power.

The Black Death, a devastating pandemic in the 14th century, wiped out 30-60% of Europe's population, leading to societal upheaval and economic shifts.

A period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe (1300-1600) marked by a renewed interest in classical arts, science, and humanism.

The Medici family, a wealthy Italian banking dynasty, played a crucial role in financing the Renaissance, supporting artists and scholars.

A pivotal shift in scientific thought, starting in the 16th century, marked by groundbreaking discoveries that challenged existing beliefs and paved the way for modern science.

The belief that the Earth is the center of the universe, a common misconception before the Scientific Revolution.

The belief that all events are predestined and lead towards a specific outcome.

The understanding that history happens in the present, where the future is unknown.

A historian's approach that considers multiple perspectives and voices, not just those of Europeans or dominant groups.

The period in history before the birth of Jesus, as labeled by Christians.

The period in history after the birth of Jesus, as labeled by Christians.

The period in history before the common era, used as an alternative to BC for non-Christians.

The period in history after the common era, used as an alternative to AD for non-Christians.

The process of utilizing two different perspectives, a detailed view and a larger context, simultaneously for deeper understanding.

The invention that revolutionized information dissemination, making ideas and knowledge accessible to a wider audience, contributing to the spread of scientific discoveries.

A ship designed for long voyages, with features like triangular sails that allowed for better maneuverability and exploration of new routes.

A navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or stars above the horizon. This allowed for precise navigation during long sea voyages.

The period of significant changes in trade patterns, fueled by increased demand for goods and new trade routes, leading to the rise of powerful trading empires.

A wealthy city-state in Italy that became a major center of trade during the Commercial Revolution, benefiting from its access to spices, goods, and slaves.

The journey by Christopher Columbus, aiming to find a westward route to Asia by sailing across the Atlantic. This led to the discovery of the Americas, though not the intended destination.

The control of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire, renamed as Istanbul, disrupted existing trade routes and shifted the balance of power in Europe.

Columbus mistook the Americas for Asia, believing he reached the Indies, a name that stuck for a time.

It's the harsh name given to the cruel treatment Spanish colonizers inflicted on native populations in the Americas.

He was initially eager to use Native populations as forced laborers, but when he couldn't find gold, his treatment grew even more brutal and violent.

Columbus's leadership was marked by his willingness to use extreme violence and brutal punishments to force natives to work for him

Columbus's expedition faced challenges, forcing him to make difficult decisions about how to treat the natives.

His voyages had negative consequences for the natives, including forced labor, disease, and death.

Amerigo Vespucci played a key role in recognizing the Americas as a separate continent, naming it 'Mundus Novus' (New World).

Columbus made a return trip to Spain after facing accusations of cruelty, but he was eventually pardoned.

The first map to depict the Americas as a separate landmass from Europe, sparking controversy and marking the beginning of European dominance in transatlantic trade.

A European-led pattern of exploration, conquest, conversion, settlement, and ultimately, colonization of the Americas, starting with explorers and ending with the creation of European colonies.

The Aztec Empire, known forits military might, advanced society, and extensive agricultural system, was a major power in central Mexico, controlling an estimated 5 to 10 million people.

The Incan Empire, spanning across South America, was known for its impressive terrace farming, extensive road system, and well-organized government. It was the largest empire on Earth at its peak.

A transition period in history marked by the rise of exploration, new trade routes, advancements in science, and the discovery of new lands, eventually leading to the colonization of the Americas.

The Great Schism of 1054 CE marked a significant division within Christianity, separating the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

The Crusades (1096-1270 CE) were a series of religious wars between Christian Europe and Islamic powers, primarily aimed at controlling the Holy Land.