Environmental Science Midterm Review 2024-2025 PDF

Name:____________________________________________________________ Period: Environmental Science Midterm Review 2024 – 2025 EXAM DATE: ___________________________________ Due Dates: DUE______________________: Section 1 # 1-16 DUE______...

Name:____________________________________________________________ Period: Environmental Science Midterm Review 2024 – 2025 EXAM DATE: ___________________________________ Due Dates: DUE______________________: Section 1 # 1-16 DUE______________________: Section 2 # 17-32 DUE______________________: Section 3 # 33-57 DUE______________________: Section 4 # 58- 72 Format: 90 multiple choice questions and 1 open ended graphing question 90 minutes long What to Bring: Number 2 pencils and white erasers Something, non-digital, to do when you’re finished the exam Importance: Midterms and finals are worth 10% of your yearlong grade. Your grade for the first semester determines your eligibility for classes next year. Study Tips Use your notes, study guides, Kahoots and labs to help you complete this review. Use this review and the review games online to help you study for the Midterm. Make study materials for yourself- notecards, quizlets, drawing diagrams. Start studying early and make a schedule for yourself. Get a good night’s sleep the night before. Get 7-8 hours of sleep. Eat breakfast the morning of the exam.  SECTION 1: Introductory Unit Scientific Method and Graphing 1. Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative has numbers Qualitative qualities 2. Fill in the steps of the scientific method below in order: 1. State the problem/ question 4. Design an experiment 5. Analyze Data 2. Gather research/ information 3. Make a hypothesis 6. Make a conclusion Repeat and communicate the results Fill in the following information for each scenario. 3. Rianne wants to know how different types (metal, pop, country, hip hop) of music affect her running speed. For each trial, she runs 100m on the same track, in the same shoes, and on the same day. She listens to a different type of music each trial and does 3 trials for each kind of music. Hypothesis: If she listens to metal music, then she’ll run the fastest. Independent Variable: type of music Dependent Variable: running speed Control Group: running with no music Experimental Group: running with music 4. Bill wanted to see if hummingbirds are attracted to the color red by testing how often they would fly towards a red flower, a blue flower and a white flower. Bill keeps the same hummingbird in the same room and uses flowers all o the same age. Hypothesis: If the flower is red, then the hummingbird will fly to it more often. Independent Variable: color of flower Dependent Variable: number of times the humming bird would fly towards it Control Group: Red Flowers Experimental Group: Any other color of flower 5. Suzie wants to know the effect of different colors of light on the growth of plants. She believes that plants can survive best in white light. She buys 5 ferns of the same species, which are all approximately the same age and height. She places one in white light, one in blue light, one in green light, one in red light and one in the closet. All of the ferns are planted in Miracle- Grow and given 20 mL of water once a day for 2 weeks. After the two weeks, Suzie observes the plants and makes measurements. The plant in red light grew the tallest. Hypothesis: If plants are grown in white light, then they will grow the tallest. Independent Variable: color of light Dependent Variable: growth of plants Control Group: plants in white light Experimental Group: plants in different colors of light/ closet Make a quantitative statement about the experiment’s method. The fern in the blue light grew 4 cm where the plant in the closet wilted 6 cm. Make a qualitative conclusion about the experiment’s results. The fern in the white light grew the most while the fern in the closet actually decreased in size and looked sickly Graphing: Be able to read and interpret and create line, bar and pie graphs. 6. You use a pie graph to show Percentages 7. You use a line graph to show Changes over time 8. You use a bar graph to show Simple relationships 9. On what axis is the Independent variable? X axis 10. On what axis is the Dependent variable? Y axis Use the graph below to answer the questions on the right. 11. Independent variable? Time in Years 12. Dependent variable? Millions of Metric tons of carbon 13. What conclusion can be drawn about the graph above? From 1900 to 2010 the amount of carbon emissions from fossil fuels rose dramatically. It went from about 500 million metric tons to 9500 million metric tons. For each of the following data sets on the next few pages, complete the following steps. **HINT EACH GRAPH TYPE IS USED ONLY ONCE! A. Choose the appropriate type of graph. (Line, Bar, Pie) B. List independent variable (IV) & dependent variable (DV). C. List units where appropriate. D. IV on the X axis and the DV on the Y axis. E. Choose appropriate scale and plot data. F. Give the graph a title that shows the IV and DV. G. If a key is needed add one.  14. Data set 1: The table below shows average temperatures for New York City, recorded for 6 weeks, in degrees Fahrenheit. Make a correct graph on the right. Title: Average Temperatures in New York City 15. Data set 2: A survey of students' favorite after-school activities was conducted at a school. The table below shows the results of this survey. Make a correct graph on the right. Title:Students' Favorite After-School Activities 16. Data set 3: A survey of how much electricity each house receives from various sources was conducted the results below show the average amount of energy that each household in Methacton receives. Make a correct graph on the right. Title:Source of Home Electrisity Source of Home Electrisity SECTION 2: Taxonomy 17. Complete the following chart for the 3 Biological Domains. DOMAINS: 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Eukaryote Unicellular or Unicellular Unicellular Both multicellular? Where do they live? Extreme environments Normal Environments Normal Environments Prokaryotic or Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic eukaryotic? Microscopic? Yes Yes Generally no 18. What is the main difference between Bacteria and Archaea? Bacteria live in environments that are less harsh and we are more familiar with them - they can help us or cause disease. Archaea live in extreme environments 19. What is the Kingdom for Archaea? Archaebacteria 20. What is the Kingdom for Bacteria? Eubacteria 21. Which Domain contains 4 Kingdoms? Eukaryote 22. The scientific name consists of: Genus and Species 23. What 3 rules do you follow when writing a scientific name? a. Genus first, then species b. Capitalize the first letter of Genus, all of species us in lower case c. Underline if handwritten and put in italics if typed 24. Complete the following chart for the 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms. Fill in the KINGDOM Is it mobile? Multicellular or Autotrophic or Decomposer? below. unicellular? heterotrophic? Fungi No Multicellular mostly heterotrophic Yes Protista Yes Unicellular heterotrophic No Animalia Yes Multicellular heterotrophic No Plantae No Multicellular Autotrophic No 25. Fill these taxonomic levels in from most broad to most specific. Lynx Lion Red Panda Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Class Order Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Family Felidae Felidae Ailuridae Genus Lynx Felis Ailurus Species pardinus domesticus fulgens 26. At what level do the lynx and lion separate? Genus 27. At what level do the lion and red panda separate? Family 28. What levels do all the organisms share? Order Carnivora 29. Which 2 organisms of those above are most closely related? Lynx and Lion 30. How do you know? They share more levels of taxa 31. Which taxonomic level consists of the least closely related species? Kingdom 32. Which taxonomic level consists of the most closely related species? Genus SECTION 3: Ecology Basics and Ecological Interactions List and define the levels of ecological organization from most broad to most specific, give examples too. Level Definition with Examples 1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Community 4. Population 5. Organism / Individual 33. Ecosystems could not exist without organisms at the First trophic level. 34. Ecosystems need a constant source of Energy, which almost all ecosystems receive from the sun. 35. What is the source of all energy in most ecosystems? Sun 36. What process do organisms use in hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean? Chemosynthesis 37. What kinds of organisms use the process from the questions above? Bacteria and archaea 38. Why do these organisms use this process instead of photosynthesis? Allow them to survive without sunlight  39. List 3 ways that energy is “lost” in an ecosystem. Examples could include: Movement, Metabolism, not digested, lost as body heat, execrated, not eaten. 40. In an ecosystem, 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level, while 90% is lost 41. In an ecosystem, which trophic level contains the most energy? Producers (Level1) Explain. Producers get their energy directly from the sun, so they have a nearly limitless supply. 42. In an ecosystem, which consumer receives the most energy? Primary Consumer Explain. They eat producers which have the most energy available, there was only one energy transfer, so less was lost 43. In an ecosystem, which trophic level would be found in the smallest numbers? Top level. Tertiary / quaternary / Apex Predator Explain. Due to the 10% rule, there is very little energy available in the lower trophic levels to sustain many animals 44. What is the difference between a food chain and food web? A food chain is a simple, linear sequence of organisms where one organism eats another, illustrating a single path of energy transfer, while a food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains, showing how multiple organisms interact and rely on various food sources within an ecosystem, providing a more accurate representation of feeding relationships 45. Create an energy pyramid on using the following organisms: Mouse, Berry Bush, Fox, Wolf a. Label each organism with the 3rd Con. Wolf 80 (C) trophic level. b. Calculate the energy for each 2nd Consumer Fox 800 (C) trophic level (assume the producers begin with 80,000kJ). P. Consumer Mouse 8,000 (O) c. Put a star next the level which has the most energy. Producer Berry Bush 80,000 (A) d. Label the herbivores (H), Carnivores (C) & Autotrophs (A) 46. Think about biomagnification / bioaccumulation. In your energy pyramid, which organism would have the most pollution accumulated in its body? Apex Predator / Wolf 47. Explain the difference between a habitat and a niche. A habitat is the physical location where an organism lives, encompassing the environmental conditions like climate and terrain, while a niche is the specific role an organism plays within its ecosystem, including its interactions with other organisms and how it utilizes resources, essentially its "occupation" within the habitat; in simpler terms, a habitat is "where" an organism lives, and a niche is "how" it lives there  48. Explain how some organisms become more common in the community because they are better adapted. Organisms become more common in a community because they are better adapted due to the process of natural selection, where individuals with traits that best suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those beneficial traits to their offspring, thus causing the frequency of those traits to increase within the population over generations 49. Explain how and why biomagnification occurs. List chemicals that biomagnify. Heavy metals, mercury, pesticides… 50. Define the following symbiotic relationships. Be able to identify examples for each. 51. Explain both the predator and prey levels at X. a) Predator: the predators are rising b/c the prey were low in the recent past but are high now. b) Prey: the prey are high b/c there is food and limited predators. 52. Explain both the predator and prey levels at Y. a) Predator: the predators are decreasing because they ate the prey and there is not enough food for all predators. b) Prey: prey is declining because the predators are eating them.  53. Why are predator prey relationships necessary in the wild? they help maintain a balanced ecosystem by controlling the population sizes of prey species, preventing overgrazing, and ensuring the survival of the "fittest" individuals within a population, which ultimately contributes to biodiversity and a healthy environment across the food chain 54. In the chart below, write down ALL POSSIBLE trophic levels for each organism. Name Possible trophic levels M. Lion Tertiary Consumer Snake Tertiary Consumer Hawk Tertiary Consumer, (SC) Frog Secondary Consumer (SC) Deer Primary Consumer Rabbit Primary Consumer Mouse Primary Consumer, (SC) Cricket Primary Consumer Grass Primary producer Trees Primary producer 55. Choose one organism from the table above who functions at multiple trophic levels. Mouse a. Which trophic level allows the animal to obtain more energy? Primary producer level/ grass b. Why? Because there is more energy at that level. 56. Use the below data to create a predator prey graph. Make sure to plot the prey in one color and the predator in a different color! Hint graph one animal and then the second to make it easier. Gen. Lynx Hares 0 1 3 1 1 6 2 1 10 3 1 16 4 2 26 5 4 32 6 8 30 7 8 22 8 8 8 9 1 3 10 1 6 11 1 8 12 1 12 13 1 20 14 2 32 15 4 36 16 8 30 17 14 8 18 1 3 19 1 4 20 1 8 SECTION 4: Succession, Biomes, and Populations Climax Community / Hardwood Trees Softwood Trees Shrubs/tree saplings Grasses / weeds Dirt 57. Label the following on the diagram above: Climax community Grasses/weeds Softwood trees Shrubs/tree saplings Hardwood Trees 58. On the diagram above, circle the most stable and long lasting stage of succession. 59. Put a star next to the stage that would be the most impacted by deforestation or a severe storm. 60. What type of succession shown in the diagram? Secondary Succession How do you know? Starts with dirt. 61. If it was the other type of succession, how would the first two pictures on the diagram change? The first would be rock and the second would be pioneer species. 62. How do seeds spread to new areas? Wind, animal poop, animal fur 63. Why are pioneer species important to succession? They form soil from rock. 64. Give 2 examples of pioneer species. Lichens & Mosses 65. List the biomes (taiga, desert, tundra, rainforest) in order from warmest (near the equator) to coldest (near the North Pole). a. Rainforest Warmest b. Desert c. Taiga d. Tundra Coldest 66. Fill in the chart below for succession: PRIMARY SECONDARY Slower or Faster? Slower Faster Was there already an ecosystem in place Yes Yes when the disaster occurred? Is soil already present? No Yes Does it start with bare rock? Yes NO Are pioneer species necessary? Yes Yes but they are different from primary List 3 causes for each type of succession. * Volcano * Fire * Glacier Retreat * Hurricane * Urbanization * Farming 67. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below to describe each biome. a. Grasslands are very windy and often have droughts/ wildfires through which trees cannot survive. b. The tropical rainforest is hot and humid because it is found near the equator. c. The taiga is also known as the coniferous or the boreal forest due its large number of evergreen trees. d. The deciduous forest and grasslands are under threat from agriculture because of their fertile soil. e. Deserts are characterized by their lack of precipitation. f. Plants in the tropical rainforest grow on trees to reach the sunlight because the canopy blocks most of the sunlight from hitting the forest floor. g. Temperate Grasslands include the Great planes, also known as prairies, in the U.S. The biomes with the lowest average rainfall are the tundra and desert. 68. Write the letter on the map that corresponds to the biome’s location. ** Know typical plants and animals found in each biome** I Tropical Rainforest B Taiga F Tundra G Chaparral C Desert H Temperate Grassland A Savanna D Deciduous) forest  69. What is the difference between coniferous and deciduous trees? Deciduous trees drop their leaves, coniferous trees are green all year round. 70. What are the two main factors in a region’s climate? Temperature and precipitation. 71. Identify the biome using the word list. Biomes will be used more than once! Tundra, Taiga, Deciduous Forest, Tropical Rainforest, Desert, Chaparral, Grasslands, Savanna Chaparral, Savannah, Plants in these biomes regrow from wildfires A. Grasslands B. Deciduous Forest Biome found in Eastern U.S.; has seasons with hot summers and cold winters C. Savannah Known for its rainy season and dry season D. TRF Contains only tropical broad-leafed trees and vines TRF Has very poor soil due to the constant rain washing it away & the quick water E. uptake by plants F. Tundra Northernmost biome G. Taiga Biome found just below the tundra; largest land biome with mostly coniferous trees Chaparral Shrub-land found in California and the Mediterranean coast; often has wildfires; H. receives little rain in the summer I. Savannah Has hot dry seasons and short rainy seasons; frequent wildfires J. TRF Biome with the highest average rainfall Desert Very hot days and cold nights; many organisms are nocturnal to avoid the heat K. during the day L. Deciduous Forest Known for its trees which lose their leaves every Autumn M. TRF Has the highest species biodiversity N. Tundra Contains permafrost and no tall trees; extremely windy and cold What else??? Populations and Disasters will be covered on the exam. Use your populations study guide and disaster gallery walk to review that content.