GEOG102 Midterm 1 Review PDF

GEOG 102 MIDTERM 1 REVIEW  Mid-Term Structure Mid-term comprised of 10 multiple choice and 7 short answer questions, 5 of which you have to answer (worth 4 marks each). Answers to be in sentences, not point form. You can draw figures/diagrams to aid in your answer. Each answ...

GEOG 102 MIDTERM 1 REVIEW  Mid-Term Structure Mid-term comprised of 10 multiple choice and 7 short answer questions, 5 of which you have to answer (worth 4 marks each). Answers to be in sentences, not point form. You can draw figures/diagrams to aid in your answer. Each answer has a half page allocated.  Mid-Term Review Strategy Advice: Find the core concepts for each lecture Look at the overview and summary slides for the broad topics covered. Review the lecture slides for those concepts Go to assigned textbook readings for each week for more context on each of the topics. In your studying: Be able to explain each concept, using examples as well as comparing and contrasting to other concepts. For example: explaining a system in metastable equilibrium using a contrasting example of system in dynamic equilibrium. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE GEOG 102 Week 2,  The human footprint Sustainability in agriculture, energy, resources, development Belgian wind farms Rio de Janeiro deforestation Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium  The Anthropocene Ray Troll/Troll Art Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium  Open systems Systems in nature are not usually self-contained Have both inputs and outputs (energy and matter) Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium  Closed system i.e. self-contained Earth in some ways: finite resources of water, air, physical matter Source: https://course.oeru.o Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium  System feedback loops Positive feedback enhances the original change - Result increasingly differs from the starting state Negative feedback damps down (diminishes) original change - Tends to preserve the starting state Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium Positive feedback Mechanism within the system that amplifies or reinforces the effects of an initial change Destabilizing Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium  Negative feedback Mechanism within the system that lessens or dampens the effects of an initial change Stabilizing Processes of self-regulation Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium  Equilibrium Equilibrium: system remains balanced over time - Steady-state: values fluctuate around a steady average - Dynamic: values of the average may themselves change - Metastable: results from an abrupt change from one state to another Spatial Concepts Human Activities Open/Closed Systems Feedback loops Equilibrium Week 2, Lecture  Axial tilt (obliquity) Plane of ecliptic = horizontal plane dividing the earth into 2 This is not the same as the equator Axis tilt is fixed relative to this plane Axis is tilted 66.5° from plane of ecliptic Revolution Axis Tilt Rotation Earth Shape Seasons Milankovitch  Earth’s shape impacts the amount of sunlight received The same amount of sunlight is spread over a much larger area at the poles because of the curve and shape of the Earth Revolution Axis Tilt Rotation Earth Shape Seasons Milankovitch Milankovitch cycles Revolution Axis Tilt Rotation Earth Shape Seasons Milankovitch  Solar and Terrestrial Energy Figure shows the “atmospheric windows”, where electromagnetic radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere. Incoming solar radiation peaks in the visible light spectrum (blue – red), with infrared radiation providing heat to the planet. Earth’s emitted radiation (black curve on right) in the infrared region shows several absorption bands (trapping heat in form of longwave radiation). Radiation Outputs Electro. Spectrum Radiation Budget Insolation  Earth’s Radiation Budget Figure 2.8 Radiation Outputs Electro. Spectrum Radiation Budget Insolation  Insolation Receipts and Earth’s Curved Surface Radiation Outputs Electro. Spectrum Radiation Budget Insolation  Shortwave Longwave radiation radiation Radiation re-emitted by the SOLAR RADIATION (0.2-4.0 μm) atmosphere and by other objects (>4.0 μm) Mostreceived when incoming Amount of radiation depends radiation is 90o to the surface on the temperature of the emitter Radiation Outputs Electro. Spectrum Radiation Budget Insolation Week 3 , Lecture 4  Albedo Smooth surface versus rough surface Light color surface versus dark color surface Albedo Absorption Scattering Refraction  Transmission and Absorption Transmission refers to the passage of shortwave and transmissio longwave energy through n Absorbe d the atmosphere window Absorption is the assimilation of radiation by molecules of matter and its conversion from one form of energy to another. CO2 and water vapour absorb solar radiation and longwave radiation. Albedo Absorption Scattering Refraction  Absorption of Sun’s Energy by Earth’s Atmosphere UV VIS INFRARED Oxygen and ozone absorb incoming ultra light Cumulative gases in atmosphere result in window for peak incoming solar radiation. Albedo Absorption Scattering Refraction Electromagnetic Energy – Atmosphere Interactions Scattering Scatter differs from albedo in that the direction associated with scattering is unpredictable, whereas the direction of reflection is predictable. There are three types of scattering: Rayleigh, Mie, and Non-selective. * These types of scatter correspond to the size of the target relative to the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic energy Albedo Absorption Scattering Refraction Week 3, Lecture 5  Greenhouse effect Longwave radiation from Earth absorbed by atmospheric gases: CO2, H2O, Methane (CH4) other gases Increased amounts of these gases increases the absorption of heat in lower atmosphere Cloud layers (liquid water) also absorb longwave radiation Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Low, thick clouds cool Earth; high thin clouds warm Earth Clouds modulate radiation in both the visible and infrared spectra Clouds cool the Earth Clouds warm the Earth Current net by reflecting sunlight by absorbing longwave effect is to (albedo). Depending infrared radiation from cool the Earth on the cloud they the Earth and re- (albedo more scatter between 20- emitting it. important 90% of radiation. than re- emission). Clouds reflect about 50 W m-2 of solar radiation up into space, and radiate about 30 W m-2 down to the ground Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO2) Radiative effect depends on the wavelengths that gas abso and amount in atmosphere Methane (CH4) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) Tropospheric ozone (O3) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Water vapour (H20) Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Carbon dioxide (CO2): 1st place Natural part of the carbon cycle Increased above natural levels by: Fossil fuel burning (70% of emissions) Destruction of forest and land use change Highest level since 650,000 years ago Greenhouse Greenhouse Climate Climate Change Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth EnergyEarth Energy Effect © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. Gases Impacts Impacts 4-14  Methane (CH4): 2 nd place Rice cultivation Farm animal wastes Bacterial decay in sewage and landfills Fossil fuel use Biomass burning Wetlands (natural) Permafrost thawing Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts Nitrous oxide (N2O): 3rd place i.e. laughing gas Motor vehicles (burning fossil fuel) Nitrogen fertilizers Nitrous oxide has one of the longest atmospheric lifetimes of all greenhouse gases (121 years) Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts Residence time in the atmosphere Methane leaves the atmosphere by oxidizing to C02… C02 can have a very long 200 residence time in the 180 160 atmosphere (so current levels 140 will stay around a long time) 120 100 80 It depends on uptake rates by 60 ocean, plants, rock chemical 40 weathering etc. 20 0 Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide Methane 50-200 120 12 years year year s s Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Future scenarios from climate change Shift in agricultural patterns: Human populations displaced Climate Refugees Natural ecosystems displaced Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Future scenarios from climate change Spread of insect-bourne diseases E.g. Malaria, West Nile fever Deer Ticks carrying Lyme Disease Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Future scenarios from climate change Climate boundaries shift Some regions wetter, some drier Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Future scenarios from climate Arctic thawing change Houses in Alaska are sinking, falling into rivers as permafrost thaws and degrades. kml.gina.alaska.edu Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Earth Energy Impacts  Human impact on climate - The last time CO2 levels were this high was in the Pliocene (3-5 million years ago) - The Arctic was ~8oC warmer than it is today - Sea level was 5-40 m higher than today Source: climate.nasa.gov Week 4, Lecture 6  What is heat? Transfer of kinetic energy between molecules Heat flows from source to sink i.e. from hot to cold Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Heat Transfer Conduction: molecule-to- molecule transfer (from higher temperature to lower temperature) Radiation: energy traveling through air or space as electromagnetic waves Convection: energy transferred by vertical movement Advection: same principles as convection but with horizontal motion Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Sensible heat Sensible = can be felt with senses We sense heat as transfer of energy from an object to or from our skin. Does it feel hot or cold outside? Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Latent heat Energy consumed or released during phase change Breaking/forming hydrogen bonds Ice is much more solid than water – molecules don’t bounce around so it takes energy to move the molecules So when freezing water, you need less movement and that is released as latent heat Freezing things releases heat! Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Principal Temperature Controls Latitude Altitude/elevation Cloud Cover Water Bodies Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Temperature controls: water bodies vs. land bodies Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Land–Water Heating Differences Evaporation Transparency Specific heat capacity Movement and currents Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Land and Water Contrasts Maritime temperatures: Coastal regions have smaller daily and annual temperature ranges Continental temperatures: Inland regions have greater daily and annual temperature ranges Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle  Hydrologic cycle Water moves among the ocean, atmosphere and land through: Evaporation Cloud formation Precipitation Transpiration Sinks into soil Recharge of groundwater Runoff Temp Control Heating Heat Control Climates Hydro Cycle