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Questions and Answers
What is the scientific study of how drugs affect biological systems and behavior?
What is the scientific study of how drugs affect biological systems and behavior?
Psychopharmacology
What is an exogenous chemical that affects the mind via the nervous system?
What is an exogenous chemical that affects the mind via the nervous system?
Drug
What is the study of the relationship between drugs from plants and people?
What is the study of the relationship between drugs from plants and people?
Ethnopharmacology
The term 'exogenous' refers to something that originates within the body.
The term 'exogenous' refers to something that originates within the body.
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What is a negative relationship with a drug that results in adverse consequences?
What is a negative relationship with a drug that results in adverse consequences?
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What type of drugs are naturally derived?
What type of drugs are naturally derived?
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What type of drugs are artificially synthesized?
What type of drugs are artificially synthesized?
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What is the term for the mind?
What is the term for the mind?
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What term refers to a dried plant?
What term refers to a dried plant?
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Who was a Renaissance woman known for her use of plants as medicine?
Who was a Renaissance woman known for her use of plants as medicine?
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Which of the following are factors that contribute to drug abuse? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are factors that contribute to drug abuse? (Select all that apply)
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Drug use risk is distributed equally among genders.
Drug use risk is distributed equally among genders.
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Schedule I drugs are considered to have a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use.
Schedule I drugs are considered to have a high potential for abuse and no currently accepted medical use.
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Which of the following drugs are classified as Schedule I drugs? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following drugs are classified as Schedule I drugs? (Select all that apply)
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Schedule III drugs have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule II drugs but are still considered to have a medical use.
Schedule III drugs have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule II drugs but are still considered to have a medical use.
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Schedule IV drugs are generally considered to have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs and are available for medical use.
Schedule IV drugs are generally considered to have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs and are available for medical use.
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Schedule V drugs have the lowest potential for abuse and are available for medical use.
Schedule V drugs have the lowest potential for abuse and are available for medical use.
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Which of the following drugs is classified as a Schedule V drug? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following drugs is classified as a Schedule V drug? (Select all that apply)
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What year was the first US ban on smoking opium enacted?
What year was the first US ban on smoking opium enacted?
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What was the purpose of the Harrison Narcotics Act?
What was the purpose of the Harrison Narcotics Act?
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What is the name of the period in US history when the production and sale of alcoholic beverages were prohibited?
What is the name of the period in US history when the production and sale of alcoholic beverages were prohibited?
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The 18th Amendment enforced the prohibition of alcohol, and the 21st Amendment revoked it.
The 18th Amendment enforced the prohibition of alcohol, and the 21st Amendment revoked it.
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What is the name of the act that imposed a tax on marijuana possession and distribution?
What is the name of the act that imposed a tax on marijuana possession and distribution?
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What act effectively replaced all previous federal drug laws and established a system for classifying drugs according to their potential for abuse and medical use?
What act effectively replaced all previous federal drug laws and established a system for classifying drugs according to their potential for abuse and medical use?
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What is the name of the act that establishes sentencing guidelines based on the type and amount of drugs in possession?
What is the name of the act that establishes sentencing guidelines based on the type and amount of drugs in possession?
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The Comprehensive Crime Act remains in effect today.
The Comprehensive Crime Act remains in effect today.
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What act allows for the prosecution of drugs that are not specifically listed in the schedules?
What act allows for the prosecution of drugs that are not specifically listed in the schedules?
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The United States mandates states to adopt federal drug schedules through the Federal vs State Regulation.
The United States mandates states to adopt federal drug schedules through the Federal vs State Regulation.
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Marijuana penalties have remained consistent across states.
Marijuana penalties have remained consistent across states.
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What is the central part of the nervous system?
What is the central part of the nervous system?
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
What part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?
What part of the nervous system is responsible for the 'rest and digest' response?
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What is the connection between a neuron and another neuron?
What is the connection between a neuron and another neuron?
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What is the name of the chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse?
What is the name of the chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse?
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What is the specific type of potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by excitatory inputs and leads to depolarization?
What is the specific type of potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by excitatory inputs and leads to depolarization?
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What is the specific type of potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by inhibitory inputs and leads to hyperpolarization?
What is the specific type of potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by inhibitory inputs and leads to hyperpolarization?
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An increase in sodium influx increases the probability of an action potential firing.
An increase in sodium influx increases the probability of an action potential firing.
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An increase in calcium influx decreases the probability of an action potential firing.
An increase in calcium influx decreases the probability of an action potential firing.
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The sodium potassium pump helps to maintain the resting membrane potential of a cell.
The sodium potassium pump helps to maintain the resting membrane potential of a cell.
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The inside of a cell membrane is generally positively charged compared to the outside.
The inside of a cell membrane is generally positively charged compared to the outside.
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What is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
What is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
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What is the name of the process that involves the movement of ions across a cell membrane due to differences in charge?
What is the name of the process that involves the movement of ions across a cell membrane due to differences in charge?
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The first neurotransmitter discovered was acetylcholine.
The first neurotransmitter discovered was acetylcholine.
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What are some of the effects of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system? (Select all that apply)
What are some of the effects of acetylcholine in the peripheral nervous system? (Select all that apply)
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What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
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Which of the following receptors are affected by acetylcholine? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following receptors are affected by acetylcholine? (Select all that apply)
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Muscarinic receptors are found only in the peripheral nervous system.
Muscarinic receptors are found only in the peripheral nervous system.
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Muscarine is a receptor antagonist that binds to muscarinic receptors.
Muscarine is a receptor antagonist that binds to muscarinic receptors.
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What effect does atropine have on muscarinic receptors?
What effect does atropine have on muscarinic receptors?
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Nicotinic receptors are found in the central nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Nicotinic receptors are found in the central nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Nicotine is an antagonist that binds to nicotinic receptors.
Nicotine is an antagonist that binds to nicotinic receptors.
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Curare is an antagonist that binds to nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
Curare is an antagonist that binds to nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
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What effect does donepezil have on acetylcholine?
What effect does donepezil have on acetylcholine?
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What effect does L-DOPA have on dopamine levels?
What effect does L-DOPA have on dopamine levels?
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What is the main function of serotonin?
What is the main function of serotonin?
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What is the main function of norepinephrine?
What is the main function of norepinephrine?
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What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?
What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?
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Ketamine is an antagonist that binds to both AMPA and NMDA receptors.
Ketamine is an antagonist that binds to both AMPA and NMDA receptors.
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What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?
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GABA A receptors are located in the K+ channel.
GABA A receptors are located in the K+ channel.
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Endogenous opioids cross the blood-brain barrier.
Endogenous opioids cross the blood-brain barrier.
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What is the main function of endocannabinoids?
What is the main function of endocannabinoids?
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THC is a direct agonist of cannabinoid receptors.
THC is a direct agonist of cannabinoid receptors.
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Study Notes
Psychopharmacology and Drug Laws
- Psychopharmacology is the science that examines how drugs affect biological systems and behavior.
- A drug is an exogenous chemical that affects the mind through the nervous system.
- Ethnopharmacology studies the relationship between drugs from plants and people.
- Exogenous means originating outside the body.
- Drug abuse is a problematic relationship with drugs, resulting in negative consequences.
- Opiates are naturally derived drugs, while opioids are synthetic.
- Psyche refers to the mind.
- Drugs derived from plants are often referred to as dried plants.
- Hildegard Von Bingen was a renaissance woman who used plants for medicinal purposes.
Drug Abuse Factors
- Factors influencing drug abuse include pharmacology, sociocultural context, route of administration, and psychological factors.
- Drug use is not evenly distributed across genders.
Drug Schedules
- Schedule I drugs have no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse (e.g., heroin, THC, quaaludes, psychedelics, marijuana). Possession is a felony.
- Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse, but some medical uses are available (e.g., opium, cocaine, crack, meth).
- Schedule III drugs have a lower potential for abuse than Schedule II, with medical uses available (e.g., Tylenol with codeine, anabolic steroids, ketamine, GHB, pseudoephedrine.
- Schedule IV drugs have a still lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs and medical uses (e.g., benzodiazepines, barbiturates).
- Schedule V drugs have the lowest potential for abuse and medical uses are available (e.g., cough syrup with codeine).
Early Drug Laws
- Historically, laws and restrictions regarding drug use have been established to control and regulate substance use, especially opium.
- The Harrison Narcotics Act was a significant piece of legislation related to drug control.
- Prohibition was a period in the United States when alcohol production and consumption were banned.
- The Marijuana Tax Act heavily taxed the possession and distribution of marijuana.
- The Controlled Substances Act is the current legal framework for categorizing and regulating drugs.
Comprehensive Crime Act
- Supreme court in 2015 stopped the act’s sentencing guidelines regarding drug possession.
- The sentencing table guidelines were challenged.
- Controlled Substance Analogue Act allows prosecution of drugs that mimic controlled substances.
- Federal and State regulations are related to drug schedules.
Nervous System Organization
- The central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system includes the autonomic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest) systems.
- A network of cells and neurotransmitters facilitate communication and regulate functions.
- The blood-brain barrier limits the passage of substances into the brain.
- Synapses (EPSPs and IPSPs) are crucial junctions where neurotransmitters mediate communication between neurons.
Drugs and Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.
- Agonists enhance neurotransmitter effects, while antagonists block them.
- Tolerance is an increased dosage needed to achieve the same effect.
- Withdrawal symptoms are the opposite of the drug's effect.
- Neurotransmitters, such as acetycholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and amino acids (like GABA and glutamate), are affected by drugs, controlling a wide range of functions.
- Methods for administering drugs affect the timing of their effects.
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Description
Test your knowledge on psychopharmacology, drug laws, and factors influencing drug abuse. This quiz covers key concepts like drug classifications, the impact of sociocultural contexts, and the contributions of historical figures like Hildegard Von Bingen. Dive into the complexities of drug use and its effects on behavior!
