REVIEWER MIDTERM.docx

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Environmental Science - Environmental Science is a relatively recent field of study that emerged from recognition of the multiple, interrelated impacts caused by the complex interactions between humans and the Earth environment in whic...

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Environmental Science - Environmental Science is a relatively recent field of study that emerged from recognition of the multiple, interrelated impacts caused by the complex interactions between humans and the Earth environment in which they live. - study the connection and implication of seemingly disconnected phenomena, enlightening to the consequence of our action. **ENGAGE** 1. environment - The term "environment" refers to the living and non-living surroundings relevant to organisms. - It is composed of physical, chemical and biological factors and processes that determine the growth and survival of organisms, populations and communities. **COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE** 1. **BIOLOGY** - the study of living organisms. 2. **PHYSICS** - deals with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the effects of these forces. 3. **GEOLOGY** - deals with the origin of the planet earth, its history, its shape, the materials forming it, and the processes that are acting and have acted on it. 4. **CHEMISTRY** - deals with the study of matter and the various changes it undergoes. 5. **SOCIAL SCIENCE** - Study of human society and social relationships. 6. **STATISTICS** - Collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportion in a whole from those in a representative sample 7. **MICROBIOLOGY** - Deals with microorganisms 8. **ECONOMICS** - Concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. 9. **SOCIOLOGY** - Study of development, structure, and functioning of human society. 10. **METEORLOGY** - Study of earth's atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. 11. **CLIMATOLOGY** - Study of the atmosphere and weather patterns over time. 12. **AERONOMY** - Study of the physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere, including the distribution of temperature, density, and chemical constituents and the chemical reactions that occur. 13. **ECOLOGY** - Study of relationships between living organisms and their physical environment. 14. **ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY** - Scientific study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. 15. **HYDROLOGY** - study of the earth's water in relation to geological processes 16. **OCEANOGRAPHY** - Study of ocean **ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES** Enlighten us of the importance of protection and conservation in the indiscriminate release of pollution into the environments. **ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS** Solve problems and design systems using knowledge of environmental concepts and ecology, thereby providing solutions to various environmental problems. **ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS** Well-founded standards or right and wrong that prescribe what humans sought to do. In terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness or specific vales. **ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES** 1. **ANTHROPOCENTRISM** - Considers humans to be the most important thing the universe. - Protects and promotes human interest or well-being at the expense of all other factor. - Short-term benefits and not long-term 2. **BIOCENTRIC** - Consider humans to be a particular species of animals, without greater intrinsic value than any other species of organism. - Development is opposed if it destroys life, even if it creates job. 3. **ECOCENTRIC** - Nature is believed to deserve to exist for its own sake regardless of the degree of usefulness to human. - Preservation of ecosystems or other living things takes priority over human need. 1. **FRONTIER ETHIC** - Attitudes towards resources which assume that the earth has infinite supply. - Human centered only for the needs of human are measured. - If resources in an area are already consumed, then more can be found. 2. **ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC** - Applied ethics that considers the moral basis of environmental responsibility - Human as part of the natural community rather than managers of it. 3. **SUSTAINABLE ETHIC** - The way people treat the earth as if its resources are limited. - Humans must conserve and share the earth's resources with other living things and that human are part of nature. **ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES** 1. **DEVELOPMENT ETHICS** - Consider major value questions and choices implied in processes of societal development-economic, social and political - Based on individualism and egocentrism 2. **PRESERVATION ETHIC** - Considers that nature is special. - Unchanged nature should be protected for its own inherent value. 3. **CONSERVATION ETHIC OR MANAGEMENT ETHIC** - Use of natural resources wisely for the greatest good for the most people. - Described as a utilitarian standard that calls for prudent, efficient, and sustainable resource extraction. 1. **UTILITARIAN JUSTIFICATION** - We should protect the environment because doing so provides a direct economic benefit to people 2. **ECOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION** - Will protect both species that are beneficial to other as well as other species and an ecological justification for conservation. 3. **AESTHETIC JUSTIFICATION** - Many ppl enjoy outdoors and do not want to live in a world without wildness. - Recreational, inspirational, or spiritual justification. 4. **MORAL JUSTIFICATION** - Belief that various aspects of the environment have a right to exist and that it is our moral obligation. **ENVIRONMENTALISM** social movement through which citizens are involved in activism to further protect the environmental landmarks and natural resources**.** **MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS** 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empowerment women 4. Reduce child morality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other disease 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development A close-up of a white background Description automatically generated  A close-up of a baby Description automatically generated  The Sustainable Development Goals in Philippines. The Sustainable Development Goals are a global call to action to end poverty, protect the earth's environment and climate, and ensure that people everywhere can enjoy peace and prosperity. **SUSTAINBLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS** 1. **No Poverty** End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2. **Zero Hunger** End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. 3. **Good Health and Well-being** Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.\\ 4. **Quality Education** Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. 5. **Gender Equality** Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. 6. **Clean Water and Sanitation** Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. 7. **Affordable and Clean** Energy Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. 8. **Decent Work and Economic Growth** Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. 9. **Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure** Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. 10. **Reduced Inequalities** Reduce inequality within and among countries. 11. **Sustainable Cities and Communities** Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. 12. **Responsible Consumption and Production** Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. 13. **Climate Action** Take urgent action To combat climate change 14. **Life Below Water** Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. 15. **Life on Land** Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. 16. **Peace, Justice and Strong** I**nstitutions** Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. 17. **Partnerships for the Goals** Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. **MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES** 1. **Matter** - is anything that occupies space and has mass or weight. 2. **Volume** - Space occupied by the matter**.** 3. **Mass** - is the measurement of the amount of matter in an object. It remains constant anywhere in the universe. 4. **Weight** - measures the gravitational force acting on an object. Person's weight changes if the gravity is changed. This change is due to less gravitational pull from the earth, but his mass remains the same. 5. **Gravity** - is the mutual force of attraction, which exists between all objects in the universe. **Take note:** (1) the more mass an object has the greater its gravitational force. (2) as the distance between two objects increases, the attraction (gravity) between them decreases. **Properties of Matter:** 1. **Physical Properties:** color, transparency, surface appearance, taste, odor, electrical and thermal conductivity -- can be categorized as either Intensive or Extensive: **INTENSIVE PROPERTIES** 1. **Luster** - Describes how shiny a substance is. A metal reflects light. 2. **Malleability** - Ability of a substance to be beaten or flattened into thin sheets. 3. **Ductility** - Ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires. 4. **Conductivity** - Allows the flow of energy or electricity. Metals are conductors of heat and electricity 5. **Hardness** - Describes how easily a substance can be scratched. 6. **Melting, Freezing Point** - Temperature at which from solid turns liquid and from liquid to solid 7. **Boiling Point** - Temperature at which a substance changes from liquid into gas. 8. **Condensation Point** - Temperature at which a substance changes from gas into liquid. 9. **Density** - The mass of a specific volume of substance 10. **Resistance** - **The opposition of a substance has to the flow of electric current.** 11. **Solubility** - Degree to which a substance will be dissolved, such as water **EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES** 1. **Mass** - Measurement of the amount of matter in an object. 2. **Weight** - Measurement of the gravitational force of attraction on an object. 3. **Volume** - Measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies. 4. **Length** - Measurement of the linear extent (distance) from one end to end. 2. **Chemical Properties:** Substances undergo chemical reactions or are converted into other substances in the process of chemical reactions **Example:** - sodium metal + chlorine gas will combine to form table salt. - Burning of wood involves chemical changes and produces water and carbon dioxide **States of Matter** 1. **Solid:** matter that has a definite volume and a definite shape. Ex: - stone, sand, sugar, wood and iron -- can be picked and carried around. 2. **Liquid:** matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape. Ex: - water, alcohol, evaporated & condensed milk -- they flow and can be poured. 3. **Gas:** matter that has no definite volume and no definite shape. Ex: - hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, oxygen, nitrogen - take both volume and shape of a container where it is placed. 4. **Plasma:** matter that has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles. Ex: - sun, nuclear fusion -- often called "ionized gas". **Classification of Matter** Matter can be classified (by purity) to pure substances and mixtures. 1. **Pure Substance:** matter that contains only one kind of atom or molecule. Two types: **1.1. Elements simplest form of substance.** - This reaction is called neutralization process /reaction. Common ex. Is table salt (NaCl). 2. **Mixture:** is a combination of two or more different substances but not chemically combined. 2 types: **Two broad categories of Homogeneous mixtures:** **a. Solutions**: is made up of a solute (usually but not always, a solid) and a solvent (water, dispersing medium. Ex: Sugar (solute) + Water (solvent) = sugar solution **Classification of Solution Based on the Dissolved Amount of Solute:** 1. **Saturated Solution:** is one which no more solute can be dissolved. Ex: keep adding sugar to water, and eventually the water will become saturated. 2. **Unsaturated Solution:** the amount of solute (sugar) is much less than the amount of solvent (water). Ex: mixing one-half table spoonful of sugar in a glass of water. 3. **Supersaturated Solution:** highly concentrated solution. Ex: adding enough amount of sugar (solute) in a lesser amount of water (solvent). **Acidity and Alkalinity:** 1. **Neutral Solution:** the number of H+ in a solution equals the number of 0H-, the solution is said to be Neutral (pH 7) 2. **Acidic Solution:** if the number of H+ in a solution is greater than the number of 0H-, the solution is an Acid (pH -7). Tend to have a sour taste and in concentrated forms are highly corrosive 3. **Basic Solution:** the solution contains more 0H- than H+ , it is defined as Base (pH 7+).. Tend to feel slippery (soapy) and have a bitter taste. - Scientist developed the pH Scale which ranges from 0 -- 14. - A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic - A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral - A solution with a pH of 14 is very basic. - pH solution can be measured with litmus paper **Separation Methods of Mixtures** - The components of mixtures can easily separated using physical means since each components still retains its properties. - The appropriate method methods of separation or purification to be used depends on the properties of the components. - Separation process such as decantation, filtration, and chromatography are all based on the solubility properties - **Decantation** -- the process of using gravity to separate two immiscible liquids or a mixture of a solid and a liquid. The mixture\'s lighter component is dumped or sucked off the top. Instead, the heavier component is drained using a separatory funnel. - **Filtration** -- This is often used to separate water soluble from water insoluble components. - **Chromatography -** series of analytical techniques that can be used to separate mixtures of compounds for further use or for analysis - **Stationary phase -** does not move. Compounds in the mixture are attracted to it (absorbed) and slowed down. Either solid or liquid. - **Mobile phase -** the more soluble compounds in the mixture are carried faster as the mobile phase moves. - **Distillation -** the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling. **POPULATION** - demography is the study of the characteristics of populations. It provides a mathematical description of how those characteristics change over time. It includes many statistical factors that influence population growth or decline. - A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in The same general area. - Scientist study a population by examining how an individual in the population interact with each other and how the population as a whole interacts with its environment. - Population size, density, a structure, birthrate, mortality and sex ratio are some of the parameters we are going to study in this chapter. **POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND GROWTH** - E**cologists** are fascinated with the study of the whole population not a single organism. - **Organism** is a single, living individual is a certain community. However, the interaction of single organisms causes a population to change. **LEVELS OF INTERACTION** 1. **INDIVIDUAL LEVEL** - one organism and is also one type of organism. - The type of organism is referred to as species. Each species that has been studied and described by scientists has been given a two-part name, their binomial or scientific name, that uniquely 2. **POPLATION LEVEL** - depends on how widespread the species is and how small or large the geographic area is. 3. **COMMUNITIES** - made up of all the populations of different species in a given area. It involves multiple populations of all the different species in the given area and how these species interact with each other. 4. **ECOSYSTEM LEVEL** - looking at all the different populations and species in the given area, but you're also looking at the physical environment, the non-living or abiotic conditions **POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY AND SIZE** 1. **Population distribution** - means the pattern of where people live. World population distribution is uneven. - Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. - Places which are densely populated contain many people. - Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places to live. These are usually places with hostile environments e.g. Antarctica. 2. **PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION** - Density and size are useful measures for characterizing populations. Scientists gain additional insight into a species' biology and ecology from studying how individuals are spatially distributed. 3. **DISPERSION** - the spatial relationship between members of a population within a habitat. Patterns are often characteristic of a particular species; they depend on local environmental conditions and the species' growth characteristics (as for plants) or behavior (as for animals). - Individuals of a population can be distributed in one of three basic patterns: they can be more or less equally spaced apart (uniform dispersion), dispersed randomly with no predictable pattern (random dispersion), or clustered in groups (clumped dispersion). A diagram of different types of animals Description automatically generated 1. **UNIFORM DISPERSION** - Pattern where individuals of a population are spaced more and less evenly. - This pattern can be found in plant species that secrete toxins to inhibit growth of nearby individuals, as well as animal species. - Usually influenced by social interactions such as territoriality 2. **RANDOM DISPERSION** - Distributed randomly, without a predictable pattern. - position of each individual is independent of other individuals (e.g. plants established by windblown seeds). 3. **CLUMPED DISPERSION** - may also result from habitat heterogeneity. If favorable conditions are localized, organisms will tend to clump around those. - Individuals are clustered in groups or patches. - Distributed unequally or if organism live in social groups or clusters **POPULATION DENSITY** - the average number of individuals in a population per unit of area or volume. **POPULATION SIZE** - the number of individuals in a population - Population size influences the chances of a species surviving or going extinct. Generally, very small populations are at greatest risk of extinction. However, the size of a population may be less important than its density. **4 Factors determining the population size** 1. **NATALITY** - the addition of organisms to population through reproduction. - Natality increases population density. - The term most commonly used when describing natality is \'birth rate\'. Birth rate is the number of individuals born per 1,000 individuals per year. Birth rate is often reported as a percentage of the population. 2. **MORALITY** - losing a member of the population due to death. - Mortality decrease population density. Historically, the most dangerous ages were infancy and old age. 3. **IMMIGRATION** - the addition of organisms because of the movement of an organisms from one place to another. - Immigration is a factor that can influence the size of a specific population of humans, but does not influence the overall human population. 4. **EMIGRATION** - the loss of individuals that move out of the population. **POPULATION GROWTH** - The world population increased from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.7 billion today - The world population growth rate declined from 2.2% per year 50 years ago to 1.05% per year. - Studying how and why populations grow (or shrink!) helps scientists make better predictions about future changes in population sizes and growth rates. **BIOTIC POTENTIAL** - Significant differences in biotic potential exist between species -- many large mammals, like humans or elephants, will only produce one offspring per year and some small organisms, like insects, will produce thousands of offspring per year. - Organisms do not tend to fulfill their biotic potential because most species do not live under ideal environmental conditions. - population growth will be hindered by predators, disease, changes in environment, a lack of available food, or a combination of these factors. **ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE** - are all reasons that keep a population of organisms from endlessly increasing. - They lower the chances for reproduction, affect the health of organisms, and raise the death rate in the population. - Environmental resistance factors include factors that are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living). - **Biotic** factors are things like predation, parasitism, lack of food, competition with other organisms and disease. - **Abiotic** factors include drought, fire**,** temperature, and even the wrong amount of sunshine. **CARRYING CAPACITY** - As population growth becomes more restricted, and the size of the population reaches stability, that population reaches it carrying capacity. - The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained in that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available. **LIMITING FACTOR** - factors are resources or other factors in the environment that can lower the population growth rate. - Limiting factors include a low food supply and lack of space. - Limiting factors include a low food supply and lack of space. **CHAPTER 5: ATMOSPHERE** **Atmosphere** - contains the air that we breathe and is a blanket of gases that surrounds Earth. It is held near the surface of the planet by Earth's gravitational attraction - barometer is used to measure air pressure. Argon, oxygen and nitrogen from the three main constitutions of the atmosphere. In this article, let us know in detail about the atmosphere. - *"Atmosphere is a protective layer of gases that shelters all life on Earth, keeping temperatures within a relatively small range and blocking out harmful rays of sunlight."* **Layers of Atmosphere** 1. **Troposphere** - the lowest layer in the atmosphere. It extends upward to about 10 km above sea level starting from ground level - The lowest part of the troposphere is called the boundary layer and the topmost layer is called the tropopause - contains 75% of all air in the atmosphere. Most clouds appear in this layer because 99% of the water vapour in the atmosphere is found here. - Temperature and air pressure drop as you go higher in the troposphere.\\ 2. **Stratosphere** - Above the troposphere lies the stratosphere which extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground. - The ozone layer lies within the stratosphere. Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun and convert it into heat. - The stratopause caps the top of the stratosphere, separating it from the mesosphere near 45--50 km (28--31 miles) in altitude and a pressure of 1 millibar 3. **Mesosphere** - Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere and it extends to a height of about 85 km - The mesosphere lies between the thermosphere and the stratosphere. "Meso" means middle, and this is the highest layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are all mixed up rather than being layered by their mass. - mesopause is the point of minimum temperature at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions - The air is still thin, so you wouldn't be able to breathe up in the mesosphere - meteors are burning up in the mesosphere. The meteors make it through the exosphere and thermosphere without much trouble because those layers don't have much air. But when they hit the mesosphere, there are enough gases to cause friction and create heat. 4. **Thermosphere** - lies above the mesosphere and this is a region where the temperature increases as you go higher up. - located above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. - "Thermo" means heat, and the temperature in this layer can reach up to 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit. - This layer of Earth's atmosphere is about 319 miles (513 kilometers) thick. That's much thicker than the inner layers of the atmosphere, but not nearly as thick as the exosphere. - The temperature increase is caused due to the absorption of energetic ultraviolet and X-ray radiation from the sun. - The thermosphere is home to the International Space Station as it orbits Earth. - The aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in the thermosphere. - **Ionosphere** - the ionosphere lies within the thermosphere. - gets its name from the solar radiation that ionizes gas molecules to create a positively charged ion and one or more negatively charged electron 5. **Exosphere** - the final frontier of the Earth's gaseous envelope. - no clear-cut distinction between the Earth's atmosphere layers and outer space. - air in the exosphere is constantly but gradually leaking out of the Earth's atmosphere into outer space.  **NATIOAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES** - An attached agency to Department of Science and Technology, is an advisory body to the Philippine Government of matters of nat'l interest **ASEAN -- ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS** - Political economic union of 10 members states in Southeast Asia - Promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural. **NCRP -- THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS** - Formulates and widely disseminate information, guidance and recommendations on radiation protection and measurements. **ICT -- INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES** - Refers to all communication technologies, including the internet, wireless network, cellphones, and other devices enabling user access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital form **HUMAN GENOME** - A complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, enconded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. **ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAM (ESEP)** - Science and mathematics-oriented curriculum devised for highschools in the Philippines. - Offered by specialized high schools, whether public, or private , supervised by DepEd. **PHILIPPINE-CALIFORNIA ADVANCED RESEARCH INSTITUTES (PICARI)** - project of the Philippine government's CHED in collaboration with California-based and leading Philippine academic institutions **INDIGENOUS** - holder of unique lanuages, knowledge systems and beliefs and possess invaluable knowledge of practices for the sustainable managemaent of natural resources. **DATASTR** **BASIC INPUT AND OUTPUT STATEMENT** **input operation** - If bytes flow from a device like a keyboard, a disk drive, or a network connection etc. to main memory, - if bytes flow from main memory to a device like a display screen, a printer, a disk drive, or a network connection, etc. **I/O LIBRARY HEADER FILES** **\** - This file defines the cin, cout, cerr and clog objects, which correspond to the standard input stream, the standard output stream, the un-buffered standard error stream and the buffered standard error stream, respectively. - This file declares services useful for performing formatted I/O with so-called parameterized stream manipulators, such as setw and setprecision. - This file declares services for user-controlled file processing. **THE STANDARD OUTPUT STREAM (COUT)** - The predefined object cout is an instance of ostream class. - The cout object is said to be \"connected to\" the standard output device, which usually is the display screen. - The cout is used in conjunction with the stream insertion operator The insertion operator \