Midterm Oral Communication PDF

Midterm_Oral-Com The Nature of Communication -communication is a complex activity influenced by a variety of Lesson 1.1: Definition and Process of Communication...

Midterm_Oral-Com The Nature of Communication -communication is a complex activity influenced by a variety of Lesson 1.1: Definition and Process of Communication factors, including cultural differences, cognitive abilities, and social norms. Communication -you rely on communications to meet people, to develop - is the process of expressing and exchanging information, thoughts, professional and personal relationships, and to terminate the ideas, and feelings. dissatisfying one. - is referred to as stirring up ideas in the mind of another. -essentially, how you communicate with others establishes who you - it's what connects us as human beings are to them - society can’t function without communication -every communication is an attempt to reveal yourself to others - it’s a regular part of our lives, almost like breathing Steve Duck- he argues that relationships is primarily - Major purpose: understanding, without this, there would be no communicative communication at all. - It goes 2 ways: Two crucial considerations: To understand CONTEXT: Message varies as the context To be understood MESSAGE: Meaning of messages is modified by the person who - Often thought of as something we are just normally born to do says them Common Language “Lingua Franca”- the tool for We can always have the same content but we always have communication to occur different context Major Processes: transmission (sending) + reception (receiving) Skills of Human Communication - communication is not communication without Self-presentation Skills understanding -presenting oneself as a confident, likeable, approachable and credible person, Evolution of Communication Relationship Skills ❖ Cavemen- they gathered around fire to discuss their day-to -skills for initiating, maintaining, repairing, and sometimes day activities by inscribing on caves (similar to modern day dissolving relationships of all kinds blogging) Interviewing Skills Problem: localized communication meaning you can’t talk -interacting to gain information, to successful present long distance oneself to get the job you want, and to participate effectively in a wide variety of interview types ❖ Smoke Signals- it’s the first long distance communication Group interaction and leadership skills used for signifying danger and selection of a new pope. -participating effectively in relationships and task groups, -it is used in Northern America as a member and a leader Presenting Skills ❖ Pigeons – Extensively used for long distance -communicating information and influencing attitudes and communication behaviors of small and large audiences Cher Ami- a homing pigeon awarded during the French Media literacy skills war cross -becoming a critical user of the varied mass media ❖ Pony Express- considered as the first courier service; also Process of Communication termed “human messengers” or “human couriers” The process of communication are as follows: Human Messenger- the person itself ❖ Speaker: Conversion of signals through words Human Couriers- package Signal comes from the brain ❖ Speaker: Sending of messages through channels ❖ Semaphore Flags- using signals with handheld flags, rods, Channels are also called as instruments or medium. The and disk most common form of channel is air sema- means signs ❖ As signals were sent, barriers may come along the way. phero- bearers (Barriers are not always present in the whole process. Hence, if its comes into the scenario then the whole ❖ Telegraph- the most popular form of long-distance process of communication shall be repeated.} communication with the use of morse code. ❖ Receiver: Hearing of Signals 2006- they stopped using telegraphs ❖ Receiver: Interpreting Signals ❖ Receiver: Giving Feedback and response ❖ Radio- uses continuous amplitude modulation for the 1)Conversion of signals through words transmission of both voice and music - signals from the brain, converted by mouth, released through words ❖ Telephone- invented by Alexnder Graham Bell (1876), it’s 2)Sending messages through Channels the fastest one to one communication used by common - Channel: Air Signal-Messages people Message-set of converted signals 3)As signals were sent barriers may come along the way 4)Hearing and Interpreting signals 5)Giving response or feedback A.S.K Lesson 1.2: Elements of Communication 4. Channels - Medium/instrument for communication process to occur Communication - e.g air, five senses -exist in a context - the context influences what you say and how you say it; you The Five Senses communicate differently depending on the context we are in. Sight- visual (one of the most powerful, communicate – the physical, cultural, sociopsychological, and temporal feelings) environment – which determines to a large extent, the meaning of Hearing- auditory (interpret what was heard) any verbal or nonverbal message. Touch- tactile -the same words or behaviors may have totally different meanings Taste- gustatory when they occur in different contexts Smell- olfactory 1. Sender and Receiver Kinds of Noise (Main Barrier) Codification: done by the sender Physical- comes from the environment (everything that *Collecting set of signals to form a message disturbs us) Code=signals *subprocess Physiological- bodily conditions Decoding, Deciphering, Interpretation: done by the Psychological - emotional/mental state (could ruin receiver understanding) *Breakdown of words-letters-sounds Semantic- meaning of words Decoding- conversion of a signal to text (hearing & Adieu- goodbye interpretation) Reiterate- emphasize Must be both competent May freely interchange roles (feedback) o The higher the noise the lower the quality of a channel and Same meaning leads to communication the lower the noise the higher the quality of channel Diff. Meaning may/leads to miscommunication - (inversely proportional) Communication is not communication w/o understanding 5. Feedback 2. Message It enables adjustments Signals interpreted by the brain This is the only way that the speaker will know that the Schema: makes every person unique (diff.) message has been received - culture+ experience It is always based on the interpretation: - Also known as Field of Experience Positive Interpretation = positive feed back Shared schema: common schema Negative Interpretation = negative feedback - Existing with person to person - If you received negative feedback you have to make adjustments *This is why communication is possible 6. Communicative Situation Higher similarity of schema the higher the It has two components: correct interpretation Physical Location- tells the purpose of the certain location. - directly proportional (relationship) - Wrong Place (Miscommunication) Deja Vu- brain connects similarity and group it Psychological Setting- the participant will change the purpose of the together location 3. Symbols Different Communication Context Verbal Symbols- done through words (use of Physical Context- tangible/concrete environment language) - The place itself Non-Verbal Symbols- observable signals Culture Context- involves lifestyle, belief, values, behavior, and communication style. Kinds of Verbal Symbols: - Rules of group of people for considering something 1. Grunts- for clarification right/wrong. Ex: Huh? What did you say? - *Aspect of culture 2. Breaths- making choices Social Psychological Context- status of relationships among Ex: Hmmm. I prefer salmon with almonds on top. speakers, the formality of the situation, the norms of a group or 3. Shrieks- sudden idea pops up organization. Ex: Aahh! I knew it. - Presence of social dynamic - Recognize the roles in communication S- spoken words (spoken signals) Temporal Context- a message’s position within a sequence of events. P- printed words (written words) - timing of the communication per situation. S- sign languages (use of gestures) B- braille (for blind; symbols are felt) A.S.K Lesson 1.3 Models of Communication 4. Berlo's Model (David Berlo) - Also called SMCR model 3 Major Kinds of Communication Model - Source Message Channel Reciever Linear Model Four Key Elements - described as one – directional whereas the information 1. Source from the sender is conveyed directly to the receiver - origin of the message Interactive Model 2. Message - message originates from two sources: - an idea thought, or piece of info > message from sender 3. Channel > feedback from the receiver - means by which a message is sent - this is indeed a give-take-give interaction 4. Receiver Transactional Model - one who receives the info - communication, in thus light, is seen as continuously and Components of Message: simultaneously between or among people participants 1. Message Content- same content, different content who are constantly sending & receiving messages. - Tells what the message is about 2. Elements LINEAR MODEL Intonation 2-3-1 (Rising Falling) 1. Aristotle’s Model (Aristotle Stagiritis) 2-3-2 (None, Final) for complex and compound - First and earliest model which highlights the sentence concept of setting. 2-3-3 (Rising) - It is the setting that dictates the message Stress- for emphasis Tone- is it apologetic, questionable, or etc. Juncture- pause Pitch- highness or lowness of voice - The higher the pitch, the higher the emphasis 3. Treatment of the Message- it is how you interpret the message - Is it positive or negative Kinds of setting 4. Message Structure- it is related to temporal context - Legal Setting - Meant the courts - how you structure your words - Deliberative Setting - Meant political assemblies 5. Code- is it verbal or non-verbal - Ceremonial Setting - Meant the celebrations - 2. Shannon & Weaver’s Model (Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver) - This model gave us the concept of noise - “Telephone Model” INTERACTIVE MODEL 1. Schramm’s Model - Wilbur Schramm- Father of Mass Communication - communication can take place if and only if 3. White’s Model (Eugene White) there is an overlap between the field of - Tells us that communication is circular and experience (schema) of the speaker and the field continuous, without a beginning or an end of experience of the listener. - Contributed the concept of feedback A.S.K Lesson 1.4: Principles of Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication VERBAL/ NON-VERBAL DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION - Verbal and Non-verbal dimension must be used together to clearly Principles of Communication impart the message Devito, 2008 Verbal Dimension - These principles carry practical implications to make - this dimension encompasses the use of language, the words communication effective chosen 1. Communication is a process of adjustments Non-verbal Dimension - states that communication can take place only to the extent that - the use of the facial expressions, and the gestures and bodily the communicators use the same system of signals movement used (Pittenger, Hockett, & Danechy 1960) A misunderstanding may happen when words contradict 2. Communication Accommodation actions - this theory holds that speaker adjust to, or accommodate to, the It is important that what is shown or done agrees with speaking style of their listener in order to gain. what is said, otherwise, the listener will be confused and Example: social approval and greater communication efficiency miscommunication will occur (Giles et. Al., 1987) 3. Communication is Ambiguous Principles of Non- Verbal Communication - ambiguity is the condition in which a message can be interpreted in 1) Paralanguage more than one way - It is about “how” something is said, not what is said - all messages are ambiguous to some degree - tones or voices must match the content of the message if the - different statements can be interpreted in different ways message is to be understood at all 4. Communication involves Content and Relationship dimensions 2) Flowers - a single message can refer to something external to both speaker - these say for us what we cannot say ourselves and listener as well as the relation between the speaker and listener - these meaning are influenced by culture and gender (for example, who is in charge) 3) Colors - “The content is right but there is a problem with the relationship” - these have certain meanings based on the dictates of culture 5. Communication has a Power and gender. - has something to do with one’s ability to influence or control the 4) Chronemics behaviors of another person - it shows how time is viewed differently in various countries - power influences the way one communicates and the way one 5) Proxemics communicates influence the power he yields - the use of space provides us with ideas about how close or Six Types of Power how far people are the center of power or where a person is in a. Legitimate Power the social ladder - When others believe you have the right- by- virtue of your -distance from the person position - to influence or control their behaviors TYPES OF DISTANCE WHEN TALKING TO OTHERS (Edward T. Hall) b. Referent Power Intimate Distance (10-18 inches) - This is when others wish to be like you - barely audible whisper to share confidential information - Power holders have considerable prestige, and are well- Personal Distance (18 inches – 4 feet) liked and respected - assumes a well-established acquaintanceship c. Reward Power - the most comfortable distance for free exchange of - Is when you control the rewards that other wants feedback d. Coercive Power Social Distance (4 feet – 12 feet) - The ability to administer punishments or to remove - when you are talking at a normal level with another rewards from others if they do not do as you wish person, sharing concerns that are not of a personal nature e. Expert Power Public Distance (12 feet and farther) - Is when others see you as having expertise or special -well outside the range for close involvement knowledge 6) Haptics f. Information Power - the use of touch one of the most powerful non-verbal type of - Also called as “persuasion power” when others see you as communication having the ability to communicate logically and - it can say what cannot be said verbally persuasively 7) Gestures 6. Communication is Purposeful - speech, to be understood, must be accompanied with gestures - you communicate for a purpose, among are the following - well known non-verbal communication To learn; Language of Gesture To relate; Emphasizing- punctuate what we want to highlight To help; Regulating- control the communication To influence; Illustrating- show size, height, distance or similar qualities To play; Emblems- associated with specific meanings 7. Communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable 8) Facial Expression - communication is always taking place even when the person may - It’s assists the listener in understanding the message better. not intend or want to communicate - Eye contact is number one. - irreversibility tell us that once we say something, we cannot 9) Posture and Personal Appearance “uncommunicated” the message - carries himself well and with confidence, and dressed appropriately - a communication act can never be duplicated (unrepeatable) shows the speakers readiness and ability to deliver the message A.S.K Principle of Verbal Communication Lesson 1.5: Gender and Communication 1) Messages are denotative and connotative - people communicate; Deborah Tannen: “You Don’t Understand” (1990) – “There are objectively (denotation- dictionary meaning) gender differences in ways men and women speak, and we need to subjectively (connotation- associative meaning) identify and understand them in order to avoid needlessly blaming 2) Messages vary in abstraction others or ourselves, or the relationship, for the otherwise mystifying - verbal messages vary from general to abstract to specific and and damaging effects of our contrasting conversational styles” concrete - effective verbal messages includes words from a wide range of Gender Issues in Communication abstractions - Women communicate to build rapport 3) Messages vary in directness o View communication as a bridge to knowing a - message may be; person more; use touch to send signal of Indirect (attempts to say something) reassurance/connection Direct (more clearly stated message) - Men communicate to preserve independence and status 4) Message meanings are in people by displaying knowledge and skill - everyone has a unique worldview and style of communicating o View communication as a report talk; use touch - when we interpret the message, it is filtered with our beliefs, values to mark dominance and morals. (we have our own point of view) - Women prefer to talk out solutions with another person 5) Messages are influenced by culture and gender o Deals with problems by talking about their problems and sharing feelings A. Cultural Influences - Men prefer to work out their problems by themselves 1) The principle of cooperation o Look into facts and seek immediate solutions - Both parties shall make an effort to understand each other - Women are more likely to compliment the work of a co- 2) The principle of peaceful relations worker - The primary goal is to communicate to maintain peaceful - Men are more likely to be more critical relationships - Women tend to interrupt to agree with or support that 3) The principle of face-saving another person is saying - Holds that you should never embarrass anyone especially in public o Show more emotional connection with the use 4) The principle of self-denigration of a variety of tones - Advises one to avoid taking credit for accomplishments and to - Men tend to interrupt to dominate or change a minimize one’s abilities or talents in conversation. conversation 5) The principle of directness o Male gestures tend to show indifference, - directness and indirectness communicate different expressions disagreement or smugness 6) The principle of politeness - Women emphasize politeness - culture differ in the way they define politeness and in how much o More likely to sending off signals that they are they emphasize listening and being attentive - Men tend to be more directive Possible Language Barriers in Verbal Communication o Simply nodding head in agreement - Words chosen and used for the message and the context in which - Men are more interested than women in calling attention they are used leads to communication being effective or not. to their own accomplishments Language Barriers - Men tend to dominate discussions during meetings People - Women tend to externalize success and to internalize - Physical Infirmities, cultural mores or adherence to failure society’s attitudes o “I was lucky” “I’m just not good at that” Opinions and Beliefs - Men tend to externalize failure and to internalize success - Belong to culture and gender (ways of speaking & work o “We should have been given more time” “that’s attributed roles) one of my strengths” Topic - In the workplace, men speak differently to other men than - Vagueness, ambiguity, complexity, emotional pull or they do to women, and women speak differently to other hidden agenda women than they do to other man Communicative Situation - Men and women have recognizably different styles in - Noise in the physical setting and participants themselves; posting to the internet confusion to purpose of communication A.S.K Lesson 1.6: Intercultural Communication Developmental Continuum for Intercultural Sensitivity and Competence Intercultural Communication – How culture affects communication Dr. Milton Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity - Discipline that studies communication across different (DMIS) – identifies a developmental continuum of six worldviews cultures - Defines a path for developing intercultural competence - Describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear - Seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act Chen & Starosta (1998:28): Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from two different cultures Lustig & Koester (2007:46): Intercultural communication isa a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in which from different cultures create shared meanings Intercultural Competence Intercultural competence – ability to develop targeted knowledge, skills and attitudes - Both effective and appropriate in intercultural interactions Appropriateness – Valued rules, norms, and expectations of the relationship are not violated significantly - Denial – disinterest and avoidance of cultural difference Effectiveness – valued goals or rewards (relative to costs o An assumption that there are no differences and alternatives) are accomplished between people - Defense/Reversal - o Defense: strong attachment to one’s own identity o Reversal: putting down one’s own culture as inferior to other culture - Minimization – tolerance of others o Looking at the similarities o A person is aware of cultural differences - Acceptance – deeper understanding of one’s own and other’s cultural identities o A person’s values all cultures as equally full and valid - Adaptation – skill of temporarily shifting one’s thoughts or behavior to actively experience a situation from another cultural perspective - Integration – point at which a person’s worldview and sense of identity are marked by pluralism o A person will have a deep understanding of more than one culture and have integrated these cultures into their identity Communication Approach to Intercultural Communication - Personality Strength – effective communication must initiate positive attitudes and express a friendly personality - Communication Skills – Requires message skills, behavioral flexibility, interaction management, and social skills - Psychological Adjustments – Effective communication must able to handle feelings of “culture shock” - Cultural Awareness – Individuals must understand the social customs and the social system of the host culture A.S.K Lesson 1.7: Effective Communication “Be ready to grab attention” - Focus your gaze and words on the person you’re speaking Communication breakdown or miscommunication can lead to to total cessation of interaction “Ask questions” - Ask relevant questions Communication Breakdown “Be courteous” - miscommunication is a common problem amongst individuals as - Stay away from sarcastic tones people impart and perceive information differently “Check and follow up” - it is damaging as it often results in conflict and obstacle that could - Keep a regular check on your audience have been avoided easily enough - sometimes the message intended is quite different from the one Communication and Competence - knowledge of how how someone understands and the interprets it and it can create communication works and ability to use communication effectively serious problems. (Spitzberg & Cupach, 2002) Communication Breakdown - There is no ideal way to communicate 1) Distrust/ Suspicion o A competent communicator requires flexibility in - Where there is distrust or suspicion between two communicants, a understanding what approach is likely to work wrong interpretation of what is said is likely to occur. best in given situation - Such message may be greatly distorted especially when relayed to a - Competence is situational third party, with distrust “even the best statement can be o Competence with one person may vary from one misinterpreted as having a hidden message or may be said be out of situation to another context - Competence is relational 2) Physical Barriers o Relational satisfaction arises when our style - These include geographical separation and locational distance matches those of the people with whom we which the media of communication especially face to face interact conversation. - Competence can be learned 3) Content and Context o Communication is a set of skills that anyone can - These are concerned not only with language but also with attitudes learn and over behavior. This is evidenced in that symbols and words convey different meaning to different people Characteristics of Competent Communicators 4) Inference 1) Wide range of behaviors - Inference occurs when a person assumes about what is being - effective communications are able to choose their actions from a communicated wide range of behavior - When assumptions are made, it may be the time that situation is 2) Ability to choose the most appropriate behavior accepted - What is appropriate for one person may not be appropriate for 5) Background/ Values another one at all - People with different background tend to see things and interpret 3) Skill at performing behaviors them differently - there is a big difference between knowing about a skill and being -“The more divergent the background the higher the danger of able to put it into practice misunderstanding or misinterpreting” 4) Empathy/Perspective Taking 6) Semantic/ Jargons - People have the best chance of developing an effective message - Some words may carry a different meaning to the respondent from when they understand the other’s point of view. what the conveyor intends - The value of taking the other’s perspective suggests one reason why listening is an important skill. How to Avoid Communication Breakdown? 5) Cognitive Complexity - An easy way to avoid communication is by listening properly and - Is the ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an speaking efficiently. issue. - It is important to improve your communication skills to develop - It allows us to make sense of people using a variety to perspective both personal and professional relationships 6) Self-monitoring “Be clear and concise in your instructions” - Is the process of paying close attention to one’s behavior and using - Speak clearly and get to the point these observations to shape the way one behaves “Stop assuming” 7) Commitment to the Relationship - Comprehend the issue - People who seem to care about relationship communicate better “Be aware of the communication style” than those who do not. This shows up the commitment to the - How you speak and how it is perceived by others is viable person and to the message you are expressing “Be aware of limitations of texts and emails” - Electronic communication lacks the emotion and hence words can be misinterpreted “Be a good listener” - Listen to the body language of the person to whom you are speaking “Think before you speak” - Think beforehand A.S.K Lesson 2.1-5: Function of Communication INFORMATION Information 5 Function of Communication - Is referring to the exchange of information; Regulation and Control - Its major purpose is to make others aware of certain data, Social Interaction concepts, and processes –knowledge that may be useful to them. Motivation Information 3 Kinds of Question in Getting Information Emotional Expression 1. Interrogative- specific direct question 2. Imperative- specific request REGULATION AND CONTROL 3. Rhetorical- indirect; to probe; implied Regulation - Is a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS - Refers to the action or process of regulating or being regulated. Emotional Expressions Control - It’s the manifestation of one’s internal emotional state. - The power to influence or direct people’s behavior or the course of - the very purpose of communication is to appeal to the listener’s events feelings and emotions - It’s also referring to limiting or regulating something 2 Major Classification of Emotional Expression Interjection ❖ It could be either imperative or declarative - refers to expressions; strong feelings; usually of common - Imperative- specific commands reactions - Declarative- implied statements Examples: Oh no! OMG! (Commonly ends with (!) Exclamation SOCIAL INTERACTION - refers to the statement with strong emphasis on the idea Social Interaction being expressed - Is the spontaneous verbal exchanges occurring in natural settings Example: What a beautiful day! that are typically familiar to the interactants - is used to produce social relationships and develop bonds, intimacy, and relations. - It is affected by familiarity and intimacy employee to a boss a student to a teacher MOTIVATION Motivation - Is defined literally as “the desire to do things” - Is the crucial element in setting and attaining goals - The concept of “deepest why” greatly fits the description of this function of communication - “As a person deals with his needs, wants, and desires in life, the more he gets motivated” Robert Kyosaki - greatest motivational author of all time - “If your dreams in life are high, the foundation should also be high” Motivated Because you desire it Motivated because you want it Motivated because you need it A.S.K